Chapter 1Chemistry: An Introduction

CHY 105: Fundamentals of Chemistry

Chapter Outline

Chemistry defined Examples of chemistry in everyday life

Chemistry in context The natural sciences

Branches of chemistry Chemistry in history Methods of science

Basic vs. applied science Public vs. private funding

Chemistry

Chemistry – study of the matter Materials) of the universe and the changes that this matter undergoes Matter – anything that has mass and occupies

space• Examples of matter and “non-matter”

Chemistry

What chemists study about the matter: Composition Structure Properties

• Related to composition and structure Chemical changes the matter will undergo Relationship between the matter and:

• The environment• Human health

Chemistry and Everyday Life

Better (?) living through chemistry Wrinkle-free cotton

• Dr. Ruth Benerito (page 4) CFCs and the ozone layer Lead paint

Chemistry in Context

Natural Sciences

Physical SciencesStudy of matter and How energy affects

matter

Biological SciencesStudy of living

organisms

Chemistry in Context

Physical Sciences Biological Sciences

Branches of Chemistry

Inorganic Study of matter this is primarily of mineral

(non-living origin) Organic

Study of carbon containing compounds• Once believed that all carbon containing

compounds were of living origin

Branches of Chemistry

Analytical Study of matter to determine the identity and

quantity of its components• Forensic chemistry is a sub-branch

Physical Study of the structure of matter and the

influence of energy on matter• Materials chemistry is a sub-branch

Kevlar Inventor Joins Women's Hall of Fame

Chemical Week, October 8, 2003 — Retired DuPont scientist Stephanie Kwolek, whose research led to the discovery of Kevlar aramid fiber, was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls, NY, on October 4. Kwolek joined DuPont in 1946 as laboratory chemist in Buffalo, NY and spent 40 years with the company, mostly at its experimental station at Wilmington, DE. DuPont says nearly 3,000 law enforcement officers have survived potentially fatal or disabling injuries because they were wearing body armor made from aramid fiber. All U.S. combat soldiers have worn Kevlar helmets since the 1991 Gulf War, it says.

Branches of Chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Study of pollutants to identify their sources, to

determine the quantities present , and to discover ways to address the issues associated with them

Often considered a branch of _____________

Branches of Chemistry

Biochemistry Study of reactions that take place in living

organisms• Links the biological and physical sciences• Branch of science most important to the medical

sciences

History of Chemistry

Metals Gold, copper (3000 BCE), bronze (copper/tin

alloy, 2000 BCE), iron (1500 BCE)

History of Chemistry

Chemical Arts Pottery Ceramics Dyes Embalming techniques Perfumes Brewing of alcoholic beverages

History of Chemistry

Greek Philosophers, ~400 – 300 BCE First to speculate about the nature of matter Proposed that all matter is composed of 4

elements• Air, earth, fire, water

Aristotle added a 5th element• Ether – to glow

History of Chemistry

Greek Philosophers, ~400 – 300 BCE Democritus proposed an alternate explanation

of the matter of the universe• All matter is composed of tiny indivisible particles

called atomus “theory not well supported by Aristotle Therefore, Democritus’ “theory” was not widely

accepted at the time

History of Chemistry

Alchemy - Two pursuits1. Search for a means to convert “base” metals

into gold

2. Search for the elixir of life• Substance that would lead to immortality

History of Chemistry

Advances from Alchemy Many new substances where identified

• Plaster of Paris, nitric acid…. New lab techniques and equipment

developed New medicines identified

History of Chemistry

Modern Chemistry, ~1600 on First to use scientific method Methodical approach to problem solving Based on hypothesis testing

Modern Chemistry, ~1600 on

Boyle (1600’s)• Studied the affect of pressure on the volume of

gases

Priestly (1700’s)• Among other things, first to discover and study the

properties of oxygen Came to US to avoid religious persecution Some give Schele in Sweden credit for discovering

oxygen

Modern Chemistry

Lavoisier (mid/late 1700’s)• Called the father of modern chemistry• Proposed the law of conservation of matter –

matter can neither be created nor destoyed

Modern Chemistry

John Dalton (1800’s)• Proposed atomic theory

Marie and Pierre Curie (1890 -1900’s)• First to study radioactivity• Identified several new radioactive elements

Polonium and radium

Neils Bohr (1900)• Proposed theory of atomic structure

The Curies Niels Bohr

Scientific Method

1. Make observations• Observations must be recordable and

repeatable• Observations may be:

Quantitative

Qualitative

Scientific Method

2. Develop hypotheses to explain the observations Hypothesis – tentative explanation of the

observations

Scientific Method

3. Perform Experiments Make predictions based on the hypothesis

• If the hypothesis is true……what else will be true• Test accuracy of the prediction

Repeat for all hypotheses

Experiments often lead to new observations and more hypotheses to test

Scientific Method

Analyze results and share findings and conclusions Publish results in journals Present findings at conferences…..

Public versus Private Research

Natural Laws and Theories

From scientific research come theories and laws Theory (also called a model) - explanation of

observed behavior based on significant data

Natural Law - statement/summary of observed behavior• Law of conservation of matter

Types of Scientific Research

Basic research scientific research for the sake of knowledge,

no immediate application in mind. Applied research

 scientific research with the short-term goal of solving a specific problem• begin the research with an application in mind.