PROFESSIONAL ISSUE ON:• Plagiarism • Censorship

-from the Latin word plagiarius

-“kidnapper”

-a form of cheating

-“the false assumption of authorship: the wrongful act of taking the product of another person’s mind and presenting it as one ’s own” .

What is Plagiarism?

(Alexander Lindey, Plagiarism and Originality [New York, Harper, 1952] 2)

Plagiarism involves two kinds of wrongs:

1. Using another person’s ideas, information, or expressions without acknowledging that person’s work constitutes intellectual theft.

2. Passing off another person’s ideas, information, or expressions as your own to get a better grade or gain some other advantage constitutes fraud.

(Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook. 6th ed. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2003. 66.)

Plagiarism is sometimes a moral and ethical offense rather than a legal one since some instances of plagiarism fall outside the scope of copyright infringement, a legal offense.

(Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook. 6th ed. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2003. 66.)

Misappropriation Faulty Citation copyright infringement literary theft Imitation cheating cribbing, stealing

Examples of Plagiarism

Are you stealing intellectual property?

Intellectual property •is protected by patents on inventions; •trademarks on branded devices;• copyrights on music, •videos, •patterns, •forms of expression; • state and federal laws.

The type of intellectual property that has been stolen will determine what rights you have and how you will need to go about proving theft. The most common types of intellectual property are:Copyrighted material. Original material fixed in a tangible medium of expression is eligible for copyright protection.[1] Examples of work eligible for copyright protection includes poems, photographs, paintings, software, and music.Trademarks. A trademark is a word, symbol, phrase, and/or design that identifies and distinguishes the source of goods of one party from those of another. A service mark is a trademark that identifies the source of services instead of goods.[2]

Trade secrets. A trade secret is any valuable business information that is not generally known, which is kept confidential to preserve its economic value.[3] An example is Kentucky Fried Chicken's secret recipe.

http://www.wikihow.com/Prove-Intellectual-Property-Theft

•Isolate the reasons why plagiarism occurs

•Identify the different types of plagiarism

•Integrate plagiarism prevention

Strategy to avoid plagiarism

Unintentional PlagiarismParaphrasing poorly: changing a few words without changing the sentence structure of the original, or changing the sentence structure but not the words. 

Quoting poorly:  putting quotation marks around part of a quotation but not around all of it, or putting quotation marks around a passage that is partly paraphrased and partly quoted.

Citing poorly:  omitting an occasional citation or citing inaccurately.

Intentional PlagiarismPassing off as one’s own pre-written papers from the Internet or other sources.

Copying an essay or article from the Internet, on-line source, or electronic database without quoting or giving credit.

Cutting and pasting from more than one source to create a paper without quoting or giving credit.

Borrowing words or ideas from other students or sources without giving credit.

Plagiarism Prevention: Be authenticDevelop a topic based on previously written material but write something new and original

Rely on opinions of experts on a topic but improve upon those opinions

Give credit to researchers while making your own contribution

Follow a standard documentation method such as MLA or APA format

The First Type of plagiarism

Plagiarism of WordsThe use of another’s exact words without citing the author

IncorrectPlagiarism is the reproduction of someone else’s words, ideas or findings and presenting them as one’s own without proper acknowledgement.

CorrectPlagiarism is the “reproduction of someone else’s words, ideas or findings and presenting them as one’s own without proper acknowledgement” (Undergraduate Course Handbook: 2008, p.24)

The Second Type of plagiarism

Plagiarism of StructureParaphrasing another’s words by changing

sentence construction or word choice with citation

Paraphrasing while maintaining original sentence construction with acknowledging the source

The Third Type of plagiarism

Plagiarism of Ideas

Presenting another’sideas as your ownwithout giving theperson credit.

Submitting a paperwithout citing orincorrectly citinganother’s ideas

The Fourth Type of plagiarism

Plagiarism of Authorship

Turning in areplication ofanother’s work

Submitting a paperthat you got off theinternet or from afriend and presentingit as your own.

Plagiarism of Self• The use of previous

work for a separate assignment

• Although these were you original words and thoughts, receiving credit for a previous assignment is considered cheating

The Penalties of Plagiarism

Although plagiarism can be intentional or unintentional, both have consequences. A meeting with the VP of Students will be scheduled to determine an outcome

Receiving zero on the assignment

Failing the course

Suspension

Expulsion

Avoiding Plagiarism

Avoiding plagiarism is quite simple. The best method for avoiding it is to simply be honest; when you've used a source in your paper, give credit where it's due. Acknowledge the author of the original work you've used.

Another way to avoid plagiarism is to use your own work as often as possible. Quoting and citing sources is usually required and inevitable when doing research -- that's how you "back up" your own work. But using someone else's work excessively can be construed as plagiarism.

Another way to it is to quote and/or cite your sources properly.

Avoiding Plagiarism

Proper Quotations

In order to properly quote your sources, you should consult the style manual that would be appropriate for the research. In most cases, your professor will tell you which style manual would be preferred. If your professor doesn't indicate which manual to use, be sure to ask. The following examples are formatted in MLA, APA, and Chicago (Turabian is similar to Chicago) formats. The text is taken from the passage we saw earlier from Zimbardo.

Indirect: Some researchers note that "children are totally insensitive to their parents' shyness" (Zimbardo 62).

Direct: Zimbardo notes that “children are totally insensitive to their parents’ shyness” (62).

Paraphrasing: Some researchers have observed that children seem unaware that their parents are considered bashful (Zimbardo 62).

MLA Quotations

APA or Chicago Quotations

Indirect: Some researchers note that "children are totally insensitive to their parents' shyness" (Zimbardo, 1977, p.62).

Direct: Zimbardo (1977) notes that “Children are totally insensitive to their parents’ shyness” (p. 62).

Paraphrasing: Some researchers have observed that children seem oblivious to their parents’ bashfulness (Zimbardo, 1977).

Visit www.centralia.edu/academics/writingcenter/orhttp://owl.waol.org/

To learn more

http://library.columbia.edu/subject-guides/social-sciences/plagiarism.html

file:///C:/Users/blis04/Downloads/5%20Most%20Effective%20Methods%20for%20Avoiding%20Plagiarism%20-%20Gram

Definition of Censorship to examine in order to suppress or deleteanything considered objectionable.

Source:Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary

DEFINITIONS of CENSORSHIP"Supervision and control of the information and ideas that are circulated among the people within a society.

In modern times, censorship refers to the examination of books, periodicals, plays, films, television and radio programs, news reports, and other communication media for the purpose of altering or suppressing parts thought to be objectionable or offensive."        -- Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia  

•What's missing from this definition? Censorship by whom?•Is censorship by private groups and individuals included in this definition? Do they "supervise and control"?

http://media.okstate.edu/faculty/jsenat/censorship/defining.htm

History of Censorship

The word censor comes from the Office of the Censorcreated in Rome in 443 BC. The Censor’s job was toconduct the statistical census of the citizenry andprotect their morals.

What leads to censorship?• Fear•Conservation of Power•Individual Morality•Religious Interpretation