Chapter 21:Chapter 21:Civil RightsCivil Rights

Section 2:Section 2:The Triumphs of a The Triumphs of a

CrusadeCrusade

CCalifornia alifornia AAcademic cademic SStandardstandards:: 11.10.3 11.10.4 11.10.5 & 11.10.3 11.10.4 11.10.5 & 11.10. 611.10. 611.10 Students 11.10 Students analyze the analyze the development of federal development of federal civil rights and voting civil rights and voting rights.rights.

.3.3 Describe the collaboration on Describe the collaboration on legal strategy between African legal strategy between African American and white civil rights American and white civil rights lawyers to end racial segregation lawyers to end racial segregation in higher education. in higher education.

.4.4 Examine the roles of civil Examine the roles of civil rights advocates (e.g., A. Philip rights advocates (e.g., A. Philip Randolph, Martin Luther King, Jr., Randolph, Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcom X, Thurgood Marshall, Malcom X, Thurgood Marshall, James Farmer, Rosa Parks), James Farmer, Rosa Parks), including the significance of including the significance of Martin Luther King, Jr. 's "Letter Martin Luther King, Jr. 's "Letter from Birmingham Jail" and "I from Birmingham Jail" and "I Have a Dream" speech. Have a Dream" speech.

.5.5 Discuss the diffusion of the Discuss the diffusion of the civil rights movement of African civil rights movement of African Americans from the churches of Americans from the churches of the rural South and the urban the rural South and the urban North, including the…North, including the…

……resistance to racial desegregation resistance to racial desegregation in Little Rock and Birmingham, in Little Rock and Birmingham, and how the advances influenced and how the advances influenced the agendas, strategies, and the agendas, strategies, and effectiveness of the quests of effectiveness of the quests of American Indians, Asian American Indians, Asian Americans, and Hispanic Americans, and Hispanic Americans for civil rights and Americans for civil rights and equal opportunities. equal opportunities.

.6.6 Analyze the passage and effects Analyze the passage and effects of civil rights and voting rights of civil rights and voting rights legislation (e.g., 1964 Civil Rights legislation (e.g., 1964 Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act of 1965) and Act, Voting Rights Act of 1965) and the Twenty-Fourth Amendment, the Twenty-Fourth Amendment, with an…with an…

……emphasis on equality of access to emphasis on equality of access to education and to the political education and to the political process.process.Objectives:Objectives:

Following lecture and reading of this Following lecture and reading of this section, section, students will be able to:students will be able to:

1.1.Identify the goal of the freedom Identify the goal of the freedom ridersriders

2.2.Explain how civil rights activism Explain how civil rights activism forced President Kennedy to act forced President Kennedy to act against segregationagainst segregation

3.3.State the motives behind the 1963 State the motives behind the 1963 March on WashingtonMarch on Washington

4.4. Describe how civil rights Describe how civil rights organizers tried to secure organizers tried to secure passage of a voting rights actpassage of a voting rights act

Overview:Overview: Civil rights activists break Civil rights activists break

down numerous racial down numerous racial barriers through continued barriers through continued social protest and the social protest and the prompting of landmark prompting of landmark legislationlegislation

What was the goal of the What was the goal of the freedom riders?freedom riders?

Freedom riders expose Southern Freedom riders expose Southern resistance to federal desegregation resistance to federal desegregation rulings,rulings, they rode buses throughout they rode buses throughout the south hoping to provoke white the south hoping to provoke white racists and force Kennedy and the racists and force Kennedy and the administration to actadministration to act

The Freedom Riders were attacked The Freedom Riders were attacked and the bus line refused to take and the bus line refused to take them any further after one bus was them any further after one bus was fire bombedfire bombed

CORE Freedom Riders stopped, but CORE Freedom Riders stopped, but SNCC (Student Nonviolent SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) Coordinating Committee) resumed…resumed…

……the rights,the rights, realizing that if they realizing that if they gave up because of violence then gave up because of violence then the white racists had wonthe white racists had won

When the SNCC riders went to When the SNCC riders went to Birmingham the Police Chief Birmingham the Police Chief “Bull” Connor had them beaten “Bull” Connor had them beaten and taken to Tennessee, but they and taken to Tennessee, but they returned and sat in a white only returned and sat in a white only bus terminal until They could get bus terminal until They could get a ride to Montgomerya ride to Montgomery

Attorney General, Robert Kennedy Attorney General, Robert Kennedy finally forced the bus company to finally forced the bus company to take them on May 20, 1961 after take them on May 20, 1961 after waiting for 18 hourswaiting for 18 hours

The police in Montgomerey had The police in Montgomerey had failed to protect the ridersfailed to protect the riders

Violence against the freedom Violence against the freedom riders riders entering Montgomery,entering Montgomery, forces the Kennedy forces the Kennedy administration to intervene, administration to intervene, sending 400 U.S. marshals to sending 400 U.S. marshals to protect riders on the final part of protect riders on the final part of their journey to Jackson.their journey to Jackson.

In addition, In addition, a federal order banning a federal order banning segregation in all interstate travel segregation in all interstate travel facilities, including waiting rooms, facilities, including waiting rooms, restrooms, and lunch counters was restrooms, and lunch counters was handed downhanded down

How did civil rights activism How did civil rights activism force JFK to act against force JFK to act against segregation?segregation?

Civil rights organizers turn Civil rights organizers turn their attention to integrating their attention to integrating some Southern campuses and some Southern campuses and townstowns at each turn they at each turn they encountered opposition from encountered opposition from some whitessome whites

Federal troops are needed to Federal troops are needed to get James Meredith into the get James Meredith into the all-white University of all-white University of MississippiMississippi

Meredith won a court case Meredith won a court case that allowed him to enrollthat allowed him to enroll

The governor, Ross Barnett The governor, Ross Barnett refused to let him register as refused to let him register as a studenta student

JFK ordered federal marshals JFK ordered federal marshals to escort Meredith to the to escort Meredith to the registrar’s officeregistrar’s office

Barnet appealed over the Barnet appealed over the radio to Mississippians to radio to Mississippians to “never surrender”“never surrender”Riots broke out on Riots broke out on September 30, 1962September 30, 1962

2 deaths resulted2 deaths resultedit took 5,000 soldiers, 200 it took 5,000 soldiers, 200 arrests, and 15 hours to arrests, and 15 hours to stop the riotersstop the rioters

Meredith was escorted to Meredith was escorted to class following the incident class following the incident and nightriders shooting at his and nightriders shooting at his parents house forced federal parents house forced federal protectionprotection

Television coverage of the brutal Television coverage of the brutal treatment of marchers (children attacked treatment of marchers (children attacked with fire hoses, dogs, and clubs) in with fire hoses, dogs, and clubs) in Birmingham leads President Kennedy to Birmingham leads President Kennedy to call for passage of a new civil rights billcall for passage of a new civil rights bill

Birmingham was strict on its Birmingham was strict on its total segregation policy and total segregation policy and had 18 bombings between had 18 bombings between 1957 and 19631957 and 1963

MLK Jr. and SCLC invited to MLK Jr. and SCLC invited to Birmingham to desegregate Birmingham to desegregate city by Fred Shuttlesworth, city by Fred Shuttlesworth, head of Alabama Christian head of Alabama Christian Movement for Human RightsMovement for Human Rights

MLK Jr. arrested and write a MLK Jr. arrested and write a “letter from Birmingham jail”“letter from Birmingham jail”

Economic boycott and Economic boycott and negative press convinced negative press convinced Birmingham officials to end Birmingham officials to end segregationsegregation

What were the motives What were the motives behind the 1963 March on behind the 1963 March on Washington?Washington?

Civil rights activists organize a Civil rights activists organize a great protest march on great protest march on Washington to pressure Washington to pressure Congress into passing the civil Congress into passing the civil rights billrights bill introduced by JFK introduced by JFK

August 28, 1963 250,000 people August 28, 1963 250,000 people (75,000 whites) march on (75,000 whites) march on Washington and hear MLK Jr. Washington and hear MLK Jr. deliver his improvised “I have a deliver his improvised “I have a Dream” speechDream” speech

The Violence continued with more The Violence continued with more bombings of churches and bombings of churches and President Johnson pushes the Civil President Johnson pushes the Civil Rights Act of 1964 through Rights Act of 1964 through CongressCongressHow did civil rights How did civil rights organizers try to secure organizers try to secure passage of a voting rights passage of a voting rights act?act?

Violence and intimidation prevent Violence and intimidation prevent millions of African Americans in millions of African Americans in the South from registering to votethe South from registering to vote

Civil rights workers try to win a Civil rights workers try to win a voting rights act through two voting rights act through two campaigns: Freedom Summer, led campaigns: Freedom Summer, led by Robert Moses in MS, which did by Robert Moses in MS, which did not get the attention of Congress not get the attention of Congress it had hoped for after a summer of it had hoped for after a summer of encountering brutal violence at encountering brutal violence at the hands of whites, and a march the hands of whites, and a march from Selma to Montgomery, AL, from Selma to Montgomery, AL, which saw 25,000 marchers go…which saw 25,000 marchers go…

……into Montgomery, hoping with into Montgomery, hoping with more African Americans registered more African Americans registered to vote they could elect legislators to vote they could elect legislators who would support civil rightswho would support civil rights

The Mississippi Freedom The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) Democratic Party (MFDP) Organized by the SNCC, was Organized by the SNCC, was established in hopes of unseating established in hopes of unseating regular democrats who did nothing regular democrats who did nothing to help African Americansto help African Americans

The Voting Rights Act of 1965, passed The Voting Rights Act of 1965, passed 10 weeks after the Selma March, 10 weeks after the Selma March, guarantees the right to vote for guarantees the right to vote for African AmericansAfrican Americans

Some African Americans are still Some African Americans are still not happy, feeling the years of not happy, feeling the years of inequality were still not rightedinequality were still not rightedCloseClose

Although civil rights activists Although civil rights activists across the South faced massive across the South faced massive resistance in their efforts to resistance in their efforts to achieve desegregation, they achieve desegregation, they forced the federal government to forced the federal government to pass monumental civil rights pass monumental civil rights legislation.legislation.

Page 721 Review “Civil Rights Page 721 Review “Civil Rights Victories”Victories”