Chapter 11-12 – National and Regional Growth & the Age of Jackson (1800-1840)(short)

Mr Owen7th grade American historyICCS Middle School

Chapter 11 – National & Regional Growth (1800-1840)

In the early part of the 1800s, many things were happening in the US:◦Cities and industry were growing thanks to

an industrial revolution◦Slavery was spreading in the South, creating

tension between the northern and southern US

◦Pride in the US continued to grow after the War of 1812 and Americans began to look outside their own borders to expand its territory and influence

Section 1 – Early Industry and Invention

•Vocabulary▫Industrial Revolution – economic changes

of the late 1700s when manufacturing replaced farming as the main form of work

▫Factory system – method of production using many workers and machines in one building

▫Samuel Morse – inventor of the telegraph

The Industrial Revolution•What: increased importance of

manufacturing and industry•When: early 1800s•Where: cities in the northern US•How: manufactures turn away from

hand-made items in peoples’ homes and begin to produce things in factories, meaning more things can be easily and cheaply produced

•Why: the move away from a farming society was important to grow the US’s economy and power in the world

Improvements in Transportation• Robert Fulton developed the first steamboat powerful

enough to travel against river currents and carry goods and people

• Peter Cooper built America’s first steam locomotive to transport goods over land

What is this?

Improvements in Communication•Samuel Morse invented the telegraph that

carries messages across the country in an instant

Improvements in Farming

•New farm tools increase food production▫New plows to till Midwestern soil▫Threshing machine▫Mechanical reaper

Result of the Industrial Revolution•Difference in the economies of the US set

up tensions▫Manufacturing and industry become more

important in the North▫Farming and slavery become even more

important in the South

Homework

•Section assessment questions on page 369 # 5

•Chapter 11 section 2 vocabulary on page 373

Section 2 – Plantations & Slavery Spread•Vocabulary –

▫Cotton gin – machine that made cleaning seeds from cotton faster

▫Eli Whitney – inventor of the cotton gin▫Nat Turner – leader of an 1831 slave

rebellion

Cotton Boom

•Production of cotton becomes very important in the South▫Eli Whitney’s cotton gin means more cotton

can be processed faster▫More slaves are needed to meet demands

for cotton Very few white Southerners owned many

slaves but those that did not own them saw slavery as a way to make money

Eli Whitney

African-American Life

• Most enslaved Africans in the South worked on plantations– Some worked in cities in homes as servants or in

factories• Often times families were broken up by mothers and

fathers having their children sold to other plantations• Some Africans tried to rebel against slavery and their

masters–Nat Turner led a revolt that killed over 50 whites but he

was defeated and was killed by whites–Rebellions led to stricter controls over slaves in the

South– Slaves could not be taught to read or write– They were not allowed to gather in large groups

HomeworkSection assessment questions on page

377# 3, 4 & 5

Chapter 11 section 3 vocabulary on page 378◦Nationalism◦Sectionalism◦ James Monroe◦Monroe Doctrine◦Missouri Compromise

Section 3 – Nationalism and Sectionalism•Vocabulary –

▫Nationalism – a feeling of pride, loyalty and protectiveness toward one’s country

▫Sectionalism – loyalty to the interest of one’s own section or region of a country

▫James Monroe – fifth president of the US and proclaimed the Monroe Doctrine

▫Monroe Doctrine – US policy of opposing European interference in the Western Hemisphere

▫Missouri Compromise – laws enacted in 1820 to maintain the balance of power between slave and free states

Strengthening the Union

•Improvements in communications and transportation link cities, bringing people together

•The American people though start to have more faith and loyalty in the national government instead of state governments▫They thought of themselves as Americans

instead of Virginians, New Yorkers, etc…

•This is called nationalism

Weakening the Union

• Differences in the economies of the North and South started to cause problems▫People who lived in different regions wanted

their interests protected

• This is called sectionalism

• The North was becoming more industrial• The South more agricultural and relied on

slave labor▫Free states in the North did not want to be out

numbered by slave states in the South

The Missouri Compromise

• In 1817, Missouri applied to become a state and wanted to allow slavery in its boarders ▫This upset the balance of 11 free states and 11

slave states

• A compromise was reached in 1820 that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state▫The Missouri Compromise also banned all

slavery north of the 36 30’ line of latitude in the west (Missouri’s southern boarder)

▫The Mason-Dixon Line (between Maryland and Pennsylvania) separated free and slave states in the east

•What kind of message do these

cartoons send?

The Monroe Doctrine• What: a foreign policy about the Western

Hemisphere• Who: made by James Monroe• When: 1823• Where: included all land in North and South

America• How: Monroe issued a statement saying the

Western Hemisphere was closed to European settlement. He said that the US would stay out of Europe’s affairs and Europe should stay out of the Americas

• Why: Monroe did this to help protect America from foreign influence and to establish itself as a world power and as a protector of Latin America

James Monroe (1817-1825)• James Monroe was born into a well-to-do

Virginia plantation family• He was an excellent student and attended

William and Mary College and studied law under Thomas Jefferson

• He left school to fight in the American Revolution and served under George Washington in the Continental Army

• Following the war, he was elected the the Senate from Virginia and joined the Democratic-Republican party with Jefferson

• Serves as James Madison’s Secretary of State and is elected president after Madison steps down after 2 terms

• Monroe worked to unite the country under the “Era of Good Feelings”

• Established the Monroe Doctrine, telling European countries to stay out of the affairs of North & South America and stating that the US would stay out of theirs

Homework

•Key Idea questions on page 388# 15, 17, 18 & 20

•Chapter 12 section 1 vocabulary on page 394▫Andrew Jackson▫John Quincy Adams▫Jacksonian democracy▫Secede

Chapter 12 – The Age of Jackson (1824-1840)• America continued to grow after Monroe’s

presidency▫ It continued to grow stronger as a nation▫But other factors threatened national unity

• Andrew Jackson presidency changed many things▫His form of democracy gave more power to

more people▫His policy towards Native Americans forces

them off their homeland▫Overall, the country prospered under Jackson

but economic problems at the end of his terms hurt his party’s chance at reelection

Section 1 – Jacksonian Democracy and States’ Rights•Vocabulary –

▫Andrew Jackson – US president from 1829-1837

▫John Quincy Adams – 1824 presidential candidate favored by voters in New England

▫Jacksonian Democracy – idea of giving political power to more people

▫Secede – to withdraw from; to leave a union

Sectional Differences Continue• New Englanders

▫Wanted higher tariffs and land sold at high prices

▫Wanted to use the money to pay for improvements to roads, railroads and water travel

• Southerners▫Against high tariffs that made imports more

expensive▫Against spending money on improvements

because they were paid for by tariffs• Westerners

▫Wanted western lands sold cheaply to encourage new settlers

▫Wanted the government to spend money on improvements to help transport goods

The Election of 1824 – Sectionalism at Work• James Monroe retires from the presidency and 4

men run in 1824, all as Democratic-Republicans▫Each is supported by a different area of the

country John Q Adams – New England Henry Clay – Western frontier settlers Andrew Jackson – Westerns and Southerners William Crawford – the South

▫With the vote split so much, Adams barely defeats Jackson Jackson vows to win next time in 1828 and the

Democratic-Republican party splits Those that support Adams are called Republicans Those that support Jackson are called Democrats

John Quincy Adams (1825-1829) • Son of second president, John Adams• Traveled with his father to Europe as a child• Returned to the US as a young man

▫ Joined the Senate as a Federalist but did not hold strong party lines

▫ Also served abroad for James Madison▫ Became James Monroe’s Secretary of State and

helped create the Monroe Doctrine• Elected president as a Democratic-Republican and set

ambitious goals for the US▫ Tried the expand roads, railroad and canals to link the states

• Splits in the D-Rs led to his party losing power and he was not re-elected to a second term (later founded the Republican party)

• Following his presidency, he was elected to the House of Representatives and supported anti-slavery legislation▫ He died of cerebral hemorrhage on the House floor in 1848

Andrew Jackson –“Old Hickory”• Born in South Carolina but lived and worked in

Tennessee much of his life– One of the original investors that founded Memphis

• Served in the military during the War of 1812 & won the Battle of New Orleans

• Was a Democratic-Republican but founded the Democratic party in 1828

• Called “the people’s president,” he wanted to expand the power of the voting public• Wanted to get rid of the electoral college• Implemented the ‘spoils system’ for

rotation in office• Also responsible for the Trail of Tears

and Native American removal policies• Retired after 2 terms to his plantation

outside Nashville, the Hermitage

Jackson Takes Office

•Jackson defeats Adams in 1828•He has his own ideas of what democracy

should be, starting Jacksonian Democracy

•Jackson also uses “the spoils system” to give his friends and supporters jobs in the government• “To the victor goes the spoils (possessions)

of the loser”

Jacksonian DemocracyJackson

▫ More public involvement in government

▫ Voting expanded to all white males

▫ Limited government with strong executive branch

Jefferson

▫ Government by educated few

▫ Voting restricted to property owners

▫ Limited government

Jackson and States’ Rights•Sectional differences increase leading to

some states claiming they do not have to follow laws passed by the national government

•Jackson vows to defend the Union with force if necessary

Other People is the States’ Rights Battle

Henry Clay – The Great Compromiser

John C Calhoun – supported states’ rights

Daniel Webster – supported the Union

Homework

•Section assessment questions on page 401# 4 & 5

•Chapter 12 section 2 vocabulary on page 402

Section 2 – Jackson’s Policy Toward Native Americans• Vocabulary– Indian Removal Act – 1830 law that required Native

Americans to relocate and move west– Indian Territory – the area to which the Native

Americans were moved; in present day OK, KS, & NE

– Trial of Tears – forced removal of the Cherokee to the Indian territory

– Assimilate – to absorb into a culture– Literacy – the ability to read and write

• People– Sequoya – Cherokee Indian who invented a writing

system for their language– Osceola – Native American leader during the

Seminole War

Native Americans’ Effort to Assimilate• As white settlers moved west in the early 1800s,

they encountered many Native Americans that still lived east of the Mississippi River

• Many tribes tried to assimilate or absorb into white culture, hoping they could keep their lands▫Some, like the Cherokee, developed a system of

writing, published newspapers, changed their style of dress and even created their own government

• White settlers still did not feel comfortable with the Native Americans▫They called them “uncivilized”▫And they wanted the land they lived on for farming

or resources like gold

Sequoya & His Alphabet

Jackson’s Indian Removal Policy• What: the forced movement of Native

Americans to reservations• Who: legislation passed by Andrew Jackson and

directed at Native Americans in the Southeast• Where: From states like TN, GA, AL, FL & MS

and moved to Indian Territory (later Oklahoma)• When: beginning in the 1830s• How: Many Native Americans were forced to

walk the entire journey, along what would become known as ‘The Trail of Tears’

• Why: even though some tribes tried to assimilate, white settlers still wanted the land and to remove the Native Americans because of its value

The Cherokee Rose• When the Trail of Tears started

in 1838, the mothers of the Cherokee were grieving and crying so much, they were unable to help their children survive the journey.

• The elders prayed for a sign that would lift the mother’s spirits to give them strength.

• The next day a beautiful rose began to grow where each of the mother’s tears fell. The rose is white for their tears; a gold center represents the gold taken from Cherokee lands, and seven leaves on each stem for the seven Cherokee clans.

• The wild Cherokee Rose grows along the route of the Trail of Tears today.

Homework

•Section assessment questions on page 407#3, 4, 6

•Chapter 12 section 3 vocabulary on page 408

Section 3 – Prosperity and Panic• Vocabulary –

▫Panic of 1837 – fear about the state of the economy after van Buren took office

▫Depression – a severe economic downturn ▫Whig Party – political party formed by

Jackson’s opponents; Henry Clay, Daniel Webster etc…

▫Inflation – an increase in prices and a decrease in the value of money

▫Charter – a written grant giving permission• People –

▫Martin Van Buren – elected president in 1836 after being Jackson’s vice president

▫William Henry Harrison – Whig presidential candidate in 1840

▫John Tyler – Harrison’s running mate in 1840

Economic Problems After Jackson• What: The Panic of 1837 and an economic

downturn• Who: President Martin Van Buren• When: 1836-1840• Where: across the US• How: While Jackson believed he left the US in a

very good economic state, in reality it was not. Small state banks lent people too much money making it worth less and leading many people to rely on gold or silver instead of paper money

• Why: This economic downturn made many people lose their jobs and homes and made Van Buren unpopular

Martin van Buren• Born in New York state to a middle-

class family and became a lawyer as a young man• First president to to be born an American

citizen• Elected to the New York legislature and

served as attorney general• Following John Quincy Adams election in 1824,

He and others including Andrew Jackson split from the Democratic-Republicans and formed the Democratic Party• Served in Jackson’s cabinet during his first term and as vice

president in his second term• Was easily elected president in 1836 over 3 Whig

candidates and vowed to continue Jackson's policies• Presidency is characterized by economic depression and

the banking crisis of 1837• This caused him to be unpopular and he only served one term

as president

The Whig Party and the Election of 1840

• Van Buren faced a new political party for re-election in 1840, the Whig Party

• Made up of Jackson’s former enemies, the Whigs believed that Jackson had taken too much power as president and blamed Van Buren for the economic depression in the 1830s

• The Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison for president and John Tyler as VP▫Harrison dies shortly after taking office and

Tyler takes over

William Henry Harrison• Son of a Virginia planter and his father signed the

Declaration of Independence• Joined the military as a young man• Fought in the Battle of Fallen Timbers• Governed the Northwest Territory and

led the Battle of Tippecanoe, which made him famous

• Held state office in Ohio and then ran for president

• Lost to van Buren in 1836 but beat him in 1840

• Known for having the shortest term in office• March 4 – April 4, 1841, 30 days, 12 hours, and 30

minutes• Died of pneumonia that he caught around the time of his

inauguration • He was the first president to die in office but his

death did solve questions about who should be president if one were to die in office

John Tyler

• Lawyer and son of Governor of Virginia• Part of the new Whig Party that opposed

Jackson’s Democrats• Became president after Harrison’s death• Never ‘elected’ president

• Vetoed many of his Whig party’s bills in Congress and they expelled him and tried to impeach him

• Added the state of Texas to the Union in hopes of being re-elected

• Served only one term as president and retired to the South• He would serve in the Confederate Congress

during the Civil War before his death in 1862

Homework

•Key Idea Questions on page 414# 13, 14, 15, 16 & 18

•Test day – Tuesday March 25

•Review day – Friday March 21•Jeopardy day – Monday March 24

Jackson’s Indian Removal Policy•Jackson and his supporters passed the

Indian Removal Act, forcing Native American tribes to march 100s of miles west from TN, GA, AL & MS to the Indian Territory in OK▫This march is often called the Trail of Tears

because of the suffering and death that the Native Americans endured