Name: _______________________________ Period: ___________ Date: ______________________Notes: Carbon Compounds

Chapter 2-3 and 2-4

Chemistry of Carbon1. Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds2. Carbon can bond with: _________________________

Bonding SymbolsSingle Bond:____________________________________________________________________________Double Bond: ____________________________________________________________________________Triple Bond: ____________________________________________________________________________

Macromolecules1. Macromolecules are “Giant molecules”2. Consist of monomers (smaller units) that join together to form polymers (large molecules of repeating

units- monomers- bonded together by covalent bondsa. The process of bonding monomers together is called ______________________b. Synthesizing covalent bonds between the monomers involves losing a water molecule - dehydration, or condensation reaction

c. Hydrolysis: __________________________________________________________________________

Types of macromolecules1. 2. 3. 4.

Carbohydrates1. Composition: _________________________2. Monomer unit:__________________________3. Uses: _______________________________________________4. Examples:

a. Sugars1. Monosaccharide = simple sugar compound2. Dissacharides = two monosaccharides bonded together by a _glycosydic bond_

b. Starches: Complex carbohydrates that store extra sugar1. In animals, starch is called _glycogen__, structural is called _chitin_ 2. In plants, “plant starch”, structural is called __cellulose_

Lipids1. Composition: _________________________2. Subunits: _________________________3. Not soluble in water- nonpolar4. Function: _________________________5. Examples: fats, oils, waxes, steroids, cholesterol6. Types of fatty acids:

a. Unsaturated fatty acids: _________________________________________

Example: Olive oilb. Saturated fatty acids: _________________________________________

Example: Shortening, butter

Proteins1. Composition: _____________________2. Uses: _____________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

3. 4 levels of structurea. Made of monomers called amino acids, _20_ typesb. Same general structure, but different R group

Primary- _________________________________________

Secondary- _________________________________________

Tertiary- _________________________________________

Quaternary- _________________________________________

Nucleic Acids1. Composition: _________________________________________2. Uses: _________________________________________3. Two types

a. ____________ (deoxyribonucleic acid)b. ____________ (ribonucleic acid)

4. Monomer: ___________________ A nucleotide has three parts:a._______________________________ b._______________________________ c. ______________________________ (adenine, guanine, cytosine,

thymine, or uracil)

Chemical reaction: A change of one set of chemicals into another.1. Can be slow or fast2. Chemical reactions require collisions between molecules3. Involves changes in chemical bonds

A + B C + Da. Reactants: ______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________b. Products: ______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Chemical Reaction Example: CO2 in the body1. Cells produce CO2, then blood carries CO2 from cells to lungs (exhale)

Problem: CO2 is ____________________________________________________Solution: A chemical reaction converts CO2 to a soluble compound

2. In blood, CO2 is converted to soluble compound:CO2 + H2O → __________________

3. In the lungs, reaction is reverse to exhale CO2

H2CO3 → ___________________

Chemical reactions involve energy1. Breaking and forming chemical bonds requires energy release or absorption.2. Reactions that release energy can occur spontaneously (but not all do)

a. Energy is released as heat3. Reactions that absorb energy will not occur without an energy source.4. What is activation energy? ______________________________________________

Some chemical reactions are really slow or require lots of energy and cannot occur on their own.

__________/ __________Reaction __________/ __________Reaction

Enzymes are catalysts.1. Catalyst: ___________________________________________________________

a. An enzyme is a protein that act as biological catalystb. Enzymes speed up reactions that take place in cellsc. Enzymes provides a site (______________________) where reactants can be

brought together to react. This decreases the activation energy.d. Substrate: _____________________________________________________e. Enzymes can be reused, but can only have one type of substratef. The enzyme-substrate relationship is like that of a “lock and key”g. Enzymes can have an _________ ________ in which another molecule can

turn the enzyme on or off by binding to it (make the key work or not)h. Enzymes can be affected by:

1. 2. 3.