Chapter 1Introduction to

Chemistry

Milbank High School

Section 1.1Chemistry

• OBJECTIVES:–Define chemistry and

differentiate among its traditional divisions.

Section 1.1Chemistry

• OBJECTIVES:–List several reasons to study

chemistry.

What is Chemistry?• The study of “matter”, its

composition, properties, and the changes it undergoes. Everyday life?

• Applied Chemistry- is using chemistry to attain certain goals, in fields like medicine, agriculture, and manufacturing

• Pure chemistry- gathers knowledge for the sake of knowledge

5 Major Areas of Chemistry

• Analytical Chemistry- concerned with the composition of substances.

• Inorganic Chemistry- primarily deals with substances without carbon

• Organic Chemistry- essentially all substances containing carbon

• Biochemistry- Chemistry of living things• Physical Chemistry- describes the

behavior of chemicals (ex. stretching)

Chemistry is

• central to modern science, and to almost all human endeavors.

• important to all sciences - biology, geology, physics, engineers, etc.

• a natural science.• a language with its own

vocabulary.• a way of thinking.

Why Study Chemistry?

• everyone and everything around us involves chemistry

• What in the world isn’t Chemistry?

• helps you make choices• possible career for your future• used to attain a specific goal• Do you remember “pure” and

“applied” chemistry?

Section 1.2Chemistry Far and Wide

• OBJECTIVES:–Summarize ways in which

chemistry affects your daily life.

Section 1.2Chemistry Far and Wide

• OBJECTIVES:–Describe the impact of

chemistry on various fields of science.

Chemistry Far and Wide

• Materials- perfume, steel, ceramics, plastics, rubber, paints, nonstick cooking utensils, polyester fibers

• Energy- greater demands–conserve it, or produce more– fossil fuels, solar, batteries,

nuclear (don’t forget pollution!)

Chemistry Far and Wide

• Medicine and Biotechnology-–vitamin C, penicillin, aspirin–materials for artery transplants

and hipbones–Human Genome Project–bacteria producing insulin–cloning

Chemistry Far and Wide

• Agriculture- world’s food supply–plant growth hormones–ways to protect crops–disease resistant plants

• The Environment- both risks and benefits involved in discoveries–carbon dioxide, ozone, warming

Chemistry Far and Wide

• Astronomy and Space Exploration-–composition of the planets–analyze moon rocks–planet atmospheres– life on other planets?

Section 1.3Thinking Like a Scientist

• OBJECTIVES:–Describe the steps involved in

the scientific method.

Section 1.3Thinking Like a Scientist

• OBJECTIVES:–Distinguish between a theory

and a scientific law.

The Scientific Method

• A logical approach to solving problems or answering questions.

• Starts with observation- noting and recording facts

• hypothesis- an educated guess as to the cause of the problem, or a proposed explanation

Scientific Method• “controlled” experiment- designed

to test the hypothesis• only two possible answers

– hypothesis is right– hypothesis is wrong

• Generates data observations from experiments.

• Modify hypothesis - repeat the cycle

Observations

Hypothesis

Experiment

• Cycle repeats many times.

• The hypothesis gets more and more certain.

• Becomes a theory– A thoroughly

tested model that explains why things behave a certain way.

• Theory can never be proven- due to new information

• Useful because they predict behavior

• Help us form mental pictures of processes (models)

Observations

Hypothesis

Experiment

• Another outcome is that certain behavior is repeated many times

• Scientific Law is developed (math?)

• Describes how things behave

• Law- tells how• Theory- tells why

Observations

Hypothesis

Experiment

Law

Theory(Model)

Prediction

Experiment

Modify

Observations

Hypothesis

Experiment

Section 1.4How to Study Chemistry

• OBJECTIVES:–Explain why learning chemistry

requires daily effort.

Section 1.4How to Study Chemistry

• OBJECTIVES:–Describe the importance of

writing in the study of chemistry.

How to Study Chemistry

• Understanding and Applying Concepts– requires effort on your part– read materials carefully– take thorough notes you can

use–study often and effectively–quiet, well-lit, remove

distractions

How to Study Chemistry

• Understanding and Applying Concepts–chemistry has a language of it’s

own, so learn the vocabulary– look around you, and make the

connection to the level of atoms and molecules

How to Study Chemistry

• Using Your Textbook–name chemical compounds–write chemical formulas– interpret graphs– techniques to solve problems

• Use your Teacher and Textbook!

How to Study Chemistry

• Using Your Textbook– take good notes–solve Practice Problems– read, keeping objectives in mind–Student Study Guide (p. 24)–section summaries; Key Terms

How to Study Chemistry

• On Your Own–go beyond the textbook–make flashcards– reread and rewrite notes–quiz yourself and classmates– form a study group–ASK, ASK, and ASK

How to Study Chemistry• Tests and Quizzes

–cramming never a good idea–set aside a certain amount of time

every day–get enough rest daily; nutrition– read tests carefully / thoroughly–do easy problems first–show work, and evaluate answer