iccs 2007 keynote
DESCRIPTION
Presented Sheffield July 2007. www.iccs.infoTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1© Simon Buckingham Shum
Hypermedia Discourse:Contesting Networks of Ideas & Arguments
Simon Buckingham Shum
Knowledge Media Institute & Computing Research CentreThe Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
www.kmi.open.ac.uk/people/[email protected]
Keynote Address15th International Conference on Conceptual StructuresSheffield, July 2007 / www.iccs.info
![Page 2: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2© Simon Buckingham Shum
Acknowledgements
Funding gratefullyFunding gratefullyacknowledged:acknowledged:
Scholarly Scholarly Ontologies Ontologies Project:Project:
Victoria UrenVictoria UrenGangmin Gangmin LiLiClara ManciniClara ManciniNeil BennNeil BennBertrand Bertrand SerenoSerenoJohn John DomingueDomingueEnrico MottaEnrico Motta
Compendium Project:Compendium Project:
Al Al Selvin Selvin ((Verizon/Open Verizon/Open U.)U.)Maarten Maarten Sierhuis Sierhuis (NASA)(NASA)Jeff Conklin (Jeff Conklin (CogNexus CogNexus Inst.)Inst.)Michelle Michelle Bachler Bachler (Open U.)(Open U.)
![Page 3: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3© Simon Buckingham Shum
Ideas…
Foundations forFoundations forCivilizationCivilization……
Weapons of MassWeapons of MassDestructionDestruction……
![Page 4: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4© Simon Buckingham Shum
Ideas… (aren’t everything)
So what’she got thatI haven’t
got?
![Page 5: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5© Simon Buckingham Shum
Significance?…
= ?
![Page 6: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6© Simon Buckingham Shum
= ?Significance?…
![Page 7: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7© Simon Buckingham Shum
= ?Significance?…
http://flickr.com/photos/pewari/354960548http://flickr.com/photos/voetmann/274550156http://flickr.com/photos/notorious_indian/540058288
![Page 8: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8© Simon Buckingham Shum
= ?context
Significance?…
![Page 9: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9© Simon Buckingham Shum
= ?Significance?…
= ?
= ?
= ?= ?
= ?= ?
![Page 10: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10© Simon Buckingham Shum
=Significance?…
![Page 11: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11© Simon Buckingham Shum
=Significance?…
![Page 12: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12© Simon Buckingham Shum
Our context (1)
“I want to talk about the challenge of our generation. […] Ourchallenge, our generation’s unique challenge, is learning tolive peacefully and sustainably in an extraordinarily crowdedworld.
“The way of solving problems requires one fundamentalchange, a big one, and that is learning that the challenges ofour generation are not us versus them, they are not usversus Islam, us versus the terrorists, us versus Iran, theyare us, all of us together on this planet against a set ofshared and increasingly urgent problems.”
Jeffrey Sachs: 2007 Reith Lectureshttp://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/reith2007
![Page 13: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13© Simon Buckingham Shum
Doug Engelbart (cont/d)
Engelbart (1963): A Conceptual Framework for theAugmentation of Man’s Intellect
A concept structure (...) is something that can bedesigned or modified, and a basic hypothesis ofour study is that better concept structures can bedeveloped —structures that when mapped into ahuman’s mental structure will significantlyimprove his capability to comprehend and to findsolutions within his complex-problem solvingsituations.
Englebart (1963— reprinted in Greif, 1988: p. 54)
![Page 14: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14© Simon Buckingham Shum
Our context (2)
“With these “minds”, a person will be well equippedto deal with what is expected, as well as with whatcannot be anticipated; without these minds, aperson will be at the mercy of forces that he or shecan’t understand, let alone control.
“The disciplined mind… the synthesizing mind…the creating mind… the respectful mind… theethical mind.”
Howard Gardner: Five Minds for the Future.Harvard Univ. Press, 2006: p.2
![Page 15: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15© Simon Buckingham Shum
Hypermedia Discourse Research
published claimsand arguments ashypermediadiscoursenetworks
team deliberationsas hypermediadiscourse networks
Scaffold emergentmodels of
contested worldsby scaffolding
discourseabout them…
![Page 16: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16© Simon Buckingham Shum
resourcesresourcesdocuments, datasets, etcdocuments, datasets, etc……
metadatametadatagrounded in a consensus domain modelgrounded in a consensus domain model
minimising inconsistency, ambiguity, controversyminimising inconsistency, ambiguity, controversy
semantic websemantic webgrounded in a consensus domain modelgrounded in a consensus domain model
minimising inconsistency, ambiguity, controversyminimising inconsistency, ambiguity, controversy
significance?significance?
The missing layer: “Web Pragmatics”
![Page 17: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17© Simon Buckingham Shum
Hypermedia
Discourse
![Page 18: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18© Simon Buckingham Shum
HypermediaModelling discourse relationsExpressing different perspectives on a conceptual spaceSupporting the incremental formalization of ideasRendering structural visualizationsConnecting heterogeneous content
![Page 19: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19© Simon Buckingham Shum
DiscourseVerbal and written workplace communicationDiscourse communities: “making and taking perspectives”DialogueArgumentationClaim makingAnalytical narrativeMeetings
![Page 20: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20© Simon Buckingham Shum
Notation(s)
IntuitiveUser Interface
ComputationalServices
Literacy/Fluency
DiscourseOntology
Hypermedia Discourse research
![Page 21: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21© Simon Buckingham Shum
CompendiumCompendium
•• personal or grouppersonal or groupconcept mappingconcept mapping
•• real time meetingreal time meetingcapturecapture
•• participatory modellingparticipatory modelling•• discourse as semanticdiscourse as semantic
hypertexthypertext
![Page 22: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22© Simon Buckingham Shum
Dialogue Map fragment:Gary’s keynote Q&A
![Page 23: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23© Simon Buckingham Shum
Discourse grounded in Horst Rittel’s IBIS:Issue-Based Information System
![Page 24: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24© Simon Buckingham Shum
• Shared visual display• Simple notation• Template patterns• Node transclusions• Tagging• Hypermedia• Interoperability with
other data, servicesand user interfaces
Key elements of Compendium
Practitioner skillse.g. • Cognitive skills to chunk and link ideas
(Buckingham Shum)
• Dialogue Mapping (Conklin)
• Conversational Modelling (Sierhuis & Selvin)
• Participatory Hypermedia Construction(Selvin)
ModellingFrameworkse.g. • IBIS• CommonKADS• World Modelling• Critical Systems Heuristics
KnowledgeMedia
![Page 25: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25© Simon Buckingham Shum
Compendium: hypertext discoursemapping/conceptual modelling
![Page 26: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26© Simon Buckingham Shum
Compendium: hypertext discoursemapping/conceptual modelling
![Page 27: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27© Simon Buckingham Shum
Compendium: Descendent of gIBIS
![Page 28: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28© Simon Buckingham Shum
Modelling using Issue-templates
![Page 29: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29© Simon Buckingham Shum
Modelling organisational processes inCompendium using a Template
![Page 30: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30© Simon Buckingham Shum
Completing a Compendium template
![Page 31: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31© Simon Buckingham Shum
GeneratingCustomDocuments andDiagrams fromCompendiumTemplates
Build
Assignable
Inventory
Assignable
Inventory
Deviations/
Changes
(Engr Sched)
Approvals
Integrated/
Revised
Requirements
Field
Specific
Assignments
/Assignment
List
Installation
Details/
Specs/NDO
Assignable
Inventory
Notice (E1)
![Page 32: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32© Simon Buckingham Shum
Structure management in Compendium
Associative linkingnodes in a shared context connected by graphical Map links
Categorical membershipnodes in different contexts connected by common attributes via metadata Tags
Hypertextual Transclusionreuse of the same node in different views
Templatesreuse of the same structure in different views
HTML, XML and RDF data exports for interoperability
Java and SQL interfaces to add services
![Page 33: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33© Simon Buckingham Shum
Heuristic for balanced Dialogue Mapping(from Jeff Conklin’s book “Dialogue Mapping”, 2003)
![Page 34: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34© Simon Buckingham Shum
Using Compendium for personnelrecovery planning
Example of Conversational Modelling:real time dialogue mapping combined with model driven
templates (AI+IA)
Co-OPR Project (with Austin Tate):http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/project/co-opr
![Page 35: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35© Simon Buckingham Shum
Mission Briefing: Intent template
Answers to template issuesprovided in the JTFC Briefing.Answers may be constrained
by predefined options, asspecified in the XML schema
![Page 36: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36© Simon Buckingham Shum
Capturing political deliberation/rationale
Dialogue Mapcapturing the
planners’discussion of this
option
![Page 37: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37© Simon Buckingham Shum
Planning Engine input to Compendium
Issues on which theI-X planning engineprovided candidateOptions
![Page 38: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38© Simon Buckingham Shum
Modelling a document corpus:The Iraq Debate
http://kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/compendium/iraq
![Page 39: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39© Simon Buckingham Shum
Annotating a document corpus:Chomsky’s article in the Iraq Debate
http://kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/compendium/iraq
![Page 40: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40© Simon Buckingham Shum
Large scale NASA e-science field trials:
Interoperability with other databases, softwareagents and collaboration tools
www.kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/coakting/nasa
Clancey, W.J., Sierhuis, M., Alena, R., Berrios, D., Dowding, J., Graham, J.S., Tyree, K.S., Hirsh,R.L., Garry, W.B., Semple, A., Buckingham Shum, S.J., Shadbolt, N. and Rupert, S. (2005).“Automating CapCom Using Mobile Agents and Robotic Assistants.” 1st Space ExplorationConference, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 31 Jan-1 Feb, 2005, Orlando,FL. Available from: AIAA Meeting Papers on Disc [CD-ROM]: Reston, VA, and as AdvancedKnowledge Technologies ePrint 375: http://eprints.aktors.org/375
![Page 41: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41© Simon Buckingham Shum Image Credits--- Mars: NASA/JPL/MSSS; Earth: NASA/JSC; Composite: MSSS
![Page 42: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42© Simon Buckingham Shum
NASA e-science field trials (2004 and 2005)
Distributed Mars-Earth planning and data analysis toolsfor Mars Habitat field trial in Utah desert, supported from US+UK
www.kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/coakting/nasa
![Page 43: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43© Simon Buckingham Shum
NASA Mobile Agents Architecture
![Page 44: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44© Simon Buckingham Shum
Collaboration Configuration
Scientist(Mars)
Scientist(Earth)
Scientist(Earth)
Scientist(Mars)
Scientist(Earth)
Software AgentArchitecture
(Mars)
Compendium used as a collaboration medium at all intersections:humans+agents, reading+writing maps
RST-telecon-2005-04-11.i.avi00:49:08
![Page 45: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45© Simon Buckingham Shum
NASA testbed:Compendium activity plans for surface exploration, constructed byscientists on ‘Earth’, interpreted by software agents on ‘Mars’
The Compendium nodes and relationships in this plan were interpreted by Brahms software agents for monitoringand coordinating astronaut and robot activity during surface explorations.
Copyright, 2004,RIACS/NASA Ames, OpenUniversity, SouthamptonUniversityNot to be used withoutpermission
RST-telecon-2005-04-11.i.avi1:11:57
![Page 46: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46© Simon Buckingham Shum
CoAKTinG NASA testbed:Compendium science data map, generated by software agents, forinterpretation by Mars+Earth scientists
The Compendium maps were autonomously created and populated with science data by Brahms software agents that use models of themission plan, work process, data flow and science data relationships to create the maps.
Copyright, 2004,RIACS/NASA Ames, OpenUniversity, SouthamptonUniversityNot to be used withoutpermission
![Page 47: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47© Simon Buckingham Shum
CoAKTinG NASA testbed:Compendium-based photo analysis by geologists on ‘Mars’
Copyright, 2004,RIACS/NASA Ames,Open University,SouthamptonUniversityNot to be usedwithout permission
![Page 48: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48© Simon Buckingham Shum
NASA testbed:Compendium scientific feedback map from Earth scientists toMars colleagues
Copyright, 2004,RIACS/NASA Ames,Open University,SouthamptonUniversityNot to be usedwithout permission
![Page 49: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49© Simon Buckingham Shum
Using Compendium to mapand automatically index
replayable video conferences
CoAKTinG Project: www.aktors.org/coakting
Memetic Project: www.memetic-vre.net
![Page 50: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50© Simon Buckingham Shum
Collaborative sensemaking in e-Science:Meeting Replay tool for Earth scientists, synchronisingvideo of Mars crew’s discussion as they annotate their mission plans
Copyright, 2004,RIACS/NASA Ames, OpenUniversity, SouthamptonUniversityNot to be used withoutpermission
NASA MR Clip: 00:50
![Page 51: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51© Simon Buckingham Shum
Memetic Meeting ReplayThe CoAKTinG project’s results are now mainstreamed in the AccessGrid by the JISC Memetic VRE project
![Page 52: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52© Simon Buckingham Shum
Memetic Meeting ReplayThe CoAKTinG project’s results are now mainstreamed in the AccessGrid by the JISC Memetic VRE project
![Page 53: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53© Simon Buckingham Shum
Compendium ‘literacy’?
…understanding how to write, read,talk and think in hypermedia IBIS
…approaches from consultancy in thefield, and video analysis in the lab…
![Page 54: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54© Simon Buckingham Shum
Literacy: significant user communitywww.www.CompendiumInstituteCompendiumInstitute.org.org
![Page 55: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55© Simon Buckingham Shum
Literacy: Cognitive task analysis
Cognitive tasks involved in using a graphicalargumentation scheme (Buckingham Shum 1996)
Affordances of graphical DR for coordinatinggroup design (Buckingham Shum et al 1997)
![Page 56: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56© Simon Buckingham Shum
Literacy: the craft skill of IBIS mapping inmeetings: “Dialogue Mapping”
Jeff Conklin:CogNexus Institute:www.CogNexus.org
![Page 57: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57© Simon Buckingham Shum
Literacy: expertise analysis(Albert Selvin)
What is the nature of expert human performance in creatingand modifying real time conceptual structures for groups?
The NASA knowledge mapper role: Listening and interpreting Intervening in ‘normal’ conversation flow Getting validation for captured material
Building hypertext representations onthe fly
Interrelating data and objects Adding metadata Software-specific skills
Conventionalfacilitationskills
Knowledgemediafacilitationskills
Aesthetic and Ethical Implications of Participatory Hypermedia Practice: First Year ReportSelvin, A. (2005), Technical Report KMI-05-17, Knowledge Media Institute, Open University, UK
![Page 58: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58© Simon Buckingham Shum
Will scientific publishing in 2020 still depend solely on thereading, writing, and discovery of written texts?
What might a more network-centric complement look like?
ScholarlyScholarlyOntologiesOntologiesProjectProject
•• Web publishing ofWeb publishing ofscholarly claims andscholarly claims andargumentationargumentation
•• discourse as discourse as semanticsemantichypertexthypertext
![Page 59: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59© Simon Buckingham Shum
In Gutenberg’s shadow(or standing on his shoulders)
Philosophical Transactions ofthe Royal Society of LondonMarch 1665
Le Journal des SçavansJanuary 1665
Newspapers + Invisible Colleges = Scholarly Journals
![Page 60: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
60© Simon Buckingham Shum
Jumping forward 342 years…
Buckingham Shum, S. (2007). Digital Research Discourse? Computational Thinking Seminar Series, School of Informatics,University of Edinburgh, 25 Apr. 2007. http://kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/hyperdiscourse/docs/Simon-Edin-CompThink.pdf
![Page 61: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
61© Simon Buckingham Shum
…digital paper!
2007: Ideas are now digital
![Page 62: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
62© Simon Buckingham Shum
What if we could get search results like this?…“What is the Turing Debate?”
One of seven maps in the Mapping Great Debates: Can Computers Think? Series.MacroVU Press. www.macrovu.com (Horn, 2003; Yoshimi, 2006)
![Page 63: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
63© Simon Buckingham Shum
Horn (zoomed in)
MacroVU Press. www.macrovu.com
![Page 64: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
64© Simon Buckingham Shum
Paper: “The Scent of a Site: A System forAnalyzing and Predicting Information Scent,
Usage, and Usability of a Web Site”
“Web User Flow byInformation Scent(WUFIS)”
Paper: “Informationforaging”
“Informationforagingtheory”
“Information scentmodels”
“People try to maximisetheir rate of gaininginformation”
?
applies
Beyond document citations…These annotations are freeform summaries
of an idea, as one would find in researchers’journals, fieldnotes, lit. review notes or
blog entries
Addressable triple which can be contestede.g. supported/challenged
Method
Theory
Claim
Making formal connectionsbetween ideas creates a
semantic citation network —>novel literature navigation,querying and visualization
![Page 65: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
65© Simon Buckingham Shum
Combining formal relations with theexpressive freedom of ‘folksonomies’Relational classes and dialects (KMi Scholarly Ontologies project)
![Page 66: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
66© Simon Buckingham Shum
If we model concepts in a literature as conceptmaps… (KMi’s ClaiMapper, built on Compendium)
![Page 67: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
67© Simon Buckingham Shum
“Semantic del.icio.us”: KMi’s ClaimSpotter assigning and linking freeform tags
Sereno, B., Buckingham Shum, S. and Motta, E. (2007). Formalization, User Strategy and Interaction Design: Users’ Behaviour with Discourse TaggingSemantics. Workshop on Social and Collaborative Construction of Structured Knowledge, 16th Int. World Wide Web Conference (WWW 2007), Banff, 8-12May 2007. http://www2007.org/workshops/paper_30.pdf
![Page 68: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
68© Simon Buckingham Shum
Visualising claims and arguments
claimfinder.open.ac.uk
When multipleanalysts annotate webdocuments via aserver, they cangenerate a sharedview of how they seethe field, and wherethey agree/disagree
![Page 69: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
69© Simon Buckingham Shum
“Semantic Google Scholar” KMi’s ClaimFinder
![Page 70: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
70© Simon Buckingham Shum
Semantic Literature Analysis [ClaimFinder expt: 1:59:17]
Problem: “What advantages and disadvantages does CiteSeerhave compared to the ISI citation databases?”
Victoria Uren, Simon Buckingham Shum, Michelle Bachler, Gary Li, (2006) Sensemaking Tools for Understanding Research Literatures:Design, Implementation and User Evaluation. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, Vol.64, 5, (420-445).
![Page 71: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
71© Simon Buckingham Shum
“What papers contrast with this paper?”
1. Extract concepts for this document2. Trace concepts on which they build3. Trace concepts challenging this set4. Show root documents
![Page 72: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
72© Simon Buckingham Shum
Focusing on a conceptincoming+outgoing links
![Page 73: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
73© Simon Buckingham Shum
“Semantic Google Scholar” KMi’s ClaimFinder
![Page 74: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
74© Simon Buckingham Shum
Lineage tree (the roots of a concept)
![Page 75: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
75© Simon Buckingham Shum
Example: ‘argumentation’ on YouTube
Movie posted byNational Front on
YouTube todemonstrate their
activities
Buckingham Shum, S. (2007). Undermining Mimetic Contagion on the Net: Argumentation Tools as CriticalVoices. COV&R 2007: Colloquium on Violence & Religion, Amsterdam Vrije Universiteit July, 4-8 2007http://www.bezinningscentrum.nl/teksten/girard/c/c2007_Buckingham-Shum_Simon_abstract.htm
![Page 76: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
76© Simon Buckingham Shum
Example: a “scientific argument” onNational Front website
www.natfront.com/prejudic.html
Buckingham Shum, S. (2007). Undermining Mimetic Contagion on the Net: Argumentation Tools as CriticalVoices. COV&R 2007: Colloquium on Violence & Religion, Amsterdam Vrije Universiteit July, 4-8 2007http://www.bezinningscentrum.nl/teksten/girard/c/c2007_Buckingham-Shum_Simon_abstract.htm
![Page 77: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
77© Simon Buckingham Shum
Mapping thestructure of theNational Front’s“negro intelligence”argument
![Page 78: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
78© Simon Buckingham Shum
Refuting the NF “negro intelligence”argument using argument mapping
Buckingham Shum, S. (2007). Undermining Mimetic Contagion on the Net: Argumentation Tools as CriticalVoices. COV&R 2007: Colloquium on Violence & Religion, Amsterdam Vrije Universiteit July, 4-8 2007http://www.bezinningscentrum.nl/teksten/girard/c/c2007_Buckingham-Shum_Simon_abstract.htm
![Page 79: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
79© Simon Buckingham Shum
Refuting the NF “negro intelligence”argument using argument mapping
Buckingham Shum, S. (2007). Undermining Mimetic Contagion on the Net: Argumentation Tools as CriticalVoices. COV&R 2007: Colloquium on Violence & Religion, Amsterdam Vrije Universiteit July, 4-8 2007http://www.bezinningscentrum.nl/teksten/girard/c/c2007_Buckingham-Shum_Simon_abstract.htm
![Page 80: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
80© Simon Buckingham Shum
Importing an Argumentation Scheme asan IBIS template
compendium.open.ac.uk
![Page 81: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
81© Simon Buckingham Shum
Refuting the NF “negro intelligence”argument using argument mapping
The structure of an “Argument fromBias” can be exposed..
The structure of an “Argument fromAnalogy” can be exposed..
![Page 82: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
82© Simon Buckingham Shum
Template for an“Argument from
Analogy”
Buckingham Shum, S. (2007). Undermining Mimetic Contagion on the Net: Argumentation Tools as CriticalVoices. COV&R 2007: Colloquium on Violence & Religion, Amsterdam Vrije Universiteit July, 4-8 2007http://www.bezinningscentrum.nl/teksten/girard/c/c2007_Buckingham-Shum_Simon_abstract.htm
![Page 83: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
83© Simon Buckingham Shum
Template for an“Argument from
Analogy”
Instantiating the“Argument from
Analogy” template
![Page 84: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
84© Simon Buckingham Shum
Semiosis
Mancini, C. and Buckingham Shum, S.J. (2006). Modelling Discourse in Contested Domains: A Semiotic andCognitive Framework. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 64, (11), pp.1154-1171
![Page 85: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
85© Simon Buckingham Shum
Semantic annotation as semiosis in theScholarly Ontologies project
Mancini, C. and Buckingham Shum, S.J. (2006). Modelling Discourse in Contested Domains: A Semiotic andCognitive Framework. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 64, (11), pp.1154-1171
![Page 86: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
86© Simon Buckingham Shum
Primary and secondary claims as semioticand discourse moves
Primary claim:a semiotic move
Secondary claim: a discourse connective
Mancini, C. and Buckingham Shum, S.J. (2006). Modelling Discourse in Contested Domains: A Semiotic andCognitive Framework. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 64, (11), pp.1154-1171
![Page 87: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
87© Simon Buckingham ShumMancini, C. and Buckingham Shum, S.J. (2006). Modelling Discourse in Contested Domains: A Semiotic andCognitive Framework. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 64, (11), pp.1154-1171
Cognitive Coherence RelationsThe hypothesis:
Our symbol systems are shaped by, and designedto convey, conceptual structures: coherence
There may be some core, primitive coherencerelations that manifest consistently across symbolsystems and communities
Symbol systems can therefore be analysed forpatterns indicating coherence relations
In written and spoken language, the cohesivedevices are evidence of underlying conceptualstructures
If we can codify these, we could therefore havecomputationally tractable representations withpsychological reality
![Page 88: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
88© Simon Buckingham Shum
Cognitive Coherence Relations
Mancini, C. and Buckingham Shum, S.J. (2006). Modelling Discourse in Contested Domains: A Semiotic andCognitive Framework. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 64, (11), pp.1154-1171
![Page 89: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
89© Simon Buckingham Shum
Cognitive Coherence Relations
Mancini, C. and Buckingham Shum, S.J. (2006). Modelling Discourse in Contested Domains: A Semiotic andCognitive Framework. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 64, (11), pp.1154-1171
![Page 90: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
90© Simon Buckingham Shum
Returning to the relational classes and dialectsderived in a data-driven, bottom up manner…(KMi Scholarly Ontologies project)
…we can now locate these within a ‘relational design space’ defined by CCR dimensions…
![Page 91: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
91© Simon Buckingham Shum
source type comparativenesspolarity
Mancini, C. and Buckingham Shum, S.J. (2006). Modelling Discourse in Contested Domains: A Semiotic andCognitive Framework. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 64, (11), pp.1154-1171
Cognitive Coherence Relations
![Page 92: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
92© Simon Buckingham Shum
Returning to Gardner’sFive Minds for the Future…
Perhaps Hypermedia Discourse tools provide a way to movefluidly between the different minds:
a way to provide representational scaffolding for disciplinedmodelling
but permitting the creative breaking of patterns whenneeded, and the forging of new syntheses
a way to show respect for diverse stakeholders’ concerns byexplicitly integrating them into the conversation
a way to bring into an analysis ‘messy’ requirements such asethical principles, as well as hard data and constraints
We have some evidence from our case studies that we’re on theright track, but there remains much to do.
![Page 93: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
93© Simon Buckingham Shum
Ongoing research challenges…
Hypermedia Discourse at Net scale: developing a Web 2.0 style walk-up-and-use tool
to scaffold analysts in the creation of semanticnetworks for deliberation and argumentation
Cognitive Coherence Relations patterns modelling such structures at the CCR level to
validate the hypothesis that there are generic‘coherence patterns’
Maturing the Compendium community of practice working on a deeper understanding of ‘fluency’
These ideas/tools and the CS community?…
![Page 94: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
94© Simon Buckingham Shum
web pragmatics?
the Pragmatic Web?
pragmatic webs?
“THE PRAGMATIC WEB CONFERENCE is a unique forum toenvision and debate how the emerging social, semantic,multimedia Web mediates the ways in which we construct sharedmeaning. While there is much research and development intotopics relevant to this challenge such as collaboration, usability,knowledge representation, and social informatics, the PragmaticWeb conference provides common ground for dialogue at thenexus of these topics.”
![Page 95: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
95© Simon Buckingham Shum
Hypermedia Discourse project:community / theory / software / screencasts / case studies / user studies
www.kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/hyperdiscourse
Compendium Institutewww.CompendiumInstitute.org
Dialogue Mappingwww.cognexus.org
Visualizing Argumentationwww.VisualizingArgumentation.info
Springer (2008)
KnowledgeCartography
![Page 96: ICCS 2007 Keynote](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020115/554962d2b4c905e94e8b59f6/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
96© Simon Buckingham Shum