IntroductionIntroduction to to Information TechnologyInformation Technology

Course Lecturer Course Lecturer Sadaf Zahra Sadaf Zahra

Discussion TopicDiscussion Topic Week 3Week 3 Computer Software & Computer Software &

types of Softwaretypes of Software

Programming LanguagesProgramming Languages

Compiler & TranslatorsCompiler & Translators

SoftwareSoftware Software/programs consist of Software/programs consist of all the instructions that tell the all the instructions that tell the computer how to perform a task.computer how to perform a task. These instructions come from a These instructions come from a software developer in a form such software developer in a form such as CD that will be accepted by the as CD that will be accepted by the computer.computer.

Types of SoftwareTypes of Software1.1. Application S/wApplication S/w

2.2. System S/wSystem S/w Operating SystemOperating System Device DriversDevice Drivers Utility ProgramsUtility Programs Language TranslatorsLanguage Translators

Application S/wApplication S/w

Application S/w Consist of programs Application S/w Consist of programs that perform specific task for the that perform specific task for the users.users.

ways to obtain application S/w ways to obtain application S/w Commercial S/w /Packaged S/wCommercial S/w /Packaged S/w it is copy righted S/w .user get license it is copy righted S/w .user get license

after paying the company.after paying the company. e.g. Adobe Photoshop, Microsoft Officee.g. Adobe Photoshop, Microsoft Office Microsoft Office XP.Microsoft Office XP.

Application S/wApplication S/w several types of license existseveral types of license exist1.Site License1.Site License Allow the S/w to be used on all the Allow the S/w to be used on all the

computers at a specific location.computers at a specific location.2.A Concurrent License2.A Concurrent License Allow a certain number of copies of Allow a certain number of copies of

the S/w to be used at thethe S/w to be used at the same timesame time3.Multiple User License3.Multiple User License The number of people use the S/wThe number of people use the S/w4.Single User License4.Single User License use by only 1 user at a time.use by only 1 user at a time.

Application S/wApplication S/w Public Domain S/wPublic Domain S/wFree for all any one can download and Free for all any one can download and

distribute.distribute. SharewareShareware On trial basis free or pay to continue On trial basis free or pay to continue

usingusing Free wareFree ware Free but copyrighted ,user can not Free but copyrighted ,user can not

resaleresale

Application S/wApplication S/w Rent wareRent ware user lease for a fee and downloaded user lease for a fee and downloaded

whenever they want. E.g. ASPwhenever they want. E.g. ASP Pirated S/wPirated S/w this is obtain illegally, from friends but this is obtain illegally, from friends but

there is chance of virus there is chance of virus Abandon wareAbandon ware Company have legal right to S/w for 95 Company have legal right to S/w for 95

years after that any 1 can use it.years after that any 1 can use it. Custom S/wCustom S/w special S/w for any organization develop special S/w for any organization develop

by S/w engineers.by S/w engineers.

Types of Application S/wTypes of Application S/w Entertainment S/wEntertainment S/we.g. games etce.g. games etc Personal S/wPersonal S/w medical ,home user, gardening etcmedical ,home user, gardening etc Educational S/wEducational S/w Encyclopedia, phone books, SPSSEncyclopedia, phone books, SPSS Productivity S/wProductivity S/w web browser, word processing, spread sheetweb browser, word processing, spread sheet Specialty S/wSpecialty S/w Financial desktop ,CAD, multimedia, Financial desktop ,CAD, multimedia,

video/audio editingvideo/audio editing

System SoftwareSystem Software system S/w serve as the interface b/w system S/w serve as the interface b/w

the user, application S/w & computer the user, application S/w & computer H/w.H/w.

ComponentsComponents Operating System / S/w PlatformOperating System / S/w Platform It is the principle component of system It is the principle component of system

S/w in any computing system. Some S/w in any computing system. Some operating system run only specific operating system run only specific computers e.g. Macintosh OS, Pen based computers e.g. Macintosh OS, Pen based system have S/w called Pen right. system have S/w called Pen right.

Types of Operating SystemTypes of Operating System Disk operating S/wDisk operating S/w Macintosh Operating SystemMacintosh Operating System Microsoft WindowsMicrosoft Windows Network Operating SystemNetwork Operating System Windows NT/2000/2003Windows NT/2000/2003 UnixUnix LinuxLinux Operating system for Palm PC, Pocket Operating system for Palm PC, Pocket

PCPC

Functions of Operating SystemFunctions of Operating System BootingBooting is the process of loading an operating is the process of loading an operating

system into a main memory.system into a main memory. ProcessProcess1.1. The power supply sends a signal to The power supply sends a signal to

the components in the system unit.the components in the system unit.2.2. The processor finds ROM that The processor finds ROM that

contains the BIOS (basic contains the BIOS (basic input/output system).input/output system).

Functions of Operating SystemFunctions of Operating System

3.3. The The BIOSBIOS performs the POST performs the POST (Power on self test) which checks (Power on self test) which checks components such as mouse, key components such as mouse, key board etc.board etc.

4.4. The result of the The result of the POSTPOST are are compared with data in CMOS chip.compared with data in CMOS chip.

5.5. The BIOS looks for the system files The BIOS looks for the system files in drive A some times CD or DVD in drive A some times CD or DVD drive and then Drive Cdrive and then Drive C

Functions of Operating SystemFunctions of Operating System6. The system files and kernel of the 6. The system files and kernel of the

operating system load into memory (RAM) operating system load into memory (RAM) from storage (HD)from storage (HD)

7. The operating system loads configuration 7. The operating system loads configuration information. may request user information. may request user information. And display the desktop on information. And display the desktop on the screen.the screen.

-Cold boot: Power on computer by turning -Cold boot: Power on computer by turning on the power switch.on the power switch.

-Warm Boot: When system is already on & -Warm Boot: When system is already on & restart system.restart system.

Functions of Operating SystemFunctions of Operating System CPU Management:CPU Management: Operating sys manage the memory, it keeps Operating sys manage the memory, it keeps

track of the locations with in a main memory track of the locations with in a main memory where the programs & data are stored. where the programs & data are stored. swapping data b/w main & secondary swapping data b/w main & secondary memory.memory.

Getting On line:Getting On line: QueuesQueues: It is a first-in, first-out sequence of : It is a first-in, first-out sequence of

data. “wait in line”.data. “wait in line”. Buffers:Buffers: The disk area where data wait for The disk area where data wait for

processing.processing. Spooling:Spooling: Place in Buffer where data wait Place in Buffer where data wait

for printing.for printing.

Functions of Operating SystemFunctions of Operating System

Security ManagementSecurity Management:: O/s give the option of password to O/s give the option of password to

file & sys when multiple user.file & sys when multiple user.

Task ManagementTask ManagementTask ManagementTask Management::

Task User Processor Order

Multitasking 1 1 Concurrently

Multiprogramming

Multiple // //

Timesharing // // Round robin

Multiprocessing // ˃ 1 Simultaneously

Functions of Operating SystemFunctions of Operating System File Management:File Management: O/s record the storage location of all files so it O/s record the storage location of all files so it

helps to find out the file. As well as handling helps to find out the file. As well as handling the rename, move or deletion of any file.the rename, move or deletion of any file.

- Organize files- Organize files Root directory ------- top most directoryRoot directory ------- top most directory Parent Directory ------ Sub DirectoryParent Directory ------ Sub Directory C:mydocuments/Termpaper/IIT.docC:mydocuments/Termpaper/IIT.docC (HD) Root Directory Sub Directory C (HD) Root Directory Sub Directory

filename&extentionfilename&extention

Device DriverDevice Driver Device drivers help the computer to Device drivers help the computer to

control peripheral devices. It allow input control peripheral devices. It allow input and output devices to communicate with and output devices to communicate with the rest of the computer system.the rest of the computer system.

when user buy a new H/w then package when user buy a new H/w then package will include a device driver for the new will include a device driver for the new device.device.

now a days some operating system now a days some operating system automatically install other wise it display automatically install other wise it display massage.massage.

Utility ProgramsUtility Programs Utility programs also known as service Utility programs also known as service

programs, perform tasks related to programs, perform tasks related to the control and allocation of the control and allocation of computer resources. they enhance computer resources. they enhance existing functions, most computer existing functions, most computer come with built-in utilities as a part come with built-in utilities as a part of system S/w.of system S/w.

e.g. Norton system & McAfee utilities. e.g. Norton system & McAfee utilities.

Utility programsUtility programs BackupBackup Duplicate copy of the information on Duplicate copy of the information on

H/D.H/D. Data RecoveryData Recovery It is used to restore data that has been It is used to restore data that has been

physically damaged or corrupted.physically damaged or corrupted. Virus ProtectionVirus Protection It is used to scan all disks & memory to It is used to scan all disks & memory to

detect viruses & some time destroy at detect viruses & some time destroy at the spot.the spot.

Utility programsUtility programs File DefragmentationFile Defragmentation It is used to find all the scattered files & It is used to find all the scattered files &

reorganize in contiguous files. & speed up the reorganize in contiguous files. & speed up the system.system.

Disk scanner & cleanupDisk scanner & cleanup It is used to scan & clean the unnecessary files.It is used to scan & clean the unnecessary files. Data compressionData compression It is used to remove redundant elements, gaps It is used to remove redundant elements, gaps

& unnecessary files from a computer's storage & unnecessary files from a computer's storage space so that less space is required to store.space so that less space is required to store.

Language generationsLanguage generationsProgramming language is a set of rules that tell Programming language is a set of rules that tell

the computer what operations to do.the computer what operations to do. Machine languageMachine language 19451945 Basic language of computer.Basic language of computer. Assembly LanguageAssembly Language 19501950 Low level ,allows user to write prog in Low level ,allows user to write prog in

abbreviationsabbreviations High Level & Procedural LanguageHigh Level & Procedural Language 19601960 Resemble some human language such as English.Resemble some human language such as English. Visual Basic, COBOL, FortarnVisual Basic, COBOL, Fortarn

Language generationsLanguage generations Very High Level & Problem Oriented

1970 4GL much more user oriented and allow 4GL much more user oriented and allow

user to develop programs with fewer user to develop programs with fewer commands. e.g. SQL, HTML, Java. commands. e.g. SQL, HTML, Java.

Natural Language 1980 5GL are two types. 5GL are two types. First comprises ordinary human lang: First comprises ordinary human lang:

English, Spanish.English, Spanish. 22ndnd type Comprises more natural type Comprises more natural

connection with computers. Turbo Pascal .connection with computers. Turbo Pascal .

TranslatorTranslator It is software that translate programming It is software that translate programming

language into machine language.language into machine language. Assemblers It is prog that translate assembly lang. into

machine lang. Compilers It is prog that convert the whole prog into

machine lang.& use source code. Interpreters It is prog that convert the prog lang into

machine lang statement by statement.& execute it immediately.

Types of FilesTypes of Files1. Document FileThese files are created in word processing programs consist of reports , letters & memo.2. Worksheet File these files are created in spreadsheets consist budget ,sales forecasts.3.Database Files These files are created by DBMS. For example student record

Two Methods of Two Methods of Exchanging filesExchanging files Importing Importing It is defined aIt is defined ass getting data from getting data from

another source & then converting it into another source & then converting it into a format compatible with the program a format compatible with the program in which you are currently working.in which you are currently working.

ExportingExporting It is defined as transforming data into a It is defined as transforming data into a

format that can be used in another format that can be used in another program & then transmitting it.program & then transmitting it.