but what’s so special about carbon? carbon has 4 valence electrons can readily form and break...
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MacromoleculesThe Ingredients for Life
• But what’s so special about Carbon?• Carbon has 4 valence electrons• Can readily form and break bonds• Forms long chains• Can form single, double, and triple bonds
Organic = Carbon
Essential ElementsThere are 25 elements that are vital to
human survivalHowever, only 6 of them make up the
majority of our body:Carbon (C)Hydrogen (H)Oxygen (O)Nitrogen (N)Sulfur (S)Phosphorus (P)
Organic or Inorganic?
Acetic Acid CH3COOHSulfur dioxide SO2
Hydrogen H2
Acetone CH3COCH3 Calcium Carbonate CaCO3
Ascorbic Acid C6H8O6
Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2
Caffeine C8H10N4O2
Ammonia NH3
Glucose C6H12O6
All Living Things Contain Carbon!
It appears that this planet consists of carbon-based life-forms…
Acetic Acid CH3COOHAcetone CH3COCH3 Calcium Carbonate CaCO3
Ascorbic Acid C6H8O6
Caffeine C8H10N4O2
Glucose C6H12O6
Macromolecules: the Ingredients for Life
Macromolecules are large molecules made up of smaller organic molecules.
Living organisms must have 4 essential components, which we call macromolecules.1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic Acids
How Big are Macromolecules?Atoms Molecules and Compounds
Organelles
Cells
Organs
Organisms
Macromolecules
So, What are Macromolecules?Macromolecules are large molecules that
are made of smaller units called monomers (mono = one).
When these monomers link together to form a larger molecule, it is called a polymer (poly = many)
How are they made and taken apart?Macromolecules are synthesized (made)
when their monomers are linked together by removing waterThe process of removing water in order to
create bonds and link together molecules is called dehydration.
Macromolecules are broken down by adding water to the bonds between their monomers.This process of adding water in order to break
bonds is called hydrolysis.
Dehydration Reaction
Hydrolysis
Recipe for Life
Ingredients:Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
CarbohydratesElements: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen
(O) atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio.
Monomer: simple sugar, also called a monosaccharide. Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose
Polymer: Disaccharide – 2 monosaccharides linked together by
covalent bonds Ex: sucrose, lactose, maltose
Polysaccharide – many monosaccharides or disaccharides linked together in large, repeating units by covalent bonds
CarbohydratesFunction: quick energy, energy storage
or structural unitsQuick Energy
Simple sugars such as mono- and disaccharidesEnergy Storage
Large polysaccharides Ex: starch in plants; glycogen in animal liver and
muscleStructural Units
Large polysaccharides Ex: cellulose in plant walls; chitin in fungi
Recipe for LifeIngredients:Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids