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Standard 11: Describe the growth of technological innovations & big business after Reconstruction Describe the inventions of Thomas Edison.

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So you like to jam to your tunes? From to.. Say thank you Thomas Edison!!

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So you want to chill & kick with a movie? Fromto Say thank you Thomas Edison!!

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So you like light? Just say thank you to Thomas Edison!!

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I. New Inventions (late 1800s, early 1900s) A.Light Bulb B.Phonograph (record player) C. Kinetoscope (Motion Picture)

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II. Railroads Impact on the Nation A.Encouraged new innovation 1.Refrigerated railcars (ice cream on a train!!) 2.Telegraph system (like texting old school train style) 3.Airbrakes (stops better, smoother, saves your life) B.Established time zones (We are ESTyou are halfway through your dayyour cali peeps are in homeroom saying the pledge!) C.Made travel between towns easier D.Transports large amounts of goods quickly & efficiently (means cheaper prices for you!! Also, Lincolns secret weapon for this reason).

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II. Railroads Impact on the Nation continued E.Businesses could obtain raw materials & sell to large numbers of people F.Led to mass production (industrialization) G.Helped settle the west Railroad companies sold the fertile land cheaply Cattle ranchers and farmers used the plains to graze their herds and grow their crops, then used railroad to ship their products.

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III. Transcontinental Railroad Central PacificUnion Pacific Owned by Jay GouldOwned by Cornelius Vanderbilt Chinese ImmigrantIrish Immigrants Sacramento, CAOmaha, NE Promontory Point, UT May 10, 1869

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RESULTS of the Transcontinental Railroad What do you think?

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RESULTS of the Transcontinental Railroad Transporting goods was easier Linked new markets Unified the nation

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Also led to Big Business & Americas Monopolies Gould & Vanderbilt were among a group of wealthy businessmen called ROBBER BARONS Goals of Robber Barons 1.Eliminate Competition 2.Create a monopoly ( just like the gametotal control of an industry)

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The Triumph of Industry

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Life in 1865

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Life in 1900

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The Growth of Big Business

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Business Leaders of the Late 1800s Robber Barons? Drained the country of its natural resources Persuaded officials to interpret laws in their favor Paid their workers meager wages Workers forced to work in dangerous and unhealthy conditions Swindled the poor Charged unfair prices Used Trusts & Monopolies to destroy other competitors Captains of Industry? Increased the supply of goods by building factories Provided jobs that allowed Americans to buy their goods Founded and funded museums, libraries, and universities Innovations & businesses allowed the US economy to grow Philanthropy (giving $ to charity)

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Andrew Carnegie Emigrated to the U.S. in 1848; used money earned as superintendent of PA railroad to invest in steel mills Established Carnegie Steel Company, drove competitors out of business, and soon controlled the entire steel industry Bought the iron ore mines, mills, shipping and rail lines to transport his steel products to market Philanthropist: gave away $350 million Gospel of wealth: free to make money and should give it away

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JP Morgan Born to life of leisure Worked to get European investors for business growth Loaned money to US Government Kept it all Least amount of $$ of robber barons

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Cornelius Vanderbilt Converted shipping empire to the new and upcoming railroad system When he died at 84 yrs worth 100 Million Left One million to Vanderbilt University Remnants of railroad system now part of AMTRAK Biltmore estate was his familys summer home

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BILTMORESUMMER GET AWAY!

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The Standard Oil Trust I would rather earn 1% off a 100 people's efforts than 100% of my own efforts. John D. Rockefeller John D. Rockefeller John D. Rockefeller Edwin L. Drake struck oil in Titusville, PA in 1858. John D. Rockefeller set up a refinery in Ohio in 1863. He undersold his competitors and bought them out. In 1882 the owners of Standard Oil and other companies combined their operations, appointing nine trustees. Rockefeller controlled the trust Forty companies joined the trust and controlled the nations oil, limiting competition 1890 Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act, outlawing any combination of companies that restrained commerce; proved ineffective for 15 years.

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V. Labor Force

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The Growing Work Force 14 million immigrants between 1860 and 1900 Contract Labor Act, 1864 8 to 9 million moved to the cities Every family member worked; little relief for the poor

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Factory Work Boring, repetitive work in dangerous working conditions (low light, no ventilation, crowded) for low pay & long hours Piecework: fixed amount for each finished piece produced Frederick Winslow Taylor increased efficiency, The Principles of Scientific Management Division of Labor: workers performed one small task, over and over Remember: Carnegie gave how many days off a year? How many hours a day?

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Families Working in the Factories.Working Women and Children Women operated simple machines and had no chance to advance Children made up more than 5 % of the labor force Both Parents worked as well as children (stunted in body and mind) Jacob Riis attacked child labor in Children of the Poor

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The Great Strikes

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Gulf Between Rich and Poor Collective Bargaining: negotiating as a group for higher wages & better working conditions Socialism: economic and political philosophy that favors public or social control of property and income, not private control

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Rise of Labor Unions National Trades Union, 1834; ended with Panic of 1837 National Labor Union, 1866; failed during a depression Knights of Labor, 1869; men, women, skilled and unskilled; Terence Powderly wanted equal pay, 8 hour day, end to child labor; disappeared by 1890s American Federation of Labor, 1886; Samuel Gompers wanted skilled workers only; supported collective bargaining, negotiation between labor and employers, wanted shorter hours & better paywomen & afams not included. The Wobblies (Industrial Workers of the World), many Socialists, radical union of unskilled workers such as miners, lumbermen, migrant farm workers, textile workers

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Reaction of Employers Feared unions Tactics to stop unions 1. Forbade union meetings 2. Fired union organizers 3. Yellow dog contracts promised never to join a union 4. Refused collective bargaining 5. Refused to recognize unions as workers representatives

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Strikes Rock the Nation Haymarket Riot, 1886, at Chicagos McCormick reaper factory; bomb killed seven policemen, gunfire killed dozens. Eight anarchists, radicals who oppose all government, were tried for conspiracy to commit murder. Pullman, 1894, Eugene V. Debs called for a boycott of Pullman cars. Disrupted western railroad traffic. Federal troops sent to see that mail got through. Set pattern for the employers to get court orders against unions. EFFECT: Government opposition limited union gains for more than 30 years