nerve cells muscle cells epithelial cells bone cell fat cells
TRANSCRIPT
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Nerve cellsMuscle cells
Epithelial cellsBone cell
Fat cells
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Cytology - the study of the structure, function and diseases of cells
Cell Parts - Chart 3.1 pg 56, diagram pg 49 Fig 3.2
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Plasma Membrane -Selectively permeable membrane -Phospholipid bilayer/Fluid Mosaic model
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Diffusion
Simple Diffusion- molecules and ions pass from areasof higher concentration to areas of lowerconcentrations.
http://www.indiana.edu/~phys215/lecture/lecnotes/diff.html
Facilitated diffusion- requires a carrier molecule for diffusion to take place.
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Active Transport-Sodium-Potassium Pump - against concentrationgradient
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Osmosis - water diffuses from higher concentration to lower concentration
*selectively permeable - allows water to flow freely but not glucose
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Tonicity - the osmotic pressure of a solution-cells swell and shrink with changes in tonicity
A. Isotonic - equilibrium of water and solute
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B. Hypertonic - higher concentration of solute outside the cell
C. Hypotonic - lesser concentration of solute outside the cell
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http://www.connect.ab.ca/~lburns/students_tenunit2note.html
*Visual of Hypertonic, Hypotonic and Isotonic
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Filtration - when molecules are forced through membranes (hydrostatic pressure).
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Vessicular Transport
Endocytosis - when particles enter into the cell by means of a vesicle.
1. Pinocytosis : liquids enter into the cell in a vesicle2. Phagocytosis : solids enter into the cell in a vesicle
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Vessicular Transport
Exocytosis : particles and liquids exit out of the cell
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Cytoplasm - the clear liquid that is essentially the site of metabolic rxns
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Organelles
Centrosome - two hollow cylinderical centrioles
Centriole - active in separating chromosomes in cell division
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Cilia - small hairlike structures on the surface of the cell membrane, wavelike motion.
Flagella - longer projection on the surface of the cell, undulating wavelike motion.
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Ribosomes - composed of protein and RNA, sites of
protein synthesis
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - a network of tubes that transport materials, contain ribosomes on their surface
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - transports materials, synthesize lipids
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Golgi Apparatus - flat sacs that package, process and transport proteins
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Lysosomes - digest worn out cellular parts or toxins
Peroxisomes – sac containing enzymes that help detoxify(contain enzymes peroxidase and catalase)
Mitochondria - release and transform energy into useable forms
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Nucleus - control center of cell, contains DNA
Nuclear membrane - a porous double layer membrane that surrounds the nucleus
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Nucleolus - a dense body composed of RNA and protein, forms ribosomes
Chromatin - loosely coiled chromosomes made of protein and DNA
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DNA -> mRNA-> tRNA -> protein
Replication - copy of DNA
Transcription - DNA splits, mRNA read DNA, enters cytoplasm, binds to ribosome
Translation - mRNA is translated into DNA code by tRNA and amino acids are left
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DNA
RNA
ribosomes
endoplasmicreticulum
vesicle
Golgi apparatus
vesicle
proteinon its way!
protein finishedprotein
Making Proteins
TO:
TO:
TO:
TO:
nucleusTO:
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Cell Cycle *responsible for the growth of an infant, as wellas the repair and replacement of cells.
Interphase - grow, replicate, and prepare for division
Prophase - chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelop disappears, spindle fibers appear and centrosomes move to opposite poles.
Metaphase - chromosomes line up at midline and spindlefibers attach to the centromere.
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Anaphase - sister chromatids separate and move to poles, spindle fibers contract or shorten pulling them apart.
Telophase - chromosomes condense and nuclear envelop appears
Cytokinesis - division of cytoplasm
Mitosis Website: http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cell_cycle/cells3.html
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Cell Cycle plays a role in :
1. Aging Geriatrics - the branch of medical science that deals with
diseases and problems specific to old people 2. Cancer Oncology - the branch of medicine that deals with tumors,
including study of their development, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
3. Tumor or neoplasm benign - noncancerous growth malignant - cancerous growth
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metastasis in the lung usually occurs by way of the blood stream
4. Metastasis - transfer of a disease-producing agency (as cancer cells or bacteria) from an original site of disease to another part of the body
metastases of breast cancer to bone
*Read Box 4-1 on p115 and know the difference between hyperplasia and anaplasia, neoplasm, hypertrophy, and atrophy.
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Cancer - a change in your cell structure that inactivates cellular activities
Apoptosis - a programmed cell death signaled by the nuclei in normally functioning cells when they age, or become diseased.
*cancerous cells are unable to experience natural cell death
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Types of Cancer
1. Carcinomas - an invasive malignant tumor derivedfrom epithelial tissue and tends to metastasize to other areas.
2. Sarcomas - a malignant tumor arising from connective tissue
3. Leukemia - cancer of the blood forming tissues
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Causes of Cancer
1. Mutagen - DNA mutates or gene is altered2. Carcinogen - chemicals/toxins, radiation etc
Genes involved in Cancer•tumor suppressor genes •proto-oncogenes - normal cellular genes involved in
regulating and maintaining cell division•Oncogenes - genes that potentially induce tumor transfor-
mation, they replace normal genes
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Treatments
*Surgery - removal of mass from tissue
*Chemotherapy - use of drugs or chem agents to destroy malignant cells/tissues
*Radiation therapy - exposure to radiation (X-rays) to treat disease
*Immunotherapy - induce, enhance or suppress immune response