Chapter 3Chapter 3

India and ChinaIndia and China

Early Civilization in IndiaEarly Civilization in India

• Indian Subcontinent-Triangular shaped Indian Subcontinent-Triangular shaped land on Southern ridge of Asialand on Southern ridge of Asia

• Himalaya-Highest mnt range in world, Himalaya-Highest mnt range in world, located in Northern India. (Mt. Everest)located in Northern India. (Mt. Everest)

• Ganges R.-South of the Himalaya. Chief Ganges R.-South of the Himalaya. Chief region of culture.region of culture.

• Indus R.-West India, cradle of Indian Civ.Indus R.-West India, cradle of Indian Civ.• Deccan Plateau-Ganges R. to southern tipDeccan Plateau-Ganges R. to southern tip

– Interior; Hilly, dryInterior; Hilly, dry– Coasts: fertile and populusCoasts: fertile and populus

Early Civilization in India Early Civilization in India con’tcon’t

• Monsoon: Seasonal wind patternsMonsoon: Seasonal wind patterns

– Summer Monsoon: Warm, moist wind Summer Monsoon: Warm, moist wind from the SW, brings rainfrom the SW, brings rain

– Winter Monsoon: Cold, dry air from NEWinter Monsoon: Cold, dry air from NE

India’s 1India’s 1stst Civilization Civilization

• Began around 3000-1500 BC on Indus Began around 3000-1500 BC on Indus River ValleyRiver Valley

• Harappa and Mohenjo-DaroHarappa and Mohenjo-Daro– Around 35000 peopleAround 35000 people– Well organized: sewage, waste removalWell organized: sewage, waste removal

• Rulers and EconomyRulers and Economy– Power based on belief in divine assistancePower based on belief in divine assistance– Economy based on farmingEconomy based on farming– Traded with MesopotamiaTraded with Mesopotamia

Arrival of AryansArrival of Aryans

• Floods, earthquakes, natural Floods, earthquakes, natural disasters destroy Harappan Civ.disasters destroy Harappan Civ.

• Aryans:Aryans:– 1500 BC:Indo-European group migrates 1500 BC:Indo-European group migrates

south across Hindu-Kush mntssouth across Hindu-Kush mnts– Move east and south until they control Move east and south until they control

most of Indiamost of India

Arrival of AryansArrival of Aryans

• Way of life:Way of life:– Change from Pastoral Nomads to farmers. Change from Pastoral Nomads to farmers.

(Iron from Hittites) (Iron from Hittites) – Wheat, barley, millet in North. Rice along Wheat, barley, millet in North. Rice along

rivers. Grain, veggies, cotton, spices in rivers. Grain, veggies, cotton, spices in South.South.

– Develop writing around 1000 BC based Develop writing around 1000 BC based on their spoken language, Sanskrit.on their spoken language, Sanskrit.

– India divided into small kingdoms ruled India divided into small kingdoms ruled by Rajas (princes).by Rajas (princes).

Society in Ancient IndiaSociety in Ancient India

• Social Hierarchy:Social Hierarchy:– Caste System- Set of Rigid social Caste System- Set of Rigid social

categories that determine a persons categories that determine a persons occupation, economic potential, and occupation, economic potential, and position in society.position in society.

– Caste (jati)- Inherited occupations and Caste (jati)- Inherited occupations and social positions. 1000’s of Castes.social positions. 1000’s of Castes.

Society in Ancient IndiaSociety in Ancient India

• 4 Majors classes, or Varnas4 Majors classes, or Varnas– Brahmans- PriestsBrahmans- Priests– Kshatriyas-WarriorsKshatriyas-Warriors– Vaisyas- Commoners (Commerce and Vaisyas- Commoners (Commerce and

farming)farming)– Sudras- Peasants (majority)Sudras- Peasants (majority)

– Untouchables below the caste system.Untouchables below the caste system.

Society in Ancient India Society in Ancient India con’tcon’t

• Family Life:Family Life:– 3 generations together ideal3 generations together ideal– Patriarchal-eldest male head of housePatriarchal-eldest male head of house– Only men could inherit or be educatedOnly men could inherit or be educated– No divorce, daughters family paid dowryNo divorce, daughters family paid dowry– Widows committed “suttee”Widows committed “suttee”

HinduismHinduism

Hinduism con’tHinduism con’t

• Developed out of the spiritual beliefs of Developed out of the spiritual beliefs of the Aryansthe Aryans– Recorded in the Vedas, set of hymns, prayers, Recorded in the Vedas, set of hymns, prayers,

poems, and ceremonies passed down orally poems, and ceremonies passed down orally until development of writing.until development of writing.

• Believed in the presence of a single, ever Believed in the presence of a single, ever present force in the universe, present force in the universe, Brahman.Brahman.

• Everyone has Everyone has atman, atman, individual self, inside individual self, inside them. Part of them. Part of Brahman.Brahman.

Hinduism con’tHinduism con’t

• Brahman Brahman was ultimate reality. Goal was ultimate reality. Goal is to merge is to merge atman atman with with BrahmanBrahman. . This union is called This union is called Moksha.Moksha.

• Belief in Reincarnation emerges in 6Belief in Reincarnation emerges in 6thth century BC.century BC.– Cycle of death and rebirth into a Cycle of death and rebirth into a

different form.different form.– Form of rebirth depends on Karma, force Form of rebirth depends on Karma, force

generated by a persons actions.generated by a persons actions.

Hinduism con’tHinduism con’t

• DharmaDharma- Divine Law: requires people - Divine Law: requires people to perform the duties of their caste to perform the duties of their caste and not to stray.and not to stray.

• YogaYoga- Method of training designed to - Method of training designed to lead to union with lead to union with BrahmanBrahman..

• AhimsaAhimsa- Practice of nonviolence - Practice of nonviolence (unless violence required by (unless violence required by dharma)dharma)

Hinduism con’tHinduism con’t

• Worship hundreds of different godsWorship hundreds of different gods– Believed they were all forms of Believed they were all forms of

Brahman.Brahman.– 3 Chief gods:3 Chief gods:

•Brahma- the creatorBrahma- the creator

•Vishnu- the preserver (Human form-Krishna)Vishnu- the preserver (Human form-Krishna)

•Shiva- the destroyerShiva- the destroyer

Hindu GodsHindu Gods

Brahma

Vishnu

Shiva

BuddhismBuddhism

Siddhartha GautamaSiddhartha Gautama

• Born to a Royal Family in Northern Born to a Royal Family in Northern India (Modern Day Nepal) 6India (Modern Day Nepal) 6thth Century Century BC.BC.

• Gave up his lifestyle to find way to Gave up his lifestyle to find way to end human suffering.end human suffering.

• Used deep meditation to reach Used deep meditation to reach enlightenment about life.enlightenment about life.

• Becomes known as the “Buddha”, or Becomes known as the “Buddha”, or enlightened one.enlightened one.

4 Noble Truths4 Noble Truths

• 1. Life is full of Pain and suffering1. Life is full of Pain and suffering

• 2. Desire is the cause of suffering2. Desire is the cause of suffering

• 3. The way to end suffering is to end 3. The way to end suffering is to end desire.desire.

• 4. The way to end desire is to follow 4. The way to end desire is to follow the Eightfold Path. (Also called the the Eightfold Path. (Also called the Middle Path)Middle Path)

The Eightfold PathThe Eightfold Path

• 1. Right views1. Right views

• 2. Right intentions2. Right intentions

• 3. Right Speech3. Right Speech

• 4. Right action4. Right action

• 5. Right Livelihood5. Right Livelihood

• 6. Right effort6. Right effort

• 7. Right 7. Right mindfulnessmindfulness

• 8. Right 8. Right ConcentrationConcentration

Buddhism con’tBuddhism con’t

• Accepted reincarnation but rejected Accepted reincarnation but rejected caste system.caste system.

• Goal was to attain Nirvana, oneness Goal was to attain Nirvana, oneness with the universe.with the universe.

• Spread his teachings across the Spread his teachings across the country.country.

BuddhismBuddhism

• After Buddha’s death, teachings After Buddha’s death, teachings gathered into book, “Tripitaka”gathered into book, “Tripitaka”

• Two Sects form:Two Sects form:– Theruhvada: Closely follow Buddha’s Theruhvada: Closely follow Buddha’s

teachingsteachings– Mahayana: Easier for everyday people Mahayana: Easier for everyday people

to follow.to follow.

Hinduism Buddhism

1. Priests and rituals

2. Many Gods

3. Caste system/Dharma

4. No single founder or single sacred text

1. Founded by “Buddha”

2. 4 Noble Truths

3. 8 Fold Path

4. Reject Caste System

5. Reject priests, rituals, and gods

1. Karma

2. Moksha/ Nirvana

3. reincarnation

New Empires in IndiaNew Empires in India

The Mauryan DynastyThe Mauryan Dynasty

• Est. in 321 B.C. by Chandragupta Est. in 321 B.C. by Chandragupta Maurya to run out foreign forces.Maurya to run out foreign forces.

• Capital at Pataliputra.Capital at Pataliputra.

• Vast bureaucracy: roads, taxes, Vast bureaucracy: roads, taxes, factories, courtsfactories, courts

• Secret police report dissentSecret police report dissent

The Mauryan Dynasty con’tThe Mauryan Dynasty con’t

• Asoka, grandson of Asoka, grandson of Chandragupta, Chandragupta, becomes emperor in becomes emperor in 268 B.C.268 B.C.

• Converted to BuddhismConverted to Buddhism

• Promoted nonviolence Promoted nonviolence and religious tolerance.and religious tolerance.

• Built roads, hospitals, Built roads, hospitals, and sheltersand shelters

• Empire falls apart after Empire falls apart after his death.his death.

Kushan Kingdom and the Silk Kushan Kingdom and the Silk RoadRoad

• 11stst Century AD, nomadic warriors create Century AD, nomadic warriors create empire in Bactria (Afghanistan). Stretches empire in Bactria (Afghanistan). Stretches across Northern India.across Northern India.

• Prospered on trade along the Prospered on trade along the Silk RoadSilk Road that ran through their empire.that ran through their empire.– 4000 mi road from Changan, China to Antioch, 4000 mi road from Changan, China to Antioch,

in Syria.in Syria.– China traded valuable silk, spices, teas, and China traded valuable silk, spices, teas, and

porcelain for wool and linen clothes and porcelain for wool and linen clothes and precious stones from Rome. India sent spices, precious stones from Rome. India sent spices, Ivory, Ivory,

Silk RoadSilk Road

The Gupta EmpireThe Gupta Empire

• Chandragupta creates Gupta Kingdom Chandragupta creates Gupta Kingdom in Ganges River Valley in 320 AD.in Ganges River Valley in 320 AD.

• His son, Samudragupta, expanded to His son, Samudragupta, expanded to neighboring kingdoms.neighboring kingdoms.

• Eventually controlled most of India. Eventually controlled most of India. • Characterized by loose, tolerant rule.Characterized by loose, tolerant rule.• Wealth from Pilgrims and gold and Wealth from Pilgrims and gold and

silver mines.silver mines.

CultureCulture

• Literature:Literature:– Vedas are the earliest known piece of Vedas are the earliest known piece of

Indian lit.Indian lit.– Mahabharata and Ramayana written Mahabharata and Ramayana written

about 100 BC. Both filled with religious about 100 BC. Both filled with religious messages.messages.

– Bhagavad Gita famous section of Bhagavad Gita famous section of Mahabharata. Krishna tells ruler Arjuna Mahabharata. Krishna tells ruler Arjuna about duty.about duty.

– Kalidasa famous Indian author.Kalidasa famous Indian author.

CultureCulture

• Architecture:Architecture:– Most famous Indian architecture built Most famous Indian architecture built

during reign of Asoka.during reign of Asoka.– Pillars, stupas, rock chambersPillars, stupas, rock chambers– Inspired by BuddhismInspired by Buddhism

CultureCulture

• ScienceScience– Advances in Astronomy: Mapped the Advances in Astronomy: Mapped the

sky, recognized that the Earth was a sky, recognized that the Earth was a sphere, rotated on an axis and revolved sphere, rotated on an axis and revolved around the sun.around the sun.

– Aryabhata first to use algebraAryabhata first to use algebra– India first to introduce concept of zero.India first to introduce concept of zero.

Early Chinese CivilizationEarly Chinese Civilization

Section 3Section 3

GeographyGeography

• Huang He and Chang Jiang first Huang He and Chang Jiang first civilizations in China.civilizations in China.

• Chinese people isolated by deserts Chinese people isolated by deserts and mountainsand mountains

• People in North had to protect People in North had to protect farmland from raiders.farmland from raiders.

Shang Dynasty1750-1045 Shang Dynasty1750-1045 BCBC

• Xia Dynasty founded over 4000 years Xia Dynasty founded over 4000 years ago. Replaced by Shang.ago. Replaced by Shang.

• Shang was farming society ruled by Shang was farming society ruled by an aristocracy.an aristocracy.– Upper class whose wealth is based on Upper class whose wealth is based on

land. Power passes from generation to land. Power passes from generation to generation.generation.

Shang Dynasty con’tShang Dynasty con’t

• Royal family at top, aided by aristocrats.Royal family at top, aided by aristocrats.

• King chose warlords to govern territories.King chose warlords to govern territories.

• Kings buried with servants in large tombs.Kings buried with servants in large tombs.

• Used Oracle Bones to predict future.Used Oracle Bones to predict future.

Shang Dynasty con’tShang Dynasty con’t

• Strong belief in afterlifeStrong belief in afterlife

• Practiced veneration of ancestors Practiced veneration of ancestors (ancestor worship)(ancestor worship)

• Known for bronze castingKnown for bronze casting

Zhou Dynasty 1045-246BCZhou Dynasty 1045-246BC

• 1045- leader from Zhou state overthrows 1045- leader from Zhou state overthrows Shang King.Shang King.

• Expanded the bureaucracy.Expanded the bureaucracy.

• Appointed aristocratic governorsAppointed aristocratic governors

• Led armiesLed armies

Zhou Dynasty con’tZhou Dynasty con’t

• Claimed to have “Mandate of Claimed to have “Mandate of Heaven”Heaven”– Ruler had authority from heaven to ruleRuler had authority from heaven to rule– Must rule according to the “way”, or the Must rule according to the “way”, or the

Dao.Dao.– If he did not, disaster could strikeIf he did not, disaster could strike– If overthrown, they had lost the Mandate If overthrown, they had lost the Mandate

of Heaven.of Heaven.

Fall of the ZhouFall of the Zhou

• Zhou rulers declined morallyZhou rulers declined morally

• States grew strong and challenged States grew strong and challenged kings.kings.

• 403 BC-Civil War breaks out, 403 BC-Civil War breaks out, “Warring States Period”“Warring States Period”– Iron weapons, infantry, cavalry, Iron weapons, infantry, cavalry,

crossbows usedcrossbows used– 221- Qin Dynasty begins221- Qin Dynasty begins

Zhou Dynasty con’tZhou Dynasty con’t

• Most were peasants, small merchant Most were peasants, small merchant class, slavesclass, slaves

• Development of irrigation and iron Development of irrigation and iron plow aided farmingplow aided farming

• Practiced Filial PietyPracticed Filial Piety– Children subordinate to parents, Children subordinate to parents,

everyone has role.everyone has role.

Zhou Dynasty con’tZhou Dynasty con’t

• Developed written languageDeveloped written language

– Based more on pictograms and Based more on pictograms and ideogramsideograms

– Evolves but never abandons original Evolves but never abandons original form.form.

Chinese PhilosophiesChinese Philosophies

ConfucianismConfucianism

• Confucius, known as 1Confucius, known as 1stst teacher, born in 551 BC.teacher, born in 551 BC.

• Traveled trying to Traveled trying to convince rulers to follow convince rulers to follow his ideashis ideas

• Wanted to end violence Wanted to end violence and moral decay.and moral decay.

• Followers collected his Followers collected his ideas and says into a ideas and says into a set of books called set of books called The The Analects.Analects.

Confucianism con’tConfucianism con’t

• Confucianism-System of Confucian ideas.Confucianism-System of Confucian ideas.– People are basically goodPeople are basically good– 2 elements of the Dao (proper way): Duty and 2 elements of the Dao (proper way): Duty and

HumanityHumanity– Everyone governed by 5 relationships:Everyone governed by 5 relationships:

• Parent and childParent and child

• Husband and wifeHusband and wife

• Older sibling and younger siblingOlder sibling and younger sibling

• Older friend and younger friendOlder friend and younger friend

• Ruler and subjectRuler and subject

Confucianism con’tConfucianism con’t

• Practice humanity and tolerance of Practice humanity and tolerance of othersothers

• Government jobs shouldn’t be limited Government jobs shouldn’t be limited to nobles and aristocratsto nobles and aristocrats

• Ideas spread after his deathIdeas spread after his death

DaoismDaoism

• System of ideas based on the System of ideas based on the teachings of Laoziteachings of Laozi

• Written in book called Written in book called Tao Te Ching Tao Te Ching ((The Way of the DaoThe Way of the Dao).).

• Not concerned with spiritual meaning Not concerned with spiritual meaning of life, but on how to improve it. of life, but on how to improve it.

Daoism con’tDaoism con’t

• The way to find The way to find heaven is not in heaven is not in action, but in action, but in inaction.inaction.

• Encourages Encourages spontaneity, let spontaneity, let nature take its nature take its coursecourse

LegalismLegalism

• Founded by Hanfeizi-People are naturally Founded by Hanfeizi-People are naturally evil and not capable of being good.evil and not capable of being good.

• Strong leader is necessary for orderly Strong leader is necessary for orderly society.society.

• Must rule by fear. Set harsh laws and Must rule by fear. Set harsh laws and stiff punishments.stiff punishments.

Rise and Fall of Chinese Rise and Fall of Chinese EmpiresEmpires

The Qin Dynasty 221-206 The Qin Dynasty 221-206 BCBC• Qin Shihuangdi defeats Qin rivals in 221 Qin Shihuangdi defeats Qin rivals in 221

BC. BC. • Legalism adopted as regime’s philosophy.Legalism adopted as regime’s philosophy.• 3 divisions of bureaucracy: Civil, military,3 divisions of bureaucracy: Civil, military,

and and censorate.censorate.– Censorate investigated gov’t officials to make Censorate investigated gov’t officials to make

sure they were doing their jobssure they were doing their jobs

• Began construction of the Great WallBegan construction of the Great Wall• Qin Shihuangdi died in 210 BCQin Shihuangdi died in 210 BC

– Buried with “Terra Cotta” Army.Buried with “Terra Cotta” Army.

Han Dynasty 202 BC- 220 Han Dynasty 202 BC- 220 ADAD• Founded in 202 BC by peasant Liu Bang.Founded in 202 BC by peasant Liu Bang.

• Adopts ConfucianismAdopts Confucianism

• Chose gov’t officials on merit.Chose gov’t officials on merit.

– Introduced civil service examinationIntroduced civil service examination

Han con’tHan con’t

• Han Wudi expanded south and west.Han Wudi expanded south and west.

• Peasants forced into military service Peasants forced into military service and 1 month of labor a year.and 1 month of labor a year.

• Pop. Rises. Average farm 1 Pop. Rises. Average farm 1 acre/person.acre/person.

Han con’tHan con’t

• Advancements in textile Advancements in textile manufacturing, water mills, and grain manufacturing, water mills, and grain grinding, iron castinggrinding, iron casting

• Eventually Steel and paper inventedEventually Steel and paper invented

• Advancements in shipmaking make it Advancements in shipmaking make it possible to sail into the wind.possible to sail into the wind.

• Acupuncture inventedAcupuncture invented