GROUP 5

1.Anik Widyastuti

2.Izzati Gemi S.

3.Nurul Adhalina

4.Rika Rahma A.

5.Hamza

WHAT IS CASE

Definition

Case as a grammatical category used in the analysis of word classes to define the syntactic relationships between words in a sentence. Crystal (Ba’dulu, 2004: 78)

Case is a grammatical category of noun or adjective showing its relationship with other words in a syntactic construction. Kridalaksana (Ba’dulu, 2004: 78)

Pitta-PittaExample of Case System:

a set of affixes (almost always suffixes) that mark the relations that NPs bear to their governors.

CASE SYSTEM occurs in Australian Language, Pitta-Pitta.

Each case is represented by a single form.

There is one complication.

The subject of an intransitive verb is unmarked.

The subject of a transitive verb is marked by a suffix –lu (the ergative case) that marks instruments.

CASE SUFFIXES SUFFIXES SENTENCES

Nominative -Ø The dog ran away (INTRANSITIVE SUBJECT)

Ergative / instrumental

-lu The man hit the dog with a stick (TRANSITIVE SUBJECT and instrumental)

Accusative -nha The dog bit the man (direct object)

Dative / pergressive

-ku The dog is fond of the man, The dog swam through the flood

Purposive / possesive

-nga The woman’s dog went for the paper

locative -ina The dog swam in the creek

allative -inu The dog went to the creek

ablative -inya The dog name back from the creek

causal -la The dog hid from the policeman

-Ø nominative The nominative is used for nouns in isolation and for the subject of an intransitive verb.

It characteristically expresses the role of neutral patient, including entities that ‘locomote’ (with ‘go’, ‘come’, etc).

These might seem to have agent subjects, but the mover is also the moved and the activity does not extend to an external entity.

karna karnta-ka

man go-past

The man went

-lu ergative / instrumental The ergative marks the subject of a

transitive verb. It expresses the role of agent. It also encodes the role of instrument.

karna-lu pithi-ka piyawarli-nha parnkuparnku-lu

man-erg hit past dog-acc walking:stick-erg (insr)

The man hit the dog with a stick.

-nha accusative

The accusative marks the direct object expressing the characteristics role of affected patient.

karna-lu pithi-ka piyawarli-nha parnkuparnku-luman-erg hit past dog-acc walking:stick-erg (insr)The man hit the dog with a stick.

-ku dative / pergressiveThe dative function of –ku is restricted.

It marks the complement:yatha ‘to like’tiwa ‘be jealous of’wapa ‘to look for’wantili ‘to wait for’

karna yatha-ya piyawarli-ku

man like-pres dog-dat

The man likes the dog.

The pergressive function:

‘through’

‘across’

‘along’

karna yurta-ka ngarraru-ku

man swam-past flood-dat (pergressive)

The man swam through the flood

-nga purposive / possesive

Exampe of purposive:

karna karnta-ka kupi-nga

man go-past fish-purp

The man went for (to get) fish

Example of possesive:

karna-ngapiyawarli pantyi-ya

man-purp dog ail-pres

The man’s dog is sick

-ina locative

It indicates location in general.

Adverbs are used to give specific orientation of one entity in relation to another.

karna nhangka-y kunti-ina kukuina

man sit-pres house-locbehind

The man is (sitting) behind the house

-inu allative

It indicates destinations.

-inya ablativeIt indicates ‘from’, i.e. source.

karna karnta-ka Mount Isa-inya Dajarra-inu

man go-past Mt Isa-abl Dajarra-allative

The man went from Mt Isa to Dajarra

-la causal

It marks causes ‘sick from (drinking) whisky, and entities that are to be avoided.

Example:

Bad spirits – not just bad whisky!

karna wilakana-ya yampi-la

man hide-pres m:in:law-causal

The man is hiding from (sc. to avoid) his mother-in-law

LATIN

Case System of Latin :

a.Suffixes express case

b.Number

c.Gender class

d.Irregularities, etc

Latin Case Paradigm

1st declesion ‘girl’

ā stem

2nd declesion‘slave’o stem

3rd declesion‘king’

Cons. stem

Nom. Puella Servus RēxVoc. Puella Serve RēxAcc. Puellam Servum RēgemGen. Puellae Servī RēgisDat. Puellae Servō RēgīAbl. puellā Servō RēgeNom. Puellae Servī RēgēsVoc. Puellae Servī Rēgēs

Acc. Puellās Servōs Rēgēs

Gen. Puellārum Servōrum Rēgum

Dat. Puellīs Servīs Rēgibus

Abl. Puellīs Servīs Rēgibus

Notes :

-The cases are distinguished on the basis of differentiation in a single paradigm.

-The vocative is marked by a separate form only in the second declension singular.

-There is SYNCRETISM (neutralisation) between the nomative and vocative.

Nominative : marks the subject

Vocative : used to address someone

Accusative : marks direct object and the object of some prepositions

Genitive : correspons to ‘s and of in English

Dative : marks indirect object of dare ‘to give’ and the complement of a score or so of verbs

Ablative : marks a number of distict roles

Adjective and determiners agree with their head nouns in number, case and gender

The adjective used in the sentences below decline like puella, servus, or bellum according to the gender of the noun they modify

ExampleRex bonus dat unum servum puellae

(The good king gives one/a slave to the girl)

Regis servus iit ex Britaniā in Italiam

(The king’s slave went from Britain to Italy)

Illa puella manet in Italiā cum amicis

(That girl is staying in Italy with friends)

English

English, like the other Indo-European

languages, once had a case system like the

Latin. Old English had a case system almost

identical with that of modern German (the

system was almost identical not the forms,

although the forms were very similar to

those of German)

During the middle this period these were

lost (very careless) except for the sibilant

ending of the genitive (cognate with the

–is of Latin regins in the paradigms

above) we still have this, but it is not

case maker anymore. It is derivational

affix that is added to noun phrases to

produce possessive determiners.

Example

The dog’s bone

The man down the street’s dog

The man over there’s dog

We write the genitive or possessive ‘s with an apostrophe to distinguish it from the plural –’we’ means educated people over 35

With pronouns there is a two-way case distinction: nominative versus oblique (non-nominative). This distinction is made suppletively, i.e. by using different stems.

Me supplies the oblique case of I, him of he and so on

nominative oblique

First person singular I me

Third person singular he him

she her

it it

First person singular we us

Second person plural you you

Third person plural they them

In text book English the nominative forms are used for subject and the oblique forms for all other functions. In real English the nominative forms are used in certain other constructions, eg: between you and I.

In English, nouns can be distinguished two cases, namely:

•The Unmarked Common CaseEx: girl (singular) and girls (plural)

•The Marked Genitive Case

Example: girl’ s(singular) and girls’ (plural)

-A case grammar is an approach to grammar that gives emphasis on the semantic relationships in a sentence. -In the case of grammar, verbs are considered as an important part of the sentence and have some semantic relationship with the noun phrase. These relationships are called the CASE. -Example:Smith killed the policeman with a Revolve.

This revolver killed the policeman.

CASE CATEGORY1.Agentive Case*It is the case on a noun or noun phrase that refers to people or

animals who perform or initiate action.

Example: John chew the candy.“John mengunyah permen.”

John is in the agentive. But the subject of the verb does not need to always be in the agentive case. In the sentence:

John likes candy.“John menyukai permen.”

John did not do an act, but his attitude toward the candy is called. John in this sentence are not in the agentive case but in the dative case. It will be discussed in the next category.

2. Benefactive CaseIt is the case on the noun or noun phrase that

refers to people or animals who have benefited from the action verbs. In the English language is connected with the preposition “for”.

Example: Tom did it for Huck. “Tom melakukan itu untuk Huck.”

Huck is in the benefactive case.John cooked a chicken for Louise.“John memasak ayam untuk Luise.”John cooked Louise a chicken.“John memasakan Louise ayam.”

Louise is in the benefactive case.

3. Comitative case It is a case in noun phrases that bear a conjunctive relationship with other noun phrases in a sentence. In English associated with the preposition “with”.

Example: - Tom ran away with Huck. “Tom melarikan diri dengan Huck.”

- Tom and Huck ran away.“Tom dan Huck melarikan diri.”

4. Dative Case

It is a case of the noun or noun phrase that refers to a person or animal that is affected state or action verbs.

Example:

Gregory was frightened by storm. “Gregory ditakut-takuti oleh angin topan.”

I persuaded Tom to go.“Saya membujuk Tom pergi.”

Gregory and Tom are in the dative case. Both Tom and Gregory is influenced by something. Gregory intimidated and Tom experienced persuasion. This case is also called experiences case.

5. Factitive Case It is a case in phrase or noun phrase that refers to

something that is made or created by the action verbs.Example: Tony built the shed.

“Tony membangun bangsal.” The shed is in the case of factitive. On the other

sentence:Tony repaired the shed.“Tony memugar bangsal.”

The shed is not located in factitive case because the shed had been there / standing at the time of restoration was carried out. In the sentence, the shed is in the objective case. Factitive Case is also called result/resultativecase.

6. Objective Case It is the case in the phrase or noun phrase that refers to anyone or

anything that has a neutral relationship to the action verbs. Noun or noun phrase in the objective case no action, do not act, nor is the instrument / equipment / means of action.

Example: Marry slided the onion with a knife.“Marry mengiris bawang putih itu dengan pisau.”The onion sliced easily.“bawang putih itu teriris dengan mudah.”The onion was thick.“bawang putih itu tebal.”

The Onion is not the agent (such as Marry) nor instrument (such as a knife); but instead is in the objective.

The notion of objective case had everything to do with the traditional sense of the object. However, not everything that is in the objective case can be an object and not all objects can be considered to be in the objective case.

7. Ergatif Case It cases is causative, which refers to the

syntactic relation that exists between a sentence.

Example: The car moved.“Mobil itu bergerak.”John moved the car. “John menggerakkan mobil itu.”

8. Instrumental CaseIt is about an inanimate instrument which is the cause of an action or state expressed by the verb, which in English by using the preposition “with”. Example: 1. Bella opened the door with

the key.“Bella membuka pintu itu dengan kunci.”2. The door was opened with the key by Bella.“Pintu itu dibuka dengan kunci oleh Bella.”3. The key opened the door.“Kunci membuka pintu itu.”

9. Locative Case

It is the case on a phrase or noun phrase that refers to the location / site of action verbs.

Example: Irene put the dictionary on the table. “Irene menaruh majalah itu di atas meja.”

The table is in the locative case. In English, it can be seen by using of the preposition: on, in, at, from.

Reference

Ba’dulu, Abdul Muis and Herman. 2005. Morfosintaksis. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.Sofwan, Ahmad. 2011. Bahan Ajar Morfosintaksis. Diponegoro University.

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