Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

• 4.1 – _________ chemistry is the study of carbon compounds• 4.2 – _________atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to

________other atoms• 4.3 A few ________ groups are key to the functioning of biological

molecules

Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

• 4.1 – Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds• 4.2 – Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four

other atoms• 4.3 A few chemical groups are key to the functioning of biological

molecules

In _______ _______ accidently produced the organic compound _______ while trying to make ammonium cyanate by mixing 2 ions: NH4- (ammonium) and CNO+ (cyanate)

In 1828 Wohler accidently produced the organic compound urea while trying to make ammonium cyanate by mixing 2 ions: NH4- (ammonium) and CNO+ (cyanate)

In _________ , _________ _________ zapped a H, NH3, CH4, and H2O vapor and got some CH2O (_________ ), HCN (_________ cyanide),

O H:C:::N ::H:C :H

Some _________ acids, and some _________ chains

In 1953, Stanley Miller zapped a H, NH3, CH4, and H2O vapor and got some CH2O (formaldehyde), HCN (hydrogen cyanide),

O H:C:::N ::H:C :H

Some amino acids, and some hydrocarbon chains

________ ________ O=C=O

________ CH4

________ C2H6

________ or ________ C2H4

C

H

HH

H

C

H

H

H

C

H

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

Carbon dioxide O=C=O

Methane CH4

Ethane C2H6

Ethelyne or Ethene C2H4

C

H

HH

H

C

H

H

H

C

H

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

HONC if you love chemistry valences1-Hydrogen _______

8-Oxygen _______ 16-Sulfur _______

7-Nitrogen _______ 15-Phosphorous _______

6-Carbon _______ 14-Silicon _______

HONC if you love chemistry valencesvalence = # of unpaired electrons in outer shell

1-Hydrogen 1

8-Oxygen 2 16-Sulfur 2

7-Nitrogen 3 15-Phosphorous 3

6-Carbon 4 14-Silicon 4

HONC if you love chemistry valencesvalence = # of unpaired electrons in outer shell

1-Hydrogen 1 – 9.5%

8-Oxygen 2 - 65% 16-Sulfur 2 – 0.3%

7-Nitrogen 3 - 3.3% 15-Phosphorous 3 – 1%

6-Carbon 4 - 18.5% 14-Silicon 4 – trace < 0.01%

__________ consist of only Hydrogen and Carbon

Hydrocarbons consist of only Hydrogen and Carbon

4 ways a carbon skeleton can vary

• _________

• _________

• _________ _________ _________

• _________ of _________

4 ways a carbon skeleton can vary

• Length

• Branching

• Double bond position

• Presence of rings

Fat molecule

______________chains joined at their heads with a few ______________

Fat molecule

Hydrocarbon chains joined at their heads with a few oxygens

Isomers

Same ___________ formula, different:

1. Structure – ___________ isomers2. Arrangement – ___________ isomers3. Handedness - ___________

Isomers

Same chemical formula, different:

1. Structure – structural isomers2. Arrangement – Cis-Trans isomers3. Handedness - Enantiomers

Fun isomer facts• There are ____variations of C8H18

• _____isomers are sisters (same side)_____ isomers trake trurns

• Enantiomers – a carbon with 4different atoms or moleculesattached – the carbon is calledan _______ carbon are ___& ___or S and R

Fun isomer facts

• There are 18 variations of C8H18

• Cis isomers are sisters (same side)Trans isomers trake trurns

• Enantiomers – a carbon with 4different atoms or moleculesattached – the carbon is calledan asymmetric carbon are Levo & Dextro or S and R

Steroids

____ fused rings

Steroids

4 fused rings

7 most biologically important Chemical Groups1. ________ Structure: ___________2. ________ Name: ______________3. ________ Example: _______________4. ________ Functional properties: _______________________5. ________6. ________7. ________

7 most biologically important Chemical Groups1. Hydroxyl ---OH on a carbon, has a partial + charge2. ________ name: Alcohols3. ________ example: ethanol4. ________ functional properties:5. ________ * polar due to H partial +6. ________ * hydrophilic, H bonds to H2O7. ________

C

H

H

H

C

H

OH

H

7 most biologically important Chemical Groups1. hydroxyl Structure: ___________2. ________ Name: ______________3. ________ Example: _______________4. ________ Functional properties: _______________________5. ________6. ________7. ________

7 most biologically important Chemical Groups

1. hydroxyl structure: >C=O2. carbonyl name: ketones (interior), aldehydes (end)3. ________ example ketone: Acetone4. ________5. ________6. ________7. ________ example aldehyde: propanalFunctional properties:

Keytones and aldehydes may bestructural isomers2 major sugar groups are ketoses (with a ketone)and aldoses (with an aldehyde)

C

H

H

H

C

H

H

H

C

O

C

H

H

H

C

O

H

H

C

H

7 most biologically important Chemical Groups1. hydroxyl Structure: ___________2. carbonyl Name: ______________3. ________ Example: _______________4. ________ Functional properties: _______________________5. ________6. ________7. ________

7 most biologically important Chemical Groups1. hydroxyl Structure: ---COOH2. carbonyl Name: Carboxylic acids (organic acids)3. carboxyl Example: Acetic acid (in vinegar)4. ________ Functional properties:5. ________ * Acts as an acid, proton donor6. ________ * typically found in ionized form7. ________ in cells

H C

O

OH

H

C

H

C

O

O-

C

O

OH

7 most biologically important Chemical Groups1. hydroxyl Structure: ___________2. carbonyl Name: ______________3. carboxyl Example: _______________4. ________ Functional properties: _______________________5. ________6. ________7. ________

7 most biologically important Chemical Groups1. hydroxyl structure: -NH2 2. Carbonyl name: amines3. carboxyl example: glycine4. amino functional properties:5. ________ * acts as a base as a 6. ________ proton acceptor7. ________ * becomes a positive ion after gaining a protonAmines with a carboxyl areamino acids (like glycine)

N

H

H

C

H

HHO

O

N

H

H

C

+N

H

H

H

7 most biologically important Chemical Groups1. hydroxyl Structure: ___________2. carbonyl Name: ______________3. carboxyl Example: _______________4. amino Functional properties: _______________________5. ________6. ________7. ________

7 most biologically important Chemical Groups1. hydroxyl structure: -SH 2. Carbonyl name: thiols3. carboxyl4. amino5. sulfhydryl6. ________ example: cysteine7. ________functional properties: 2 sulfhydryls can covalently bond – making a strong proteincan break and reform in other shapes like straight to curly hair

7 most biologically important Chemical Groups1. hydroxyl Structure: ___________2. carbonyl Name: ______________3. carboxyl Example: _______________4. amino Functional properties: _______________________5. sylfhydryl6. ________7. ________

7 most biologically important Chemical Groups1. hydroxyl structure: -OPO3

2- 2. Carbonyl name: organic phosphates3. carboxyl4. amino5. sulfhydryl example: Glycerol phosphate6. Phosphate7. ________functional properties:*Contributes neg. charge to bonded molecules*phosphate groups potentially react with water releasing energy like ATP

7 most biologically important Chemical Groups1. hydroxyl Structure: ___________2. carbonyl Name: ______________3. carboxyl Example: _______________4. amino Functional properties: _______________________5. sylfhydryl6. phosphate7. ________

7 most biologically important Chemical Groups1. hydroxyl structure: -CH3 2. Carbonyl name: methylated compounds3. carboxyl4. amino5. sulfhydryl example: 5-Methyl cytidine (or cytosine in the old book)

6. Phosphate7. methylfunctional properties:*in DNA – affects the expression of genes*arrangement of methyl groups in hormones affect shape and function

7 most biologically important Chemical Groups1. Hydroxl2. Carbonyl 3. Carboxyl4. Amino5. Sulfhydryl6. Phosphate7. Methyl

Important source of energy

• ATP ( _____________ _____________)

Important source of energy

• ATP ( adenosine triphosphate)

ATP reaction with ______ gives ______

one ________leaves becoming an ___ ___ ___ O3-2

often abbreviated and _______ is released

ATP reaction with water gives energyone phosphate leaves becoming an HOPO3

-2

often abbreviated and energy is released

End of Chapter 4