chapter 18%26190
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Development Through the LifespanDevelopment Through the Lifespan
Chapter 18
Emotional and Social
Development inLate Adulthood
Chapter 18
Emotional and Social
Development inLate Adulthood
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Emotional Expertise in Late AdulthoodEmotional Expertise in Late Adulthood
Cognitive-affective complexity Declines for many, but 30-40% retain emotional
regulation and optimistic outlook
Affect optimization improves Maximize positive emotions, dampen negative ones
More vivid emotional perceptions Make sure of own emotions – more objective Use emotion-centered coping more often
Cognitive-affective complexity Declines for many, but 30-40% retain emotional
regulation and optimistic outlook
Affect optimization improves Maximize positive emotions, dampen negative ones
More vivid emotional perceptions Make sure of own emotions – more objective Use emotion-centered coping more often
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Personality inLate AdulthoodPersonality inLate Adulthood Secure, multifaceted (complex) self-concept
Allows self-acceptance psychological well-being Continue to pursue possible selves
Resilience in old age More agreeable (A)
Generous, optimistic Less sociable (E)
More selective Greater acceptance of change (O)
Better coping
Secure, multifaceted (complex) self-concept Allows self-acceptance psychological well-being Continue to pursue possible selves
Resilience in old age More agreeable (A)
Generous, optimistic Less sociable (E)
More selective Greater acceptance of change (O)
Better coping
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Factors in Psychological Well-BeingFactors in Psychological Well-Being
Control versus dependency Stereotypes lead many to assume older adults need support and
are incapable of independence Promotes dependency
Health Mental Health - Depression Poor health, depression linked Suicide risk
Negative life changes Less damaging, more frequent
Social support Social interaction
Control versus dependency Stereotypes lead many to assume older adults need support and
are incapable of independence Promotes dependency
Health Mental Health - Depression Poor health, depression linked Suicide risk
Negative life changes Less damaging, more frequent
Social support Social interaction
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Marriage in Late AdulthoodMarriage in Late Adulthood
Satisfaction peaks in late adulthood – about 20-25% last 50 yrs Fewer stressful responsibilities Fairness in household tasks Joint leisure Emotional understanding,
regulation Same for gay/lesbian couples, but legal
issues make late adulthood difficult
Satisfaction peaks in late adulthood – about 20-25% last 50 yrs Fewer stressful responsibilities Fairness in household tasks Joint leisure Emotional understanding,
regulation Same for gay/lesbian couples, but legal
issues make late adulthood difficult
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Divorce, Remarriage, CohabitationDivorce, Remarriage, Cohabitation
Divorce
Few divorces in late adulthood, but increasing (2nd marriages) Hard to recover; especially women
Remarriage
Rates low; decline with age Higher for divorced than widowed Late remarriage stable
Cohabitation
Growing trend – less remarriage Financial and family reasons Relationships stable
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WidowhoodWidowhood
Most stressful event of life for many Create new identity
Many more women than men Women live longer
Few remarry; most live alone Must cope with loneliness
Reorganizing life harder for men More likely to remarry
Most stressful event of life for many Create new identity
Many more women than men Women live longer
Few remarry; most live alone Must cope with loneliness
Reorganizing life harder for men More likely to remarry
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Friendships in Late AdulthoodFriendships in Late Adulthood Friends provide:
Intimacy Companionship Acceptance Link to community Help with loss
Feels closest to a few nearby friends Social groups get smaller, but better!
Often includes siblings 80% have living sibling over 65
Strong predictor of mental health
Friends provide: Intimacy Companionship Acceptance Link to community Help with loss
Feels closest to a few nearby friends Social groups get smaller, but better!
Often includes siblings 80% have living sibling over 65
Strong predictor of mental health
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Relationships with Adult ChildrenRelationships with Adult Children
Quality of relationship affects elders’ physical, mental health 80% have living children
Assist each other in 60’s and 70’s Direction changes toward children helping as parents age Closeness affects willingness to help Emotional support most often
Parents try to avoid dependency
Quality of relationship affects elders’ physical, mental health 80% have living children
Assist each other in 60’s and 70’s Direction changes toward children helping as parents age Closeness affects willingness to help Emotional support most often
Parents try to avoid dependency
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Decision to Retire – most adapt well; 30 % report difficultyDecision to Retire – most adapt well; 30 % report difficultyRetire
Adequate retirement benefits
Compelling leisure interests
Declining health Spouse retiring Routine, boring job Positive marriage
Retire Adequate retirement
benefits Compelling leisure
interests Declining health Spouse retiring Routine, boring job Positive marriage
Keep Working Limited retirement
benefits Few leisure interests Good health Spouse working Flexible work schedule Pleasant, stimulating
work Negative relationship
Keep Working Limited retirement
benefits Few leisure interests Good health Spouse working Flexible work schedule Pleasant, stimulating
work Negative relationship
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Age Changes in VolunteeringAge Changes in Volunteering
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Successful AgingSuccessful Aging
Minimize losses and maximize gains Focus less on
outcomes, more on processes and reaching personal goals
Some factors controllable, others not
Minimize losses and maximize gains Focus less on
outcomes, more on processes and reaching personal goals
Some factors controllable, others not
Optimism Selective optimization
with compensation Quality Relationships Self and Emotional
Understanding Balance between
control and dependence
Optimism Selective optimization
with compensation Quality Relationships Self and Emotional
Understanding Balance between
control and dependence
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Development Through the LifespanDevelopment Through the Lifespan
Chapter 19
Death, Dying, and
Bereavement
Chapter 19
Death, Dying, and
Bereavement
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Phases of Dying – how we die Phases of Dying – how we die
Long and drawn out for 75% Gentle for 20% (usually with narcotics)
Agonal phase Suffering in first moments body can no
longer support life Gasps, muscle spasms
Clinical death Heart, breathing, brain stopped, but still can
resuscitate Mortality
Permanent death, no resuscitation
Long and drawn out for 75% Gentle for 20% (usually with narcotics)
Agonal phase Suffering in first moments body can no
longer support life Gasps, muscle spasms
Clinical death Heart, breathing, brain stopped, but still can
resuscitate Mortality
Permanent death, no resuscitation
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Defining Death – when to halt treatmentDefining Death – when to halt treatment
Fuzzy line between life and death in modern society Medical – cessation of vital function (respiratory/cardiac response)
Brain death Irreversible stoppage of all activity in brain stem Could include respiration and cardiac activity
Persistent vegetative state Activity in cerebral cortex stopped Brain stem still active
Definition can vary Country, context, living will
Fuzzy line between life and death in modern society Medical – cessation of vital function (respiratory/cardiac response)
Brain death Irreversible stoppage of all activity in brain stem Could include respiration and cardiac activity
Persistent vegetative state Activity in cerebral cortex stopped Brain stem still active
Definition can vary Country, context, living will
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Appropriate DeathAppropriate Death
Death rarely comes the way we hope or plan But we can ease the transition (hospice care)
Medical, psychological, spiritual support
Makes sense with person’s pattern of living, values – appropriate death Integration of life that precedes Maintain identity and some sense of control Preserve or restore relationships Reduce suffering – palliative care (ease, not cure)
Nature of disease, family/health support, coping style all effect individual desires and responses
Death rarely comes the way we hope or plan But we can ease the transition (hospice care)
Medical, psychological, spiritual support
Makes sense with person’s pattern of living, values – appropriate death Integration of life that precedes Maintain identity and some sense of control Preserve or restore relationships Reduce suffering – palliative care (ease, not cure)
Nature of disease, family/health support, coping style all effect individual desires and responses
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Kübler-Ross’s TheoryKübler-Ross’s Theory
Stage theory of emotional response to death Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
Heavily criticized, not universal Pattern doesn’t exist, not all parts expressed Other responses common
Stage theory of emotional response to death Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
Heavily criticized, not universal Pattern doesn’t exist, not all parts expressed Other responses common
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Grief ProcessGrief Process
Avoidance “Emotional anesthesia” – numbness
Confrontation Most intense grief when dealing with death Range of emotional/behavioral responses
Restoration As emotions subside, focus is on how to move forward Dual-process model of coping with loss - Alternate
between dealing with emotions and with life changes
Avoidance “Emotional anesthesia” – numbness
Confrontation Most intense grief when dealing with death Range of emotional/behavioral responses
Restoration As emotions subside, focus is on how to move forward Dual-process model of coping with loss - Alternate
between dealing with emotions and with life changes
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Death EducationDeath Education
Increased need to help those dying has improved education regarding death awareness/preparation
Courses in death and dying increasing at many levels Goals
Understand physical, psychological changes in dying Learn to cope with death of loved ones Inform consumers of medical, funeral services Understand social, ethical issues
Increased need to help those dying has improved education regarding death awareness/preparation
Courses in death and dying increasing at many levels Goals
Understand physical, psychological changes in dying Learn to cope with death of loved ones Inform consumers of medical, funeral services Understand social, ethical issues