changes in atmosphere density at satellite altitudes caused by… changes in solar extreme...
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Changes in Atmosphere Density at Satellite Altitudes Caused by…Changes in solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation, electrical energy
extracted from the solar wind (geomagnetic activity), planetary and tidal
wave activity from the lower atmosphere Known Solar EUV effects
Episodic – flares Periodic – 11 year solar cycle, 27 day equatorial rotation
Known Geomagnetic Activity Episodic – coronal mass ejections Periodic – coronal holes, solar wind high speed streams, co-
rotating interaction regions (CIRs)
Known Lower Atmosphere Waves Diurnal and Semidiurnal tides Atmospheric planetary waves at 2, 5, 9-10 and12-18 day
periodicity
Episodic Solar EUV Flares andCoronal Mass Ejections
Periodic Coronal Holes and Corotating Interaction Regions in the Interplanetary Medium
Yohkoh image-soft X rays
CHAMP Satellite launched in July 2000 at 450 km altitude in a near circular orbit with an inclination of 87.3 and a local time precession of 5.44 min/day (12 hours / 133 days)
Sutton et al., J. Spacecraft and Rockets, 2007
The physical parameters of the CHAMP satellite are:• Total Mass 522 kg • Height 0.750 m• Length (with 4.044 m Boom) 8.333 m • Width 1.621 m• Area to Mass Ratio 0.00138 m2kg-1
Periodic Thermosphere Mass Density Perturbations for Year 2005
Density - 400km altitude
Solar EUV flux index
Day of Year , 2005Note: Orbit-averaged density with an overall estimated error (systematic and statistical)of less than 10%
Solar Wind and Geomagnetic Activity for Year 2005
Solar wind speed
Geomagnetic Activity Index
2005 Periodograms – Subharmonics of a Solar Rotation
Density - 400km altitude
Solar EUV flux index
Solar wind speed
Geomagnetic Activity Index
27 days/3
2005 Wavelet Analysis
Density - 400km altitude
Solar EUV flux index
Solar wind speed
Geomagnetic Activity Index
9-day Periodicities in Thermosphere Density for days 25-100, 2005 Correlated with Geomagnetic Activity and Felt Globally
9-day Bandpass Filtered Data
2006 Periodograms
Density - 400km altitude
Solar EUV flux index
Solar wind speed
Geomagnetic Activity Index
Density - 400km altitude
Lei, J., J. P. Thayer, J. M. Forbes, E. K. Sutton, and R. S. Nerem (2008), Rotating solar coronal holes and periodic modulation of the upper atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L10109, doi:10.1029/2008GL033875.
Thayer, J. P., J. Lei, J. M. Forbes, E. K. Sutton, and R. S. Nerem (2008), Thermospheric density oscillations due to periodic solar wind high-speed streams, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A06307, doi:10.1029/2008JA013190.
Periodograms of TIMED SEE EUV Data from 5-105 nm for 2004 - 2006
Year 2004
Year 2005 Year 2006
5-105 nm
CO2
NO
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Pow
er (
1011
W
)TIMED / SABER Measurements of the Daily Infrared Power (W)
Solar UV
TIMED Measured Power in UV and IR Emissions from 2002-2006
Daily TIMED SEE UV measurements from 0-175 nm
Daily, Global SABER IR Emissions:Integrated CO2 and NO Power from 100-200km
Periodogram of SABER Measured NO Power from 2002-2006
Mlynczak, M. G., F. J. Martin-Torres, C. J. Mertens, B. T. Marshall, R. E. Thompson, J. U. Kozyra, E. E. Remsberg, L. L. Gordley, J. M. Russell III, and T. Woods (2008), Solar-terrestrial coupling evidenced by periodic behavior in geomagnetic indexes and the infrared energy budget of the thermosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L05808, doi:10.1029/2007GL032620.
Periodogram of GUVI Orbit-Averaged SO/N2 ratio for 2005
Crowley, G., A. Reynolds, J. P. Thayer, J. Lei, L.J. Paxton, A.B. Christensen, Y. Zhang, R.R. Meier, D.J. Strickland (2008), Periodic Modulations in Thermospheric Composition by Solar Wind High Speed Streams , Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L21106, doi:10.1029/2008GL035745.
Latitude Coverage +/- 90 degrees
Latitude Coverage +/- 60 degrees
Periodogram of Global Total Electron Content from 2005 and 2006 with Latitude
2 5 7 9 13
Period (day)
2 5 7 9 13
Period (day)Lei, J., J. P. Thayer, J. M. Forbes, Q. Wu, C. She, W. Wan, W. Wang (2008), Ionosphere response to solar wind high speed streams, , Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L19105, doi:10.1029/2008GL035208.
Year 2006Year 2005
F-region Neutral Temperatures and Winds from 2005 and 2006 Show 7 and 9 Periodicities
Year 2005
Year 2006Year 2006
Meridional Winds
TemperatureRecorded Temperatures and Windsfrom FPI data at Resolute Bay
SOHO/EIT 195A image of the Sun – April 9, 2005
Courtesy of Vic Pizzo, NOAA/SEC and Leslie Mayer, CU/CIRES
Equatorward extensionof the northern polar coronal hole
Coronal Hole and Solar Wind Speed with Heliolongitude Distribution
Courtesy of Vic Pizzo, NOAA/SEC and Leslie Mayer, CU/CIRES
Solar Wind Speed NSO
Derived CoronalHoles
NSO
Date longitude liesin the Sun-earth line
CIR Events, Superposed Epoch Analysis (centered April 4, 2005)
Cumulative Density Functions for an epoch analysis of 67 CIR storms from 2003 - 2006
Epoch time (days)
Cumulative Density Functions for an epoch analysis of 67 CIR storms from 2003 - 2006
Upper Atmosphere Episodes of Change at Multi-Day PeriodicitiesDiscovery: Recent satellite measurements have discovered episodes of change in the Earth's upper atmosphere at periods near 5, 7 and 9 days that are attributed to recurrent high speed solar wind stream disturbances and coronal hole distributions on the sun.
Thermosphere / Ionosphere Properties:
Thermosphere Mass Density at 400km
NO and CO2 IR emissions from MLT
Columnar O/N2 ratio
Global total electron content
F-region Neutral Temperature and Winds
High SpeedSolar Wind Streams
Geomagnetic Storm
AuroraCurrents Global Thermosphere
Heating
Thermosphere Breathing
Interplanetary MediumSolar Coronal Holes
Atmosphere Breathing Modes – Makes the News
Discovery Leads to Improvements in Predicting Atmospheric Drag on Satellites Enabling Better Satellite Tracking, Avoidance and Design
Satelite Tracki
ng
•Improve tracking and monitoring of the 12,000 low earth orbiting satellites and debris•Improve updates of satellite orbital elements
Orbital De
bris
•Reduce maneuvers to avoid orbital debris•Provide better collision avoidance warnings
Satelite D
esign
•Optimize spacecraft / orbit design of lifetime, on-board fuel, and attitude control
•Improve predictions of satellite reentry
Daily Kp Index 2002-2006
Periodogram Analysis of Kp Index 2002-2006
N=1N=2
N=3
N=4
N=5N=7
Subharmonics of amean solar rotation period
Kp Index Periods for Four Solar Cycles
6.75 day
9 day
13.5 day
27 day
5.4 day
4.5 day
Study Implications
Periodic oscillations in thermosphere / ionosphere properties at sub-
harmonics of the solar rotation period (9, 6.75 and 5.4 days) have
been discovered and related to solar wind high speed streams and
the heliolongitude distribution of coronal holes.
The periodic nature of this connection suggests an element of
predictability for these geomagnetic storm events
Little change in EUV flux during these episodes allows for
geomagnetically driven affects on the thermosphere and ionosphere
to be solely studied and identified.