Chapter 11National & Regional Growth In this chapter we will learn how new

inventions influenced the growth and development of the United States;

causing slavery to spread rapidly in the agricultural South and causing the North to become increasingly more

industrial. We will also learn how these two regions started coming into conflict

with each other because of these different paths and visions on what the

United States should be.

To World1844 Telegraph line connects Washington,

D.C., and Baltimore.

1831 Nat Turner leads slave rebellion in Virginia.

1825 Erie Canal completed.1823 Monroe Doctrine issued.

1820 Missouri Compromise balances numberof slave and free states.

Image1813 Weaving factory built in Waltham,Massachusetts.

1812 War of 1812 disrupts U.S. shipping.

1808 Congress bans the African slave trade.

1807 Robert Fulton launches a steamboat on the Hudson River.

Back to Home Back to U.S.

1839 Louis Daguerre is recognized for hisphotographic process.

1833 Slavery is abolished in British Empire.

1825 First public railroad operates in England.

1821 Peru and Mexico gain independence from Spain.

1815 Napoleon defeated at Waterloo.

1804 Haiti wins independence from France.

Section 1: Early Industry & Inventions

• Main Idea• New machines and factories changed

the way people lived and worked in the late 1700s and early 1800s.

• Why is it important?• We are still developing new

technologies today.

Important Industrial Revolution Inventions

Cotton Gin – Eli Whitney – 1793Interchangeable Parts – Eli Whitney – 1801

Steam Boat – Robert Fulton – 1807 Steel Plow – John Deere 1836

Telegraph – Samuel F.B. Morse –

1837

**In your own words, describe what you think The above inventions were used for

The Industrial Revolution• A time when factory machines replaced

hand tools and manufacturing goods replaced farming as the main source of work.

• Began in Europe in the late 1700s and caught on in America in the early - mid 1800s.

• Changed almost everything about how we got our basic needs met (food, clothes, shelter, transportation, etc.)

• Technological advances increased profits and productivity.

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

• During the War of 1812 the United States began manufacturing on a much larger scale than before.• Trade with other nations was blocked• Americans began to make their own

goods and soon got very experienced at it.

• A vast supply of natural resources and land brought immigrants to the United States who could be used to work in factories.

• Many new technologies and inventions were created that helped production both on the farm and in the city.

Causes of the Industrial Revolution Cont. • Improvements in transportation

and manufacturing led many people to move to cities (urbanization)

• Cities became the home to many factories where goods were produced in mass quantities.

• This created the beginnings of our Industrial Revolution which brought RAPID industrialization and urbanization to the United States.

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

• North: Industrial Economy (manufacturing & trade)• Factories started in New England because

rivers were used to generate power for factories and to ship goods.• Steam engines eventually eliminated the

need for water for power and factories began to move to other places.

• Large population movement to the North for jobs and a “better” way of life.

• Produced textiles (cloth) as a major source of revenue (money).

• Supports high tariffs so that goods made in the United States will be chosen over goods from other nations.

The Factory System(an effect on the North)

• This system brought many workers and machines together under one roof to produce a good.

• The invention of interchangeable parts and machine tools allowed workers to be very unskilled and untrained.

• Lowell Mills• Henry Cabot Lowell created factories that

spun raw cotton into yarn and made it into cloth.

• Employed farm girls during their teenage years. They lived in boarding houses near the factory and were held to strict behavioral and performance requirements.

• At first the pay and conditions were decent but as the factory started losing profits wages and conditions declined.

The Factory System cont.• Workers in other Northern factories were usually

women and children who were not paid very much for their labor and had very few rights.• Children were used because they were

cheaper than adults and were small enough to fit inside the machines if something needed to be fixed or got stuck.• Many children were injured or maimed this

way.• If a worker (adult or child) got sick or hurt they

were simply fired. There were no unemployment benefits, workman’s compensation plans, or insurance.

• Workers were not allowed to join unions to protect their rights. If they tried to join unions they were fired and then put on a “black-list” so they could not be hired at other jobs either.

• Some workers were made to sign contracts promising they would not try and join a union.

Inventors & their InventionsInventor Invention Effect on society/industry

Eli Whitney Interchangeable parts

Contributed to the growth of mass production in the United States by making production MUCH

easier and faster and much more reliable.

Eli Whitney

Cotton Gin Allowed MUCH more cotton to be cleaned and processed a day and increased clothing

production. Made cotton farming MUCH more profitable. Expanded the use of slaves in the

south for cheap farm labor.

Samuel F.B. Morse

Telegraph Improved communicationAllowed people to track news and movements of

friends and family.Allowed businesses to track orders and shipments

of goods.

Robert Fulton

Steam Boat(powered by steam engine)

Allowed people and goods to travel much faster(Steam engines would soon be used in trains as well to improve the transportation industry even

more)

Samuel Slater

Textile Mills Mass production of cloth for making clothing and other goods. Mils employed mostly unskilled

workers (women and children).

Inventors & their InventionsInventor Invention Effect on society/industry

James Hargreaves

Spinning Jenny

Spun thread into cloth for mass production of clothing, etc.

Elias Howe Sewing Machine

Allowed cloth to be turned into clothes quickly and on a mass scale. Clothes could

now be made in factories for profit and purchased in stores instead of hand-made

(giving women more leisure time).

John Deere Steel Plow Made plowing much easier and allowed it to go much faster. It was easier to make a

profit at cash-cropping.

McCormick Mechanical Reaper

Greatly increased farm production

Henry Bessemer

Bessemer Steel

Process(not until

mid-1850s)

Process of purifying hot iron ore to make steel. Things that were once made out of iron (railroad tracks, etc.) could now be

made out of steel which lasts much longer before breaking.

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

• South: Agricultural Economy• Became an economy based on cash

crops and plantations (usually cotton) that relied heavily on slave labor to be profitable.

• Opposed high tariffs because their cotton was still worth the same amount of money in trade with other nations yet they had to pay higher prices for the goods they got in exchange.

Canals and Roadways Link US

• To help transport goods and people the US started building long-distance roads and Canals.

• The Erie Canal was built between Buffalo, NY and New York, NY• This benefited commerce (business)

by allowing people and goods to move from East to West MUCH faster.

• Trade stimulated by the canal helped New York City become the largest city in the US.

2 Column Chart: Effects of Industrial Revolution per Region

North South

Section 2: Plantations & Slavery Spread

• Main Idea• The invention of the cotton gin and the

demand for cotton caused slavery to spread in the South.

• Why does it matter?• The spread of slavery caused lasting

racial and sectional tensions which not only led to the Civil War but plagued our nation for many years.

The Cotton Gin & the Cotton Boom

• Cotton was very hard to pick and clean• Doing it all by hand wasn’t very profitable• With the Cotton Gin, a single worker could

produce 50 lbs. of cotton each day.• This soon became the fastest growing industry

in America because cotton was now worth more than most other farm products.

• It caused many farmers to move further west in order to get more land for cotton farming.

• It relied very heavily on slave labor to make profits so more and more slaves were purchased for use on plantations.

• Cotton robs the soil of nutrients which will become an issue later.

The Plantation System• A plantation is a large farm that raises

cash crops to be sold at market or to be traded.

• Crops grown on plantations are usually cotton, rice, tobacco, etc. and are grown and tended to by slaves.

• The plantation system is another way to describe how the South was set up before the Civil War.

The Plantation System Cont.

• The economy in the South became based on the system of forced labor of slaves. Without slaves the economy of the South would have been destroyed.

• Plantation owners needed to use slaves for labor because if they had to pay all the workers they needed to raise their crops they would not have made any profit.

• Plantation owners were wealthy and were at the top of society and they usually played very important roles in their communities.

Plantation System Flowchart

• Use the following to create a flowchart of the plantation system.

1. Invention of the cotton gin

2. Labor shortage in the colonies

3. Increased cotton production

4. Growth of Slavery

Section 3Nationalism and Sectionalism

• Main Idea…• The War of 1812 created patriotic

pride among Americans but differences and tensions began developing between the North and the South.

• Why does it matter?• These tensions eventually lead to the

Civil War and the differences among the regions of our nation are still present today!

Sectionalism• Sectionalism= Loyalty to your own

region, or part, of the nation rather than the whole nation itself.

• Since the increased national unity and patriotism during the War of 1812, the North and South had grown in 2 different directions each wanted different things.

• This started causing lots of arguments and problems

• Each section of the nation was trying to get their own way in the government and each trying to make the most money.

Loyal to their section…they thought of themselves...

•as citizens of their own state first,

•as Regions second,

•and as U.S. citizens third.

Sectionalism ChartNorth Wanted: South Wanted:

Free Labor Slavery and some free labor

Wanted slavery abolished or limited

Wanted to be able to extend slavery

Strong basis for industry

Relied on agriculture

Strong federal government

State’s Rights

High Tariffs Low Tariffs

Missouri Compromise

• Missouri applied for statehood in 1817• The people of Missouri wanted to have

slavery in their new state.• There were 11 states where slavery was

allowed and 11 states where it wasn’t.• This sparked a HUGE debate in

Congress about whether or not Missouri should be allowed to have slavery.

• Either way, one side would have more power than the other side in the Senate.

Missouri Compromise• Angry Southerners said Congress didn’t have

the power to ban slavery and each state had the right to have slaves if they wished.• They were afraid if there were more free

states than slave states, the free states would gang up on them and ban slavery all together!

• Luckily Maine also wanted to become a state.• Henry Clay (known as the “Great

Compromiser”) came up with the idea to keep the balance of power in the Senate equal.• Maine became a free state• Missouri became a slave state • Slavery was outlawed north of the Missouri

Compromise Line (36° 30’ Missouri’s Southern Border)

The Monroe Doctrine• Created by President James Monroe in 1823• Was addressed to European powers in case

they planned on trying to regain control of former colonies in Latin America.

• Stated that the United States DEMANDED that Europe stay out of the affairs of Latin America (no colonization).• Monroe declared that any attempt to re-

colonize would be seen as “dangerous to our peace and safety”

• We (the United States) wanted to be the big influence in Latin America and didn’t want any other nations crowding in on us.

• This showed that the US saw itself as a world power!

Monroe Doctrine