Course AdministrationExams & Assessment --- Basically 2 Exams method

30 Mid50 Final20 sessionals --- Written Assignments 5 marks --- Presentation 5marks --- Quiz 8marks --- Class Attitude, participation & attendance 2marks

How to get more marks?Requirements --- Overall Class Attitude --- Things to avoid (Referencing, Cut-

Copy-Paste Culture, Carelessness) --- Things to do (Innovation,

Confidence, Work attitude)

Week 1 & 2•Computer & IT•Importance &uses of computer•Need of computer literacy•Characteristics &types of computer•Classification of computer•Block Diagram of computer

Computer A computer is an

electronic device, operating under the control of

instructions stored in its own memory, that can

accept data, manipulate the data according to specified rules, produce results, and store the result for future

use.

Basic Terminology Input

Whatever is put into a computer system. Data

Refers to the symbols that represent facts, objects, or ideas. Information

The results of the computer storing data as bits and bytes; the words, numbers, sounds, and graphics.

Output Consists of the processing results produced by a computer.

Processing Manipulation of the data in many ways.

Memory Area of the computer that temporarily holds data waiting to

be processed, stored, or output. Storage

Area of the computer that holds data on a permanent basis when it is not immediately needed for processing.

Elements of computerPeople users programmers , analysts etcHardware Consist of all the machinery &

equipment in a computer systemSoftware Set of rules that tell the computer

how to perform a task

Elements of computerData It is consist of raw facts &figure that

are proceed into informationProcedure mainuplation that computer perform

to transform data into information

Information Technology is a general term that describe any technology that

helps to produce, manipulate, store, disseminate information. basically it is

the combination of computer &communication devices.

Importance & Uses of ComputerBusinessEducationMedicine & Health CareScienceEngineeringManufacturingGovernment

Importance & Uses of ComputerDefenceMusicTheatre, Film & TelevisionHomeInternetLegal Practices

Why Is Computer Literacy Necessary?

In most places of business a computer is a standard! For example:

Auto Repair ShopsComputers are used for diagnostic repairsInventory of parts and suppliesCustomer billingFood service industryCosmetologyBanking sector

Characteristics of ComputerSpeedStorageAccuracyVersatilityAutomationReliability

According to functionAccording to function computers can be classified into four types. These classification of computer based on principle of operation and hardware structure.

Digital Computer Analog Computer Hybrid Computer

Digital ComputerA Digital computer works with data in term of discrete number or digit. These number are used to perform, arithmetic calculations and

also make logical decision to reach a conclusion depending on the data they receive from the user. All the expressions are coded into binary

digits (0 and 1) inside the computer and it manipulates them at very fast speed.

Analog ComputerAnalog computers actually is a measuring device. An analog computer measures continues type of data and use a physical quantity, such as electric current, speed, weight etc. Analog Computers are the first Computers being developed & provide the base for the development of modern digital computers. These computers are mainly made of electrical devices like resisters, amplifiers & transistors.

Hybrid Computer

A Hybrid computer is, which combines the analog & digital capabilities in the same computer system. Hybrid computers help the user to exploit the machine's ability to process both continuous and discrete data. These machines are generally used for scientific applications & it is also used as a controlling device in an industrial process.

Classification of Computers

Super Computers500,000$ to 350 million $ costHigh capacity machine with 1000’s of processorsPerform trillion calculations/sec.Expensive, fastest & largeUsed in census, forecasting, nuclear bombs, film

animation & control air pollutionRoadrunner in Los Alamos National Laboratory &

IBM is the world’s fastest computer.

Super ComputersNuclear chain observation during chain

every nanosecond1st super computer in 1960’s DOD having 4

processorContain 100 processorMultiprocessingMore powerIBM, Silicon Graphics, Intel, Cray research

corporation.

35,000 $ costComes late in 1950’sComplex organization use it for huge data baseHost processor, Front end processor, Back end

processorSlower then super computersUse in banks, Airline Traffic ctrl.Walter & Air cooled company introduced 5000

$ cost up to 5 million$ depend upon size

MainFrame

Main Frame

Mini ComputersCost 18,000$ ------ 50,000 $IBM, Hewlett Packard, Data GeneralEra started in 1960’sMainframe----- Mini---- MicroSmall organizationSlow processing & printingHandle 100’s terminal & huge data but

slow processing.

Micro Computers500$ ----- 5000$ Desktop PC, Notebook, PDA’s, Tower

PCTill 1975 not exist but 1995 sale

increase up to 16 billion $8 times RAM, 150 times storage, 100

times processing speedIBM PC 28%Apple 8%

WorkstationIntroduced in 1980’sExpensive, powerful, use in complex

organization scientific, mathematical, Engineering CAD & CAM.

use for LANCalled “Super Micros”Fast processing power & storage

Laptop Computers

1st portable computer28 pounds but now 10 -12 poundsLug able ---- LaptopUsed to keep in lap so they called “Lap

Top” Notebook ComputersSize 8.5 inch to 11 inchOperated by batteriesFully Microcomputer function. H/w & S/w

install

Personal Digital Assistance

Palm tops--------Cheque book

Less powerfulKeep records (phone #,

dates etc)Connected with PCInfrared lightElectronic PenBuilt in Fax, Cellular

phones, fax Light weight

Personal Digital AssistancePC card instead of hard drivePC card in system called “Smart Card ”

developed by France.Smart card has micro processor & memory

chip Mobile Internet devices (MID) • Smaller than Note books but larger & more

powerful than PDA’s.• Used by Business professionals and

consumers

Embedded Computers / MicrocontrollersWorking inside another machineNoticed that computer every where

surrounds youStart using computer the time you

get up in the morning and keep using till to go to sleep

In car, kitchen, bathroom, entertainment etc.

1.Purpose of Computer •Turning Data into Information2. Difference between Hardware & Software•Hardware consist of all the equipment in a computer system•Software consist of all the electronic instructions that tell the computer how to perform a task.3. Basic operation of a system 1.Input 4.output2.Processing5.communication3.storage

Components of Computer There are four basic components of computer:Input unitOutput unitCentral Processing UnitMemory

Block Diagram of Computer

Input unitCentral

Processingunit

Output unit

Memory

1: Input DevicesKey BoardMouseVoice Data EntryJoy StickLight PenScannerSecondary Storage Devices

(floppy, Magnetic Tape etc)Sound card

2:Output DevicesMonitorPrinterSpeakerStorage Devices

3: Central Processing Unit The Central Processing Unit has three main

parts

Arithmetic Logic UnitControl UnitMain Memory

ALU

CU

Main Memory

Functions of CPUArithmetic Operations (+,-,*,/,%)Logical Decision (<,>, =)Data transmissionManipulating TasksDisplay Results/ Store in memory.

Functioning of Arithmetic Logic Unit Register A register is combination of

memory storage locations called Flip-Flops. It stores one bit.

Accumulator A register called “Accumulator”

when it works for ALU.

Functioning of Arithmetic Logic Unit

Accumulator consist of two partsMemory Data Register It holds all data & instructions

temporarily & then pass to the main memory.

Memory Address Register MAR contains the address of the

memory location whose data is to be transferred into MDR.

Control UnitCU also called the NERVE CENTRE

of the computer.CU has an Electronic Clock. Electronic Pulses (equal interval of time ) Speed in MHZ (10^6HZ).

Functioning of Control Unit

Instruction Cycle Consist of two partsFetch Cycle The CU fetches the instruction from

MDR & places it in the current Instruction register.

Execution Cycle The CU then decodes the instruction

& send data for concerned device for the execution.

Random Access Memory (RAM) read/ write Volatile in nature Read Only Memory (ROM) Non Volatile / Permanent in nature Less costlyCache memoryFlash memoryVirtual memory

Types of RAMDynamic RAMCheaperTransistorRefresh periodically (in 2 ms) Access Time (150ns-----200ns)

Static RAMExpensiveMore Power More space Access Time fast (80ns-------90ns)

Types of ROM1. Programmable Read Only Memory: Information once store in PROM store

permanent & can not be changed or erased. Entering the information is known as

Burning the PROM.2. Mask Read Only Memory: Information is permanently recorded by the

masking & metallization process.

Types of ROM3. Erasable Programmable Read Only

Memory: EPROM is cheap, reliable & widely available. The data will be erase when chip under the

high intensity ultraviolet light for 30 minutes. But we lost whole data.

4. Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory:

Using the electrical signals the data will be erase in chunks in milliseconds.

Secondary Storage DevicesMagnetic TapeFloppy DiskHard DiskCD’s & DVD’sUSB

1. Miniaturization 2. Speed3. Affordability Three Directions of Communications Development 1. Connectivity 2. Interactivity 3. Multimedia

1. Convergence 2. Portability 3. Personalization 4. Collaboration 5. Cloud computing

Ethics is defined as set of moral values or principles that govern the conduct of an individual or a group. Security & Personal PrivacyUnpredictableComplexity