introduction to cells animal cells, plant cells, bacterial cells, oh my!
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Introduction to Cells Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Bacterial Cells, Oh My!](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bfd21a28abf838cabed9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to Cells
Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Bacterial Cells, Oh My!
![Page 2: Introduction to Cells Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Bacterial Cells, Oh My!](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bfd21a28abf838cabed9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Relative Size of Cells
![Page 3: Introduction to Cells Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Bacterial Cells, Oh My!](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bfd21a28abf838cabed9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Relative Size of Cells
• It is all relative...
![Page 4: Introduction to Cells Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Bacterial Cells, Oh My!](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bfd21a28abf838cabed9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 7.5
• Metabolic requirements set an upper limit to the size of a single cell.
• As a cell increases in size its volume increases faster than its surface area.– Smaller objects have a greater
ratio of surface area to volume.
![Page 5: Introduction to Cells Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Bacterial Cells, Oh My!](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bfd21a28abf838cabed9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane.
• The semifluid substance within the membrane is the cytosol or cytoplasm, containing the organelles.
• All cells contain chromosomes which have genes in the form of DNA.
• All cells also have ribosomes, tiny organelles that make proteins using the instructions contained in genes.
All cells have…
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
![Page 6: Introduction to Cells Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Bacterial Cells, Oh My!](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bfd21a28abf838cabed9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• A major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the location of chromosomes.
• In an eukaryotic cell, chromosomes are contained in a membrane-enclosed organelle, the nucleus.
• In a prokaryotic cell, the DNA is NOT surrounded by a nuclear envelope.
• Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane bound organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum.
Major Differences
![Page 7: Introduction to Cells Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Bacterial Cells, Oh My!](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bfd21a28abf838cabed9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 7.4 The prokaryotic cell is much simpler in structure, lacking a nucleus and the other membrane-enclosed organelles of the eukaryotic cell.
Prokaryotic Cell
![Page 8: Introduction to Cells Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Bacterial Cells, Oh My!](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bfd21a28abf838cabed9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Animal Cell
![Page 9: Introduction to Cells Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Bacterial Cells, Oh My!](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bfd21a28abf838cabed9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Plant Cell
![Page 10: Introduction to Cells Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Bacterial Cells, Oh My!](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bfd21a28abf838cabed9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Similarities and Differences?
• Break into pairs and create a chart to begin noting similarities and differences among the three types of cells we just reviewed.
![Page 11: Introduction to Cells Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Bacterial Cells, Oh My!](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bfd21a28abf838cabed9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Introduction to Organelles
• Not these…
![Page 12: Introduction to Cells Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Bacterial Cells, Oh My!](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bfd21a28abf838cabed9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• The plasma membrane functions as a selective barrier that allows passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes for the whole volume of the cell.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 7.6
Plasma Membrane
![Page 13: Introduction to Cells Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Bacterial Cells, Oh My!](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bfd21a28abf838cabed9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Cytoskeleton• The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers
extending throughout the cytoplasm.• The cytoskeleton
organizes the structures and activities of the cell.
• The cytoskeleton also plays a major role in cell motility.
– Cilia (lungs)– Flagella (sperm)
![Page 14: Introduction to Cells Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Bacterial Cells, Oh My!](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bfd21a28abf838cabed9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
What life would be like without a cytoskeleton…
![Page 15: Introduction to Cells Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Bacterial Cells, Oh My!](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bfd21a28abf838cabed9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Introduction to Cells Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Bacterial Cells, Oh My!](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bfd21a28abf838cabed9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Nucleus•Surrounded by Nuclear envelope
•Same structure as cell membrane•DNA•Chromatin
•DNA + histones (proteins)•Chromosomes
•Unique number based on species•Nucleolus
•Cluster of RNA and proteins•Helps to make ribosomes
![Page 17: Introduction to Cells Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Bacterial Cells, Oh My!](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bfd21a28abf838cabed9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Structure of DNA in your nucleus
![Page 18: Introduction to Cells Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Bacterial Cells, Oh My!](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bfd21a28abf838cabed9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Ribosomes• Ribosomes contain rRNA and protein.• A ribosome is composed of two subunits that
combine to carry out protein synthesis.• Some ribosomes, free ribosomes, are
suspended in the cytoplasm and synthesize proteins that function within the cell.
![Page 19: Introduction to Cells Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Bacterial Cells, Oh My!](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bfd21a28abf838cabed9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) accounts for half the membranes in a eukaryotic cell.
• The ER membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope.
• Rough means there are Ribosomes attached to the outside of the ER– Makes proteins to be exported out of the
cell
![Page 20: Introduction to Cells Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Bacterial Cells, Oh My!](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bfd21a28abf838cabed9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• There are two, albeit connected, regions of ER that differ in structure and function.– Smooth ER looks
smooth because it lacks ribosomes.
– Rough ER looks rough because ribosomes (bound ribosomes) are attached to the outside, including the outside of the nuclear envelope.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 7.11
![Page 21: Introduction to Cells Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Bacterial Cells, Oh My!](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bfd21a28abf838cabed9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Endomembrane System
![Page 22: Introduction to Cells Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Bacterial Cells, Oh My!](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bfd21a28abf838cabed9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Smooth ER• The smooth ER is rich in enzymes and plays a
role in a variety of metabolic processes.• Enzymes of smooth ER synthesize lipids,
including oils, phospholipids, and steroids.• The smooth ER also catalyzes a key step in the
mobilization of glucose from stored glycogen in the liver.
• Other enzymes in the smooth ER of the liver help detoxify drugs and poisons.
![Page 23: Introduction to Cells Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Bacterial Cells, Oh My!](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bfd21a28abf838cabed9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Golgi apparatus• Many transport vesicles from the ER travel to
the Golgi apparatus for modification of their contents.
• The Golgi is a center of manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, and shipping.
![Page 24: Introduction to Cells Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Bacterial Cells, Oh My!](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bfd21a28abf838cabed9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Mitochondria• Mitochondria is the organelle that
converts energy to forms that cells can use for work- “powerhouse”.
• Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration, generating ATP from the catabolism of sugars, fats, and other fuels in the presence of oxygen.
• Has small quantities of DNA that help make own proteins.– The DNA is passed on from mother to child-
maternity testing possible.
![Page 25: Introduction to Cells Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Bacterial Cells, Oh My!](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bfd21a28abf838cabed9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Mitochondria
![Page 26: Introduction to Cells Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Bacterial Cells, Oh My!](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bfd21a28abf838cabed9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Chloroplast• Chloroplasts, found in plants and
eukaryotic algae, are the site of photosynthesis.– They convert solar energy to chemical
energy and synthesize new organic compounds from CO2 and H2O.
• Contains chlorophyll, which causes the green color of many plants.
• Has small quantities of DNA that help make own proteins.
![Page 27: Introduction to Cells Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Bacterial Cells, Oh My!](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bfd21a28abf838cabed9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Chloroplast
![Page 28: Introduction to Cells Animal Cells, Plant Cells, Bacterial Cells, Oh My!](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081421/5697bfd21a28abf838cabed9/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Various Vesicles• The lysosome is a membrane-bounded
sac of hydrolytic enzymes that digests macromolecules.– Food vacuoles, from phagocytosis, fuse
with lysosomes.
• Contractile vacuoles, found in freshwater protists, pump excess water out of the cell.
• Central vacuoles are found in many mature plant cells.