calcium and phosphorous relationship

8/11/2019 Calcium and Phosphorous Relationship

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Calcium and Phosphorous Relationship

The homeostasis of calcium and phosphorus is the result of complex relations between calcemia, phosphatemia, and different

hormones and factors working synergistically to keep a normal balance of these minerals. The normal value for serum calcium is 9.0

11.0 mg/dl while 3.04.5 mg/dl for phosphorus.

Calcium and Phosphorous homeostasis is like a seesaw.


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Acidosis & Alkalosis

Whats the difference between Acidosis and Alkalosis?In Alkalosis the pH is high, while in Acidosis the pH is low.

Alkalosis is kickin the pH up. Acidosis is slidin the pH down.


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Potassium Levels in Acidosis

Remember, Potassium (K) goes inside in Acidosis. In metabolic acidosis, more than one-half of the excess hydrogen ions are buffered

in the cells. Thus, metabolic acidosis results in a plasma potassium concentration that is elevated in relation to total body stores.

pH down = K up! (Yet another seesaw)

Hypokalemia

Hypokalemia means having low potassium level of less than than 3.5 mEq/L. Potassium is one of the bodys major ions. Nearly 98%

of the bodys potassium is intracellular. The ratio of intracellular to extracellular potassium is important in determining the cellular

membrane potential. Small changes in the extracellular potassium level can have profound effects on the function of the

cardiovascular and neuromuscular systems.

Intestinal motility and heart activity is slowed during hypokalemia. During hypoK, remember the heart saying Wake us up when its

over.


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Hyperkalemia

Hyperkalemia is defined as a serum potassium concentration greater than approximately 3.5-5.5 mEq/L in adults; whereas levels

exceeding 8.5 mEq/L can cause respiratory paralysis or cardiac arrest and can quickly be fatal.

Changes during hyperkalemia, note the ECG reading!

Heat Stroke

Signs and symptoms of Heat Stroke including the acid-base imbalances and electrolyte imbalances within.

Signs and symptoms of Heat Stroke and note the management below.


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Heat Exhaustion

Heat exhaustion occurs after being exposed to high temperatures for a long period of time and have become dehydrated.

Mowing the lawn far too long? You might get heat exhaustion not too long!

Causes of Alkalosis

So what are the causes of alkalosis in Respiratory Alkalosis and Metabolic Alkalosis? Common causes ofRespiratory Alkalosis(pH ,

CO2 ) are: initial stages of pulmonary emboli, anxiety,pregnancy and fever. Common causes ofMetabolic Alkalosis(pH ,

HCO3) are: loss of gastric juices, antacid overdose, and potassium wasting diuretics.

Different causes of alkalosis.
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Causes of Acidosis

Difference of Respiratory Acidosis and Metabolic Acidosis.Respiratory Acidosis(pH CO2 ) is usually caused by Hypoventilation,

drug overdose,COPD,airway obstruction and pulmonary edema.Metabolic Acidosis(pH CO2 )on the other hand is usually

caused by: Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Salicylate overdose, severe diarrhea andrenal failure.

Different causes of Acidosis.

Clue to Contractions

If true labour is progressing, there will be adequate uterine contraction, evaluated on the basis of: the frequency, the duration and

the intensity of the contractions.
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Figure out the DIF

Journey to Delivery

Delivery as related to fetal stations.

Journey to Delivery is like Fishing: Fetal Stations.


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Early and Late Decelerations

A deceleration is a decrease in the fetal heart rate below the fetal baseline heart rate. An early deceleration is defined as a

waveform with a gradual decrease and return to baseline with time from onset of the deceleration to the lowest point of the

deceleration >30 seconds. The nadir of the early deceleration occurs with the peak of a contraction.

A late deceleration also has a waveform with a gradual decrease and return to baseline with time from onset of the deceleration to

nadir >30 seconds. However, the late deceleration is shifted to the right of the contraction.

Its okay to be early, but dont be late!

Fetal Station


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Station refers to how far down the babys head has descended into the mothers pelvis. Thebirth canal is shaped like a cone, curving

underneath and behind the pubic bone. Its narrowest section lies between two bony landmarks of the pelvis (one on either side),

called the ischial spines. The geometric plane that extends through these spines and up to the pubic bone is called the midpelvis and

is arbitrarily described as zero station. As the babys head descends below this plane, the station of the baby is indicated by a

number representing how many centimeters the baby has descended.


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Im at Zero, from here its all positive and Im on my way out!

+4 Station and Delivery

+4 station means a baby is soon coming out!


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+4 is on the floor!

Caput Succedaneum

Caput succedaneum is swelling of the scalp in a newborn. It is most often brought on by pressure from the uterus or vaginal wall

during a head-first (vertex) delivery.


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In Caput Succedaneum, the cap goes across the suture lines.

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder in which the body cant process part of a protein called phenylalanine (Phe).The best

treatment for PKU is a diet of low-protein foods. There are special formulas for newborns. For older children and adults, the diet

includes many fruits and vegetables. It also includes some low-protein breads, pastas and cereals. Nutritional formulas provide the

vitamins and minerals they cant get from their food.


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PKU is an inherited error in metabolism, heres an overview of PKU.

Postpartum Complications

Complications may occur more during cesarean delivery, prolonged ROM, prolonged labor, bladder catheterization and hemorrhage


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Common postpartum complications

calcium and phosphorous relationship

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