chapter 9 static and current electricity

Chapter 9Chapter 9Static and Current Static and Current

ElectricityElectricity

Electricity and Electricity and MagnetismMagnetism

The electromagnetic force is what The electromagnetic force is what binds electrons to the nuclei of atomsbinds electrons to the nuclei of atoms

Responsible for all of chemistryResponsible for all of chemistry When we liberate electrons from When we liberate electrons from

individual atoms, we can make them do individual atoms, we can make them do work for uswork for us

So, the topic is extremely important if So, the topic is extremely important if we are to understand the world around we are to understand the world around usus


Many of the fundamental particles Many of the fundamental particles have something we call have something we call electric electric chargecharge

We don’t know what this is, we can We don’t know what this is, we can only describe the results when only describe the results when particles have the propertyparticles have the property

There are two kinds of charges There are two kinds of charges which we call which we call PositivePositive and and NegativeNegative


We observe that We observe that like charges repellike charges repel We observe that We observe that unlike charges unlike charges

attractattract The forces are inverse square law The forces are inverse square law

forces, just like gravity, but very forces, just like gravity, but very much more powerfulmuch more powerful

AtomsAtoms have a have a positive nucleuspositive nucleus with with surrounding surrounding negatively charged negatively charged electronselectrons


Each electron in an atom is identical to Each electron in an atom is identical to every other electron so they all have the every other electron so they all have the same mass and the same negative chargesame mass and the same negative charge

The nucleus is composed of positively The nucleus is composed of positively charged protons and uncharged neutronscharged protons and uncharged neutrons

All protons are identical and the charge All protons are identical and the charge of the proton is exactly the same size as of the proton is exactly the same size as the charge of the electron, but it is the charge of the electron, but it is oppositeopposite


Normal atoms have identical Normal atoms have identical numbers of protons and numbers of protons and electronselectrons

Atoms with a missing electron Atoms with a missing electron are called are called positive ionspositive ions

Atoms with an extra electron are Atoms with an extra electron are called called negative ionsnegative ions

Coulomb’s LawCoulomb’s Law

Relationship describing the force Relationship describing the force between two charged particlesbetween two charged particles

Charge is measured in coulombsCharge is measured in coulombs Force in newtonsForce in newtons Distance in metersDistance in meters

221

r

qqkF

Coulomb’s LawCoulomb’s Law

Gravitational Force

F GM pme

r 2

F 6.7 10 11 1.67 10 27 9.1 10 31

5 10 11 2

F 4 10 47 N

Coulomb Force

F kqp qe

r 2

F 9 10 9 1.6 10 19 1.6 10 19

5 10 11 2

F 9.2 10 8 N

Charge PolarizationCharge Polarization

Make a tiny difference in the Make a tiny difference in the average positions of electrons in an average positions of electrons in an atomatom

Distorts electrons like tides on the earth and pulls the nucleus to the right

Electric FieldElectric Field How do things interact with each other How do things interact with each other

when they don’t physically touch?when they don’t physically touch? When we talked about gravity, we said When we talked about gravity, we said

that objects appear to experience a force that objects appear to experience a force attracting them to each other.attracting them to each other.

Place a charged particle in space and it Place a charged particle in space and it creates an creates an electric fieldelectric field

Using Coulomb’s Law, we can calculate Using Coulomb’s Law, we can calculate the force on a test charge at every point in the force on a test charge at every point in spacespace

E F / q

Electric FieldElectric Field

Electric PotentialElectric Potential

Lift an object into the air and we Lift an object into the air and we give it gravitational potential energygive it gravitational potential energy

PE Work

PE Force distance

PE mg h

PE mgh


Separate a positive charge from a Separate a positive charge from a negative charge and give it electric negative charge and give it electric potential energypotential energy

PE work

PE force distance

PE Eq h

PE Eqh


Define electric potential as the Define electric potential as the electric potential energy per unit electric potential energy per unit chargecharge

Electric Potential =electric potential energy

amount of charge

1 Volt =1 Joule

Coulomb

Voltage SourcesVoltage Sources

If we want to move charge from If we want to move charge from one place to another, we must one place to another, we must apply a force to make it moveapply a force to make it move

Another way of thinking about Another way of thinking about this is to say that we must give this is to say that we must give the charges some potential the charges some potential energyenergy


We can give an object gravitational We can give an object gravitational potential energy by lifting it into the potential energy by lifting it into the airair

We have to do work on the object to We have to do work on the object to lift it into the airlift it into the air

Doing work uses energyDoing work uses energy Conservation of EnergyConservation of Energy


We need an pump that pumps charges!We need an pump that pumps charges! The simplest charge pump is a batteryThe simplest charge pump is a battery It uses chemical reactions to separate It uses chemical reactions to separate

charges and thus create electrical charges and thus create electrical potential energypotential energy

More convenient to talk about More convenient to talk about PE/charge or electric potential PE/charge or electric potential measured in voltsmeasured in volts

So, a battery is a kind of electric pumpSo, a battery is a kind of electric pump


Another kind of source is a Another kind of source is a generatorgenerator

A generator converts mechanical A generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energyenergy into electrical energy

In any case, what we need is a In any case, what we need is a device to separate charges!!!device to separate charges!!!

Electric CurrentElectric Current

The movement of charge is The movement of charge is called a called a currentcurrent

Metals have some electrons Metals have some electrons that are not needed to bond that are not needed to bond the atoms together in the solidthe atoms together in the solid

They are pretty free to just They are pretty free to just roam about the material and roam about the material and are not associated with any are not associated with any individual metal atomindividual metal atom


Compare to the flow of water in a Compare to the flow of water in a hosehose


We measure the flow of water in We measure the flow of water in gallons/minutegallons/minute

We measure the flow of charges We measure the flow of charges in coulombs/secin coulombs/sec

1 coulomb/sec = 1 ampere1 coulomb/sec = 1 ampere Remember this is 6.25 x 10Remember this is 6.25 x 101818

electrons moving past a point in electrons moving past a point in a wire per seconda wire per second


In a wire, the electrons actually In a wire, the electrons actually move quite slowly, less than 0.01 move quite slowly, less than 0.01 meters/secmeters/sec

However, their electric field moves at However, their electric field moves at the speed of light!!!the speed of light!!!

So, we can send signals down a wire So, we can send signals down a wire very quickly, because the very quickly, because the information moves at the speed of information moves at the speed of the changing electric field which is the changing electric field which is at the speed of lightat the speed of light


+ -

Electron flow


In the 1700’s people figured out that In the 1700’s people figured out that charges could movecharges could move

They had two choicesThey had two choices Positive charge movesPositive charge moves Negative charge movesNegative charge moves

They guessed WRONG!!!!!They guessed WRONG!!!!! We know electrons moveWe know electrons move


Hook up a battery and electrons flow Hook up a battery and electrons flow from minus terminal to plus terminalfrom minus terminal to plus terminal

Ancients defined current as positive Ancients defined current as positive charge flowcharge flow

Direction of “current” is from plus to Direction of “current” is from plus to minusminus

DC and ACDC and AC

Hook up a battery and we have Hook up a battery and we have direct currentdirect current, i.e. current flows , i.e. current flows ALWAYS in one directionALWAYS in one direction

Modern generators in power plants Modern generators in power plants reverse the polarity of the output reverse the polarity of the output terminals 60 times per secondterminals 60 times per second

This is called This is called alternating currentalternating current It is what comes out of the wall plugIt is what comes out of the wall plug

DC and ACDC and AC

Electrical ResistanceElectrical Resistance

So, we hook up a wire between the So, we hook up a wire between the terminals on a batteryterminals on a battery

The question is, how much current The question is, how much current flows?flows?

We have lots of free electrons able to We have lots of free electrons able to move in the metal composing the wiremove in the metal composing the wire

So, how much charge moves past any So, how much charge moves past any point in the wire per second?point in the wire per second?


The amount of current that flows is The amount of current that flows is determined by how much resistance determined by how much resistance there is to the flow of the chargesthere is to the flow of the charges

What makes this resistance?What makes this resistance? Collisions of the electrons with each Collisions of the electrons with each

other and with the “stationary” atoms other and with the “stationary” atoms of the metalof the metal

Atoms are actually vibrating in the Atoms are actually vibrating in the latticelattice


Resistance depends on the structure of Resistance depends on the structure of the material and the temperaturethe material and the temperature

The higher the temperature, the more The higher the temperature, the more the atoms vibrate and the more electrons the atoms vibrate and the more electrons make collisions with the atomsmake collisions with the atoms

How much current flows was discovered How much current flows was discovered by George Ohm, and we honor him by by George Ohm, and we honor him by naming the unit of resistance an ohmnaming the unit of resistance an ohm

Ohm’s LawOhm’s Law

Ohm’s discovery was that current is Ohm’s discovery was that current is proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistanceproportional to resistance

current voltage

resistance

amperes volts

ohms

Ohm’s LawOhm’s Law

Three forms are convenientThree forms are convenient

I V

RV IR

R VI

Electric ShockElectric Shock

We all know not to stick our finger into a We all know not to stick our finger into a light bulb socket or to drop an electrical light bulb socket or to drop an electrical appliance into our bath tubappliance into our bath tub

What causes the damage to our bodies?What causes the damage to our bodies? It is the amount of current that flows It is the amount of current that flows

through the body that can cause problemsthrough the body that can cause problems Human skin has resistance ranging from Human skin has resistance ranging from

100 ohms to 500,000 ohms (wet to dry)100 ohms to 500,000 ohms (wet to dry)


We can use Ohm’s Law to calculate We can use Ohm’s Law to calculate current based on the size of the applied current based on the size of the applied voltagevoltage

You can feel 0.001 ampere (1 milliampere)You can feel 0.001 ampere (1 milliampere) 0.005 amperes hurts0.005 amperes hurts 0.010 amperes causes muscle spasms0.010 amperes causes muscle spasms 0.015 amperes loss of muscle control0.015 amperes loss of muscle control 0.070 amperes disrupts heart rythyms 0.070 amperes disrupts heart rythyms

(fatal)(fatal)


There must be a potential difference There must be a potential difference between one part of your body and between one part of your body and anotheranother

You must become a conductor of You must become a conductor of electricityelectricity

OK for birds to sit on a 5000 V OK for birds to sit on a 5000 V transmission line as long as no part of transmission line as long as no part of the bird touches something elsethe bird touches something else

Squirrels get across the transformersSquirrels get across the transformers

Electric CircuitsElectric Circuits

A circuit is a path where a current can A circuit is a path where a current can flowflow

If the flow is to be continuous, the can If the flow is to be continuous, the can be no gaps in the pathbe no gaps in the path

Intoduce gaps in the form of switches, Intoduce gaps in the form of switches, so we can control completing a circuit so we can control completing a circuit

Most circuits have more than one Most circuits have more than one device that we want to provide with device that we want to provide with electrical energyelectrical energy

Electric CircuitsElectric Circuits

There are two ways to connect There are two ways to connect multiple devices to a voltage sourcemultiple devices to a voltage source

One is called One is called seriesseries The other is called The other is called parallelparallel Each has unique properties which Each has unique properties which

we now examinewe now examine

Series CircuitsSeries Circuits

Series CircuitsSeries Circuits

A single pathway through the circuitA single pathway through the circuit The current is the same everywhere in The current is the same everywhere in

the circuitthe circuit Each device provides resistance and Each device provides resistance and

total resistance is the sum of the total resistance is the sum of the devicesdevices

Voltage divides among the devicesVoltage divides among the devices Voltage drop across each device is Voltage drop across each device is

IrIrdevicedevice

Parallel CircuitsParallel Circuits

Parallel CircuitsParallel Circuits

Each device connects to the voltage Each device connects to the voltage sourcesource

Voltage is the same across each deviceVoltage is the same across each device Current from source divides into Current from source divides into

devicesdevices Total current is the sum of device Total current is the sum of device

currentscurrents Current in each device is just V/RCurrent in each device is just V/R Add devices, lower total resistanceAdd devices, lower total resistance

CircuitsCircuits

Ignore resistance of wires for Ignore resistance of wires for calculationscalculations

Just as we ignored air resistanceJust as we ignored air resistance Ohm’s Law answers all questionsOhm’s Law answers all questions Let’s do some sample calculationsLet’s do some sample calculations

Series Circuit Series Circuit CalculationCalculation

12 Volt

10 ohm 20 ohm 30 ohm

Parallel Circuit Parallel Circuit CalculationCalculation

12 Volt

10 ohm

20 ohm

30 ohm

Electric PowerElectric Power

Moving charges do workMoving charges do work We can heat the filament in a light bulbWe can heat the filament in a light bulb We can turn the rotor in a motorWe can turn the rotor in a motor The rate at which work is done is powerThe rate at which work is done is power Electric Power = current x voltageElectric Power = current x voltage Units are watts = joules/sec = amps x Units are watts = joules/sec = amps x

voltsvolts

Electric PowerElectric Power

P VI

P IR

I I 2 R

P VV

R

V 2

R

Power CalculationPower Calculation

12 Volt

10 ohm 20 ohm 30 ohm

Power CalculationPower Calculation

12 Volt

10 ohm

20 ohm

30 ohm

Energy Loss in Power Energy Loss in Power LinesLines

Wires have some resistanceWires have some resistance To transport energy from Point A to To transport energy from Point A to

Point B, we connect wiresPoint B, we connect wires Each wire has resistanceEach wire has resistance Energy Loss in one second is IEnergy Loss in one second is I22RR Make I small to minimizeMake I small to minimize Transformers convert AC VoltagesTransformers convert AC Voltages

FusesFuses

Limit the current that runs through Limit the current that runs through wires in your housewires in your house

These wires have some resistanceThese wires have some resistance Energy loss by IEnergy loss by I22R converts to heatR converts to heat Hot wires can start a fireHot wires can start a fire Limit the current with a fuse or Limit the current with a fuse or

circuit breakercircuit breaker

chapter 9 static and current electricity

Documents

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test charge

separate charges

charges repelwe

kinds of charges

positive nucleus

simplest charge pump

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