The Indian SubcontinentFrom Colony to Independence

Rise of Nationalism• Indian National Congress—

1885– Hindu dominated

• Muslim League—1906– Wanted separate seats in

legislature

Effects of Imperialism

Positive• Sanitation• Health care• Infrastructure—

railroads, telephone, telegraph, dams, bridges

• End of local warfare

Negative• Political and economic

power in British hands• Restrictions on Indian

owned industries• Loss of self-

sufficiency• Cash crops=decrease

in food production=famine

• Second class status• Threats to traditional

Indian way of life

Gandhi

• Civil disobedience

• 1930—Salt March– Demonstrators arrested

• 1935—Government of India Act – Not complete independence

• 1942—Quit India Resolution

• Post WWII Britain weighs cost of maintaining colony

Independence dividesIndia and Pakistan-1947

• Muslims resist rule by Hindus

• Partition of India—10 million refugees result in 1 million dead

Kashmir

•UN ceasefire

•Water resources vital to Pakistan

Jawarlal NehruJawarlal Nehru

Follower of Gandhi. 1st Prime Minister

of India, 1947-1964.

Advocated Industrialization.

Neutrality during Cold War=Nonaligned Movement

Non-Alignment MovementNon-Alignment Movement

The “mix” refers to private and public ownership.

Foreign aid and foreign investment are crucial.

Urban areas have high-tech companies.

Three quarters of the population are farmers living in small villages.

India's "Green Revolution" allowed farmers to triple their crop by using modern science and technology.

India’s “mixed economy”India’s “mixed economy”

India’s “Green Revolution”India’s “Green Revolution”

Introducing higher-yielding varieties of seeds in 1965.

Increased use of fertilizers & irrigation.

GOAL make India self-sufficient in food grains.

Nehru’s daughter. Prime Minister of

India, 1966-1984. Continues Nehru’s

policies. Faced corruption

charges & internal rebellion.

Assassinated in 1984.

Indira GandhiIndira Gandhi

India’s persecution of the SikhsIndia’s persecution of the Sikhs

Overpopulation 1 billion & climbing. Economic development. Hindu-Muslim tensions. Gender issues dowry killings. Caste bias discrimination against untouchables continues.

The Kashmir dispute and nuclear weapons.

Political assassinations.

Major problems & Issues in India today

Major problems & Issues in India today

Is the dream gone?Is the dream gone?

Strong Islamic fundamentalism. Impoverished.

Pakistan divided in 1972 W. Pakistan = Pakistan E. Pakistan = Bangladesh

PakistanPakistan

First Woman Prime Minister, 1988 Twice elected and

twice removed in 1990 and 1993 on corruption charges.

Self-imposed exile Returned during

elections in 2007 Killed December

2007

Benazir BhuttoBenazir Bhutto

Coup d’etat. U.S. ally in the “War on Terror.” Resigned August 2008

General MusharaffGeneral Musharaff

Asif Ali Zardari

• Widower of Benazir Bhutto

• Elected as President-September 2008

Economic development. Political instability/military dictatorship.

Hindu-Muslim tensions. Gender issues honor killings. Terrorism. The Kashmir dispute and nuclear weapons.

Major problems & Issues in Pakistan today

Major problems & Issues in Pakistan today

The India-Pakistan Arms Race Heats Up in the Late 1990s

The India-Pakistan Arms Race Heats Up in the Late 1990s

Partners in the “War on Terror?”Terror?”

Partners in the “War on Terror?”Terror?”