Original by Kent SchoolDistrict 2006Minor changes (in yellow) Made by Carol Parker 10/3/10, Slides added are in dark blue stripes

Standard S7L2. Students will describe the structure and function of cells, tissues, organs,

and organ systems. a. Explain that cells take in nutrients in order to grow and divide

and to make needed materials. b. Relate the structure (cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm,

chloroplasts, mitochondria) to basic cell functions.c. Explain that cells are organized into tissues, tissues into organs,

organs into systems, and systems into organisms. d. Explain that tissues, organs, and organ systems serve the needs

that cells have for oxygen, food and waste.e. Explain the purpose of the major organ systems in the human

body (i.e. digestion, respiration, reproduction, circulation, excretion, movement, control and coordination, and protection from disease.

History• In 1665 Robert Hooke discovered cells (dead) using a primitive

microscope.• 1674 Anton van Leeuwenhoek saw living cells in pond water• Matthias Schleiden (1838 - plants) and Theodore Schwann (1839 -

animals) observed plant and animal cells concluding that all living things are made of cells. They co-authored what is now known as the cell theory in 1839.

• Rudolf Virchow (1855) hypothesized that all cells come from other existing living cells.

Cell Theory

1. All organisms are made up of one or more cells.

2. The cell is the basic unit of living things.

3. All cells come from other living cells.

Think about it…. Which one(s) of these did Schwann, Schleiden and Virchow obviously directly contribute to?

Cell TypesProkaryotic Eukaryotic- Simple - Complex- No Nucleus - Nucleus- Ex. Bacteria - Ex. plants, animals

fungi, and protists

Consider this…• How does a Euglena differ from a pine tree?

Alive or Dead? Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic?Can both Reproduce? Do both have tissues, and organ systems?

WHAT CELLS NEED

NUTRIENT SOURCE WHY IT’S NEEDED

Proteins Fish, Cheese, Beans

Main building block of the cell so is essential for growth &

repair

Carbohydrates Grains, Vegetables,and Fruits

ENERGY – (simple sugars are broken down & energy is

released) Lipids (fats) Butter, oils,

margarine

Energy – (same as carbohydrates) but has twice as

much energy as an equal amount of simple sugar (takes longer to

convert).

Nucleic Acids All foods DNA & RNA

WHY do Cells NEED to take in Nutrients?

•In order to grow and develop •To divide (by mitosis)

•And to make needed materials

Think about it…. What do you think happens when they divide? Why do they need to divide?

Characteristics of Cells

• Basic unit of structure of living things • Respond to their environment• Grow & develop• Use Energy• Reproduce• Use raw materials• Give off wastes

Think about it…. Do you see ROGER in this list?

cytoplasm

Cytoplasm: Gel-like material inside cells ( includes cytosol and organelles).

Three basic parts of a cell:Cell membrane CytoplasmNucleus

Cell Membrane: Phospholipid bilayer, the “GATE KEEPER”—Controls what goes in and what goes out !!

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NUCLEUS: Directs and controls all cell activities

Viewed with the electron microscope

Think about it…

If the cell membrane holds the cell together and controls what goes into and out of the cell, what do you think holds nuclear material inside the nucleus and controls what goes into and out of the nucleus?

Nuclear Membrane

NUCLEOLUS: Found inside nucleus,

it makes the ribosomes which later make proteins;

CHROMATIN (DNA)(chromosomes): Contains genes or instructions for cell’s activities (found in nucleus)

Under the electron microscope:

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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM:Pathway (network of tubules)for

moving materials around the cell (the “express-way”); usually close to the nucleus.

Rough Endoplasmic

Reticulum

Endoplasmic Reticulum is the transport system of the cell and is made of folded membrane. The RER is where Protein is assembled for export to the Golgi bodies.

PICTURE ORGANELLE FUNCTION

Smooth Endoplasmic

Reticulum

The SER is chiefly involved with the production of lipids (fats), and the detoxification of drugs and poisons. The brain, muscles, and liver have a more extensive SER than other cells do.

RIBOSOMES: Make protein!

Under the electron microscope:

Under the electron microscope:

A simple diagram

MITOCHONDRIA: Rod shaped, it releases energy (by cellular respiration) in the cell; it is the “powerhouse” of the cell.

Under the electron microscope:

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Think about it ….

A cell like a cardiac (heart) muscle or a liver cell needs a LOT of energy, so what organelle might you expect to have a larger number of than a cell like a skin cell?

Mitochondria

CHLOROPLAST: uses chlorophyll to trap sunlight and convert it into cell energy (Found in plants and some protists).

Under the microscope

CELL WALL: The outer structure in plant cells, made of cellulose; Also found in eubacteria, fungi, algae and some archaebacteria, although made of different materials. Gives support, protection and shape to plant cells.

Under the microscope

VACUOLES: Store water, food, and waste products in all plant and fungal cells and some animal, protist, and bacterial although greatly enlarged in plants and called the Large Central Vacuole.

Under the microscope

GOLGI BODIES: or “GOLGI APPARATUS ”—Packages, stores & secretes substances made

inside the cell

Under the microscope

LYSOSOMES: Digests cell wastes and recycles materials, is the

“garbage disposal” and is found in animal cells (other special vacuoles do this job

in plants and fungi).

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What are the two parts plant cells have that animal cells do not

have?

• Cell Walls

• Chloroplasts

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Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic Cells: NO NUCLEUS

Example: Bacteria

Eukaryotic Cells: have a TRUE NUCLEUS

Example: all cells in your body

Prokaryotic

• Do not have structures surrounded by membranes

• Few internal structures

• One-celled organisms, Bacteria

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html

Eukaryotic• Contain organelles surrounded by membranes• Most living organisms

Plant Animal

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html

Examples of Cells

Amoeba Proteus

Plant Stem

Red Blood Cell

Nerve Cell

Bacteria

Information taken from ppt on http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html

What is the difference between a single cell

and cells working together?

Single Cells do everything by themselves;

Cells in tissues and organs divide up the work!

In many-celled organisms, cells work together to accomplish their work:

TISSUES: Cells look ALIKE, perform the same function. Examples: MUSCLE TISSUE, NERVE TISSUE

ORGANS:A structure made up of different kinds of TISSUES that all work together to perform the same JOB.

Examples: HEART, BRAIN, LUNGS

Examples: HEARTThe heart contains muscle tissue

that contracts to pump blood, fibrous tissue that makes up the heart valves, nervous tissue and special

cells that maintain the rate

and rhythm of heartbeats.

Photo taken from : http://www.ynhh.org/heart-and-vascular-center/heart_works.aspx

SIZES AND SHAPES OF CELLS

Cells have different sizes and shapes, based on their JOB

Some can be very SMALL and some can be very oddly shaped…

ROBERT HOOKE