Mrs. Ramon

AP Biology

Chapters 29-30: Diversity of Plants

Intro. to the Plant Kingdom

What Is a Plant? Multicellular Eukaryotes Cell walls made of cellulose Photosynthetic organisms

Special adaptations for life on dry land Cuticles Stomates Vascular tissues Seeds

Floweringplants

Cone-bearingplants

Ferns andtheir relatives

Mosses andtheir relatives

Green algaeancestor

Flowers; SeedsEnclosed in Fruit

Seeds

Water-Conducting(Vascular) Tissue

Section 22-1A Cladogram of Plant Groups

Cone-bearing plants760 species

Ferns andtheir relatives11,000 species

Mosses andtheir relatives15,600 species

Floweringplants235,000 species

Section 22-1The Diversity of Plants

HaploidDiploid MEIOSIS

Spores(N)

Sporophyte Plant (2N)

Gametophyte Plant (N)

FERTILIZATION

Sperm(N)

Eggs(N)

Section 22-1Generalized Plant Life Cycle

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First land plants

Bryophytes Depend on water for

reproduction Lack vascular tissue Lifecycle dominated

by haploid gametophyte stage

Major groups: Bryophyta (mosses) Hepatophyta

(liverworts) Anthocerophyta

(hornworts)

Rhizoid

Capsule

StalkSporophyte

Gametophyte

Stemlikestructure

Leaflikestructure

Section 22-2The Structure of a Moss

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Haploid (N)

Diploid (2N) MEIOSIS

FERTILIZATION

Maturesporophyte(2N)

Gametophyte(N)

Gametophyte(N)

Youngsporophyte(2N)

Zygote(2N)

Sperm(N)

Sperm(N)

Egg(N)

Spores(N)

Capsule(sporangium)

Protonema(young gametophyte)(N)

Malegametophyte

Femalegametophyte

Antheridia

Archegonia

Section 22-2The Life Cycle of a Moss

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First vascular plants

Pteridophytes (ferns) Vascular tissues, roots

and leaves Life cycle dominated by

sporophyte stage Homospory Ferns and their relatives

True roots, leaves and stems

Lycophyta- club mosses Pterophyta- ferns, whisk

ferns, and horsetails

Haploid gametophyte (N)

Diploid sporophyte (2N)

MEIOSIS

FERTILIZATION

Maturesporophyte(2N)

Gametophyte(N)

Frond

Sperm

Egg

Spores(N)

Antheridium

Archegonium

Developingsporophyte(2N)

Sporophyteembryo(2N)

Maturegametophyte(N)

Younggametophyte(N)

Sporangium(2N)

Section 22-3The Life Cycle of a Fern

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First Seed Plants

Gymnosperms Vascular Heterospory Bear seeds on the surfaces of

cones Pollen Life cycle dominated by sporophyte

stage Four main phyla:

Ginkgo Ginko biloba

Cycads Resemble palms

Gnetophytes Vine-like plants Mormon tea

Conifers

Haploid (N)

Diploid (2N)

MEIOSIS

FERTILIZATION

Section 24-1The Life Cycle of a Gymnosperm

Cone scale

OvulesSeed cone

Pollen cone

Pollen grains (N)(male gametophytes)

Femalegametophyte

(N)

Ovule

Haploid cell (N)

Egg cells

Pollen tube

Sperm nucleus

Zygote (2N) (new sporophyte)Gametophyte tissue (N)

Embryo (2N)

Seed coat (old sporophyte)SeedGerminated seed

Seedling

Maturesporophyte

First flowering plants

Angiosperms Vascular Heterospory Life cycle dominated by sporophyte stage Unique reproductive organs (flowers) Flowers contain ovaries which surround and

protect seeds Angiosperm = enclosed seed

After pollination the ovary develops into a fruit (thick wall of tissue surrounding the seed)

Haploid (N)

Diploid (2N)

MEIOSIS

FERTILIZATION

Section 24-1The Life Cycle of an Angiosperm

Ovule

Anther (2N) Pollen grains (N)(male gametophyte)

Pollentubes

Haploid cell(N)

Embryo sac (N)(female gametophyte)

Egg cell

SpermPollen tube

Endosperm nucleiEndosperm(3N)

Zygote(2N)FruitSeed coat

Endosperm

Embryo(2N)Seedling (2N)

(new sporophyte)

Maturesporophyte

Ovary

Style

Stigma

Monocots Dicots

Seeds

Leaves

Flowers

Stems

Roots

Single cotyledon

Parallel veins

Floral parts often in multiples of 3

Vascularbundlesscattered throughout stem

Fibrous roots

Two cotyledons

Branched veins

Floral parts often in multiplesof 4 or 5

Vascularbundlesarranged ina ring

Taproot

Section 22-5

Comparison ofMonocots and Dicots

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The Structure of a Flower Sepals at the base of the flower

are modified leaves that enclose the flower before it opens.

Petals lie inside the ring of sepals

Stamens, the male reproductive organs Stalk (the filament) and a

terminal sac (the anther) where pollen is produced.

Carpals are female reproductive organs At the tip of the carpal is a

sticky stigma that receives pollen.

A style leads to the ovary at the base of the carpal.

Ovules and, later, seeds are protected within the ovary.

FilamentAnther

StigmaStyle

Ovary

Carpel

PetalSepal

Ovule

Stamen

Reproduction of Seed Plants

Fruit Mature ovary Seed dispersion

Animals Wind and water

Types: Simple fruits: derived from a single ovary.

Fleshy, such as a cherry, or dry, such as a soybean pod. Aggregate fruit: results from a single flower with

several carpals. Blackberry

Multiple fruit: develops from an inflorescence, a tightly clustered group of flowers Pineapple