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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fundamentals of

Anatomy & PhysiologySIXTH EDITION

Freder

icH.Mart

ini

PowerPointLecture Slide Presentation prepared by

Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland,Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii

Chapter 19, part 1Blood

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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Learning Objectives

List the components of the cardiovascular systemand explain the major functions of this system.

Describe the important components and major

functions of the blood List the characteristics and functions of red blood

cells.

Describe the structure of hemoglobin and indicateits functions.

Discuss red blood cell production and maturation.

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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Learning Objectives

Explain the importance of blood typing and thebasis for ABO and Rh incompatibilities.

Categorize the various white blood cells on thebasis of structure and function.

Describe the structure, function andproduction of platelets.

Describe the reaction sequences responsiblefor blood clotting.

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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

SECTION 19-1The Cardiovascular System: An Introduction

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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Provides a mechanism for rapid transport ofnutrients, waste products, respiratory gasesand cells

The cardiovascular system

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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

SECTION 19-2Functions and Composition of Blood

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Fluid connective tissue

Functions include

Transporting dissolved gases, nutrients,hormones, and metabolic wastes

Regulating pH and ion composition ofinterstitial fluids

Restricting fluid loss at injury sites

Defending the body against toxins andpathogens

Regulating body temperature by absorbingand redistributing heat

Blood

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The composition of blood

Plasma and formed elements comprise wholeblood

Red blood cells (RBC) White blood cells (WBC)

Platelets

Can fractionate whole blood for analytical orclinical purposes

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9/27Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.1a

Figure 19.1 The Composition of Whole Blood

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10/27Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 19.1b

Figure 19.1 The Composition of Whole Blood

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11/27Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 19.1c

Figure 19.1 The Composition of Whole Blood

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Process of blood cell formation

Hemocytoblasts are circulating stem cells thatdivide to form all types of blood cells

Whole blood from anywhere in the body hasroughly the same temperature, pH and viscosity

Hemopoiesis

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SECTION 19-3Plasma

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Accounts for 46-63% of blood volume

92% of plasma is water

Higher concentration of dissolved oxygen anddissolved proteins than interstitial fluid

Plasma

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more than 90% are synthesized in the liver

Albumins 60% of plasma proteins

Responsible for viscosity and osmotic pressure

of blood

Plasma proteins

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Globulins ~35% of plasma proteins

Include immunoglobins which attack foreign

proteins and pathogens Include transport globulins which bind ions,

hormones and other compounds

Fibrinogen

Converted to fibrin during clotting

Removal of fibrinogen leaves serum

Additional Plasma Proteins

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SECTION 19-4Red Blood Cells

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Erythrocytes account for slightly less than halfthe blood volume, and 99.9% of the formed

elements Hematocrit measures the percentage of whole

blood occupied by formed elements

Commonly referred to as the volume of packedred cells

Abundance of RBCs

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Biconcave disc, providing a large surface tovolume ration

Shape allows RBCs to stack, bend and flex

RBCs lack organelles

Typically degenerate in about 120 days.

Structure of RBCs

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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.2

Figure 19.2 The Anatomy of Red Blood Cells

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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Molecules of hemoglobin account for 95% of theproteins in RBCs

Hemoglobin is a globular protein, formed from

two pairs of polypeptide subunits

Each subunit contains a molecule of hemewhich reversibly binds an oxygen molecule

Damaged or dead RBCs are recycled byphagocytes

Hemoglobin

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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.3

Figure 19.3 The Structure of Hemoglobin

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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.4

Figure 19.4 Sickling in Red Blood Cells

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Replaced at a rate of approximately 3 million newblood cells entering the circulation per second.

Replaced before they hemolyze

Components of hemoglobin individually recycled Heme stripped of iron and converted to

biliverdin, then bilirubin

Iron is recycled by being stored in phagocytes, ortransported throughout the blood stream boundto transferrin

RBC life span and circulation

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Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.5

Figure 19.5 Red Blood Cell Turnover

RBC P d i

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Erythropoeisis = the formation of new red bloodcells

Occurs in red bone marrow Process speeds up with in the presence of EPO

(Erythropoeisis stimulating hormone)

RBCs pass through reticulocyte anderythroblast stages

RBC Production

Fi 19 6 S f RBC M i

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C i h 2004 P Ed i I bli hi B j i C i Figure 19 6

Figure 19.6 Stages of RBC Maturation