FORTITtJD liBULLETIN OF THE MARINE CORPS HISTORICAL PROGLHISTORICAL BULLETIN VOLUME XXV FALL 1995 NUMBER

MARINE CORPS HOSTS NATIONAL MEMORIAL SERVICE FOR PACIFIC WAR VETERANS. . . DEPARTING DIRECTOR

ADVISES ON ADVANTAGES OF STUDYING MILITARY HISIORY. . WORLD WAR II COMMEMORATION CREATES

BOOM IN BUSINESS FOR REFERENCE SECTION. . . 'FIRST' SwoRD CAPTURED FROM JAPANESE COMES 10 MUSEUM

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution isunlimited.

PCN 10401220100

HISTORYAND MUSEUMSDIVISION

Marine Corps Historical CenterBuilding 55. washington Navy Yard

90! M Street. SoutheastWashington, D.C. 20374-5040

Telephone: (202) 433-3840

DIRECTOR EMERITUS

BGen Edwin I-I. Simmons, USMC (Ret)

DIRECTOR

Col Michael F. Monigait. USMCActing

.Ve'cret,iry to the Director: Mrs. Patricia E. Morgan.

DEPUTY DIRECTOR

Cu! Michael F. Mortigan. USMC

HISTORICAL BRANCH

sIc/mit He,id/Head Historie.s Section: Mr. Benis M, Frank.Ciio'/ Hcitorian: Dr. Jack Shulimson; Mr. Charles R. Smith:Maj Steven M. Zimmeck, USMC; Maj John T. Quinn II.USMC; Mrs. Wanda F. Renfrow. Oral HAlo,5 f/nit: Mr.Ru hard A. long. Rejirence Section: Mr.DattnvJ. Crawford;Mr. Robert V. Aquilina; Mrs. Ann A. Ferrarite; Miss LenaM. Kaijot; Mrs. Shelia Gramblin. Archives: Mr. Frederick

J. Graboske: Miss AmyJ. Cantin, Persona/Papers; Mrs.JovceC. Hudson, CpI Eric M. Trischan. USMC. Official Paper.i.

MUSEUMS BRANCH

He.id.-Oj7ici'r.in- Charge. Air- Ground Museum. Quantico:Cssl Alfred ,J. Ponnwitz. USMC. Operation.s Officer: IstLiKristitia L. Wenger, USMC. Museums Section: Mr. Charles

A Wood. Chief Curator. Mr. Kenneth L. Smith-Christmas.Material Hoiory; Mr. John G. Griffiths, Ordnance; SSgt

Mitch Garringer, USMC; LCpI David Nieves. Jr.. USMC.Restoration; Mr. Michael E. Starn, Aeronautics; Mr. Ronald

J. Perkins. Mr. Ronnie D. Alexander. Exhibit.i; Mrs. NancyF. Kitig. Uniforms; Mrs. Jennifer L. Castro, Registrar: Mrs.

Kathryn R. Trout, Programs Assistant. Security: SSgt HurelJ. Ward. USMC; Sgt Daryl L. Clark. USMC; Sgt Pete K.Basahe. USMC; Sgt DonaldJ. Yusko, USMC; Cpl Jeffrey B.Jsities, USMC; LCpI Kanaya T. Easlev. USMC: LCpl WesleyC. Simpson, USMC; LCpl Tobias T. Paskr, USMC; PFCDat cl Irel inski. USMC.

MARINE CORPS MUSEUM UNIT, WASHINGTON. D.C.

Ev/,ihits: Mr. James A. Fairfax; Mr. Gordon H. Heim. Ma-rn/s Coips Art Collection: Mr. John T. Dyer. Jr.

SUPPORT BRANCH

He,id/Division Executive OJfscer: LtColDave Beaslev. Jr.,USMC, Editing and Design Section: Mr. Robert E. Siruder;Mr. William S. Hill; Mrs. Catherine A. Kerns. Librar5: Miss

Evelyn A. Englander. Administration: Capt John T. Simp.suit. USMC: SSgt Myrna A. Thomas. USMC: Sgt ExkchartRattanachai. USMC; Cpl Jean P. Duckeit, USMC; Cpl ToddNI Halacv. USMC; Cpl Tracey W. 'I'homas. USMC. Security

f/nit: SSgt i'reaty N. Williams, USMC.

Mr. Robert E. StruderSenior Editor/Editoy Fortitudine

FORTIT[JD INEMotto of the United States Marine Corps in the 1812 era

Historical Bulletin Volume XXV Fall 1995 No. 2

This quarterly bulletin of the Marine Corps historical program iS published for Marines, atthe rate of one copy for every nine on active duty, to provide education and training in theuses of military and Marine Corps history. Other interested readers may purchase single co-pies or four-issue subscriptions from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office. The appropriate order form appears in this issue.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Memorandum from the Director: Why You Should Study Military HistoryBGen Edwin H. Simmons, USMC (Ret) 3

Historic 8th and I Barracks Last in Corps with 'Live' Bugler for Daily Callsl.Cpl Chance D. Puma 8

Readers Always JVrite: Readers Applaud Unit Genealogy Effort, Iraq Volume 9

Gen Wailer Portrait Once Again Adorns Quantico ClubKenneth L. Smith-Christmas 11

Reference Historians' Tasks Multiplied by AnniversaryDanny]. Crawford 12

Mentioned in Passing: LtGen Craig's Father Warned Him About the MarinesBenis M. Frank 14

Sword Here May Be First Taken from Japanese by MarineKenneth L. Smith-Christmas 17

'Newsmaps' Kept Citizens on Top of War DevelopmentsAmy]. Cantin 18

Restoration Chief Joe Payton Ends Distinguished CareerKenneth L. Smiih-Christma.c 19

Henderson Field Name Kept for New Guadalcanal international AirportFrom reports pro etc/ed by the Public Affairs Office. US. Marine Forces. Pacific 20

Historical Quiz: Civil War MarinesAnnette D. Amertnan 20

Hoffman Again Takes Foundation's Heini AwardCharles R. Smith 21

Answers to Historical Quiz: Civil War Marines 22Marine Corps Chronology: September-December 1946

Robert V Aquilina 23Pacific Marines Mark End of World War II Observances

From reports provided by the Public Affairs Office, US. Marine Forces, Pacific 24

THE COVER

This watercolor from the Marine Corps collection, "PB4Y on Henderson Field," b the artistHerbert H. Laidman, then a technical sergeant and combat correspondent with a Marineatrcraft wing, recalls the World War II victory on Guadalcanal in the Solomon islands. Aprimary objective of the Marine campaign was the takeover of aJapanese-built airfield locat-ed on the island. Captured after heavy fighting, and named in honor of Marine Maj LoftonHenderson, the field subsequently played a significant role in the air war in the Pacific. Lastyear. to commemorate the victory and liberation, the government of the Solomon Islandsdecided to retain the Henderson name for a new international airport to be built on Guadal-canal. The story appears on page 20. Such ceremonies marking the 50th anniversary of theend of World War II by and large were brought to a close in September, when Marine ForcesPacific hosted the official National Memorial Service at the "Punchbowl" National Cemeteryin Honolulu, as well as other events at Pearl Harbor and Kaneohe Bay. Their guests includedthe President and Mrs. Clinton, the Defense and Armed Services secretaries, and the Chair-man of the joint Chiefs, In another feature, beginning on page 14, LtGen Edward A. Craig,who led the 9th Marines at Bougainville, is memorialized by Chief Historian Benis M. Frank

Fortitudine is produced in the Editing and Design Section of the History and Museums Division. Thetext for Fortitudine is set in 10-point and 8-point Garamond typeface. Headlines are in 18-point or24-point Garamond. The bulletin is printed on 70-pound, matte-coated paper by offset lithography.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

2 Fortitudine, Fall 1995

HEADQ UARTERSUS. MARINE CORPS

Memorandum from the Director

Why You Should Study Military History

BGen Simmons

T HIS PAST AUGUST I had the privilegeof speaking to the newly convened

Amphibious Warfare School class atQuantico on "Why We Study Military His-tory." Actually, it should be self-evident tothose who profess to be military profes-sionals why they should study militaryhistory.

My audience was mostly Marine cap-tains, but there was a sprinkling of officersof similar grade from other U.S. and for-eign services. In the hour that I had, I triedto speak a little, not only on why we studymilitary history, but also on how to studyit.

Having warned the class that it was go-ing to be a short hour for me, but mightbe a long hour for them, I started off withsomething that constantly intrigues me:the elasticity of time. Time is sometimescalled the "fourth dimension." That mayor may not be, as I told the class, but wi-thin time itself there are at least threedimensions: present, past, and future. Ingrammar we call these the "tenses."

Where we are now just now, as you readthis, is in the "present." The only place wecan be is in the "present." It is an exqui-sitely short instant. You can look at yourwatch and put a time to it, but by the timeyou do, it already will be in the past.

The time that I spent getting ready tospeak to the students of the AmphibiousWarfare School was in the past. How far

in the past? I told the students, with somejustification, that I had spent a lifetimegetting ready to give them this lecture.

The future? From this instant, which wecall the "present," the future spreads outas a fan with an infinite number of path-ways. Some of these pathways we canchoose and affect; some we cannot.

There is an old cliche that "historyrepeats itself." That old cliche was givenmore elegant form by the Americanphilosopher, George Santayana, who, bu-ried in his five-volume Life of Reason,wrote, "Those who cannot remember thepast are condemned to repeat it."

This is not quite the same as saying"history repeats itself." History is not apredictor of the future. History is simplyour record of the past. If there is no record,there is no history. It is an imperfectrecord. History is our collective memoryof the past, with some of the same faults,distortions, omissions, and exaggerationsthat mar our own personal memories.

Preceding recorded history there is

something called "pre-history'—- literally,"before history." Recorded history beganwith the invention of writing. Some timeafter the invention of writing came the in-vention of the book.

In 1979 I heard Barbara Tuchman, whois my absolute favorite popular historian,give a lecture at the Library of Congresson the 5,000-year history of the book andits importance to what we call "civiliza-tion." She called it the transmitter of civili-zation and the greatest learning tool of alltime.

Early written records were chiseled instone or pressed into heavy, clunky tabletsof clay. These were not really books. Forone thing, they lacked easy transportabil-ity. Then about 3,000 years ago papyrus,parchment, and other early forms of paperbegan to emerge, and books, as we knowthem, became possible. At first they wererolled up into scrolls, but then someone

He spent a lifetime getting ready to give this lecture, BGen Simmons told the AW/Sstudents. Here, in 1962 returned to 1.Vashington from the Dominican Republic where hehad been military liaison officer at the US. Embassy, then -LtCol Simmons receives theLegion of Merit medal from Commandant of the Marine Corps Gen DavidM. Shoup.

BGen Simmons retired early in1996 after 53 years, 7 months serv-ice with the Marines, including thepast 24 years as Director of MarineCorps History and Museums. He isthe past president of the AmericanMilitary Institute (now the Societyfor Military History), the Council onA merica c Military Past, and the 1stMarine Division Association, and isa founder and senior vice presidentojthe Marine Corps Historical Foun-dation.

Fortiludine, Fall 1995

discovered how to stitch together the flatleaves into what we call books.

The Bible hints that the finalapocalyptical battle of Armaged-don will be fought at Megiddo. Ifthis happens, it will give militaryhistory a nice, final, concludingsymmetry.

The earliest battle of which we havemuch of a record is the battle of Megid-do. In 1479 B.C., King Thutmose III ofEgypt put down a revolt at Megiddo innorthern Palestine. Since then that samebattleground has been used at least 15times, most notably for Allenby's closingbattle against the Turks in September1918. It is still being used today as a bat-tlefield, more-or-less, by the Syrians, Le-banese, Palestinians, and Israelis. TheBible hints that the final apocalypticalbattle of Armageddon will be fought atMegiddo. If this happens, it will give mili-tary history a nice, final, concludingsymmetry.

Most readers are probably familiar withthe fragmentary histories of ancient warsand battles to be found in the Old Testa-ment of the Bible. Compare the long his-tory of the book, of which the Bible is theprime example, with the history of thecomputer which, in 40 years or so, hasgone from main-frame to mini- to micro-computer. Computers were not really goodlearning machines until they reached themicro-computer stage. The book is old;the computer is new. The book remainsthe fundamental learning machine; thecomputer merely offers an acceleration ofthe process.

Man is the only animal, that we knowof, who can accumulate knowledge, storeit, and then regurgitate it. This accumu-lation of knowledge and its transfer is whatwe call "civilization." In the very broadestsense, all this accumulation of knowledgeis "history." In a more narrow sense, thereare all kinds and forms of specializedhistory.

It is important for any profession-al to know something about thehistory of his or her profession.

It is important for any professional toknow something about the history of hisor her profession. It is essential, for exam-

Figure 1

pie, that a physician know something ofthe history of medicine. This historicalknowledge can be specific and finite, suchas the history of the successes and failuresof certain medications, and it can be doc-trinal and philosophical. Most graduatesof medical schools still swear to the Hip-pocratic oath. Fealty to the Hippocraticoath in itself is a demonstration of the im-portance of history to medicine.

The analogy to the military professionshould be obvious. What then is militaryhistory? Broadly stated, military history isthe record of mankind's waging of war.

Marine Corps history is only a smallpart—a very small part— of militaryhistory, but if you are a Marine, itis a very important small part.

A sharp distinction needs to be madebetween "military history" and "MarineCorps history." Strangely, these two distinctsegments of history are often confused.The terms are even sometimes used inter-changeably. Marine Corps history is onlya small part—a very small part—of mili-tary history, but if you are a Marine, it isa very important small part. If you are nota Marine, and some of Fortitudine's read-ers are not, a bit of exposure to MarineCorps history will improve your under-standing of this peculiar institution, theUnited States Marine Corps.

Retirement

Conversely, it would do no harm if aMarine were to read a history of the Unit-ed States Army, or of the United States AirForce, or of the United States Navy. Prag-matically, in this age of joint operationsa study of other Service histories is a wayof getting at a useful understanding of theother Services.

Figure 1, like most diagrams, is an over-simplification, but what it suggests is thatat the beginning of a Marine Corps careerit is well to concentrate on Marine Corpshistory, but then, with time and growth,study should broaden into wider forms ofmilitary history. The same would seem toapply for any professional field.

Without getting into the everlasting de-bate over training versus education, I willsuggest that Marine Corps history, for aMarine, relates more closely to trainingand military history relates more closelyto education. To training and educationI would add another term, and that is in-spiration. Today, in the era of the anti-hero, we are not too comfortable with theterm "inspiration." Too many historians to-day either sneer at the past or deplore it.We saw that dramatically in 1992, the500th anniversary of the discovery of theNew World by Columbus. Poor Columbus. He waited 500 years for the world tocelebrate his discovery of America, and, in-stead of being applauded as a hero, he was

4 Fortitudine, Fall 1995

INTERRELATIONSHIP OF MARINE CORPSHISTORY AND MILITARY HISTORY

Military History(Education)

Marine Corps History(Training)

Entry MARINE CORPS CAREER

denounced as a criminal. We saw it againmore recently in the Enola Gay controversyat the Air and Space Museum. Thankful-ly, the good people of this country, andmost particularly the veterans of our wars,don't necessarily accept the new interpre-tations of history by revisionist historianswho see little that is good about America.

There is still room in the Marine Corpsfor the old-fashioned virtues of courage,heroism, and patriotism. Certainly thereis much in the way of inspiration to befound in our history for all of these, and,on a national scale, in American militaryhistory as a whole.

Well-worn history, with many tellings,becomes legend and legend becomesmyth. Bundled up together, our history,our legends, and our myths are the under-pinning of our traditions and our tradi-tions are a vital ingredient of our espritde corps.

It doesn't bother me that some ofthe things that Marines learn atboot camp, or the Basic School, oreven, perhaps, at higher MarineCorps levels, aren't quite so.

It doesn't really bother me that someof the things that Marines learn at bootcamp, or the Basic School, or even,perhaps, at higher Marine Corps levels,aren't quite so. I am not too concernedthat generations of Marines have been ledto believe that the Marine Corps wasfounded at Tun Tavern in Philadelphia orthat the red stripe on their dress bluescommemorates the blood shed atChapultepec. I will, however, outline aprocess for getting a firmer grip on Ma-rine Corps history.

I will suggest, unabashedly, as a firstreader in Marine Corps history, my ownThe United States Marines: The First TwoHundred Years, 1775-1975. It is out ofdate. It goes through the Vietnam Warand then stops, but it is an easy read andit is available in paperback. As a secondreader in Marine Corps history, I recom-mend The US. Marine Corps Story byJ.Robert Moskin. Bob was a senior editorand foreign editor of Look magazine andis also a sound historian. The design of hisbook is rather like a series of expertly con-structed magazine articles carefully over-lapped so that the seams don't show.

The third, and the most academic of the

Marine Corps histories that I would recom-mend, is Semper Fidelis by Allan R.Millett, who is both a professor of mili-tary history at Ohio State University anda retired Marine Corps Reserve colonel.

Another Marine Corps history, one Iwill recommend for sheer reading pleas-ure, is Soldiers of the Sea by the late ColRobert D. Heinl. Bob wrote in a fine,florid style and a good portion of his bookis given over to a vivid, and sometimescontroversial, account of the Marine Corps'struggle for survival.

The single best book on Marines andamphibious warfare continues to be TheUS. Marines and Amphibious U/ar: ItsTheory, and Its Practice in the Pacific by

Jeter A. Isely and Philip A. Crow!.

1'here are also the Marine Corps' offi-cial histories, the products of the Historyand Museums Division. Our objective inthese publications is to be as accurate andas complete as possible. Among thesepublications are a five-volume history ofMarine operations in World War II and afive-volume history of Marines in theKorean War. We have published 10

volumes on the Vietnam War and haveone more in manuscript. This last volumewill cover the crucial year 1968. We havepublished four volumes on Marines in thePersian Gulf and have three more volumesto go. We have two monographs in workfor Somalia. There is also our popular ser-ies of World War II anniversary pamph-lets and a good number of other morespecialized histories, including someregimental, squadron, and base histories.

In the writing of our officialhistories, the primary historicalrecord on which we depend is thecommand chronology.

In the writing of our official histories,the primary historical record on which wedepend is the command chronology. Ev-ery base and every unit of battalion andsquadron size and larger is required tosubmit a command chronology, annual-ly, semi-annually, or monthly dependingupon circumstances.

Going beyond Marine Corps history andas an introduction to the overall study ofAmerican military history, I recommendthese three fine books:

First, Arms and Men by Walter Millis.

Millis was a 30-year veteran of the NewYork Herald Tribune in the 1950s whenhe wrote Arms and Men. His is a pessimis-tic book as to the utility of war. Almostall analysis and interpretation, Millis isscant on facts, often imprecise, and some-times absolutely wrong, but his book is agood place to start a study of war andmodern society.

Next, there is The American Way of Warby Russell Weigley. A good deal of Profes-sor Weigley's considerable reputationstems from this book. His book is chieflya history of American strategies from 1775down to the near present. He challengesin a melancholy way Millis's conclusion asto the futility of war. He says, "Unfor-tunately, the preservation of nationalvalues demands the use of combats still tobe contemplated by the makers of nationalstrategy."

And third, there is For the CommonDefense: A Military History of the Unit-edStates ofAmerica by Allan Millett andPeter Maslowski. One reviewer has calledit "the best general history of U.S. mili-tary and naval activities in peace and warthat we are likely to see for some years"and I agree. It covers the full sweep ofAmerican military history from colonialtimes down to the present.

And looking back, we find thatsome operations we did not knowwere 'joint" are now classified as'joint." In history this is calledrevisionism.

Speaking of the present, "jointness" and"joint operations" are the catchwords ofthe day. We hear that all future operationswill be joint. And looking back, we findthat some operations we did not knowwere "joint" are now classified as "joint."In history this is called revisionism.

The National Defense University givesa good deal of attention to joint history.There is now a Joint History Office in theJoint Staff. Joint history teams are nowsent to such operations as Somalia, Haiti,and Bosnia. As readers of Fortitudineknow, the History and Museums Divisionprovides members to these Joint Historyteams from its affiliated Reserve Mobili-zation Training Unit and IndividualMobilization Augmentees.

But joint history is not a substitute forService histories. In any case, the histori-cal process should never be monolithic.

Fo,'iiiudine, Fall 1995 5

There is no such thing as absolute truthin history. Necessarily, history is alwaysshaped and conditioned by viewpoint andperspective. A general's view of a war is notthe same, and is sometimes not even simi-lar, to that of a private's. The enemy's viewof a war is not the same as ours. The Brit-ish call the enemy's viewpoint "the otherside of the hill." What he is seeing fromhis side of the hill is not what we are see-ing from our side.

You can be absolutely certain thatwhat is being taught in Iraq todayabout the Persian Gulf War is quitedifferent from what we believe tobe the history of the Gulf War.

You can be absolutely certain that whatis being taught in Iraq today about thePersian Gulf War is quite different fromwhat we believe to be the history of theGulf War. I am also quite certain that theIraqi version is not altogether wrong andthat our version is not altogether right.Taking that further, what is being taughtat Quantico as the Persian Gulf War is notquite the same as what is being taught atNewport, Rhode Island; Carlisle, Pennsyl-vania; or Montgomery, Alabama.

The ghost of Alfred Thayer Mahanfloats over the Naval War College at New-port. The spirit of Karl von Clausewitzdominates the Army War College atCarlisle and that of Giulio Douhet hoversover the Air Force University in Mont-gomery. Both Mahan and Clausewitzbased their work on historical analysis.This is less true of Douhet, but then, whenhe wrote Command of the Air, there wasvery little military aviation history, virtu-ally only that of the First World War, toanalyze. Clausewitz had some thoughts onthe limitations of military history. He wasconcerned with what he considered to bemodern war, primarily the campaigns ofNapoleon and nothing much earlier thanthe campaigns of Gustavus Adoiphus.

The term "military science" is notas popular as it once was. It stillpops up, but today you are moreapt to hear of the "art of war."

The early German General Staff, begin-ning, perhaps, with Clausewitz, consi-dered military history to be the laboratoryof military science. In the 19th century

1st Marine Division Assistant Commanderin 1970, BGen Simmons had China duty,Korea. and Vietnam in his background

there was great effort to reduce everythingto a science. The term "military science"is now not quite as popular as it once was.It still pops up, but today you are moteapt to hear of the "art of war."

"Military science" implies an exactnesswhich is not supportable. A molecule ofwater can always be broken down into twoatoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxy-gen. There is an exactness to the break-down of H20 and you can repeat theexperiment with predictable results. Thatis scientific. Military history, as a study,does not lead to that kind of predictability.

To balance a study of Clausewitz, youshould also read the works of his Frenchcounterpart, Antoine Jomini. We firsttried to fight the Civil War as a Napoleon-ic war, at least until Antietam in 1862. Theinfluence of Jomini was very strong onboth Northern and Southern leaders.Halleck, McClellan, and Hardee, the prin-cipal tacticians of that war, were studentsofJomini. It is said that every general onboth sides carried a copy ofJomini in hissaddle bags.

Count Helmuth Karl von Moltke, thefamed chief of the German General Staff,said of our Civil War that it was "a strug-gle between two armed mobs . . . fromwhich nothing could be learned," but heand his staff carefully studied our use ofrailroads in that war. His subsequent bril-liant use of the German railways con-tributed greatly to the German victoriesin the Austro-Prussian War and theFranco-Prussian War.

The Civil War is still almost within liv-ing memory and has an endless fascina-

tion for nearly all of us. Students atQuantico have the Civil War all aroundthem. In Virginia and across the Potomacin Maryland some of the most importantbattlefields of the war are close at hand.Of all the wonderful Civil War battlefieldsin this area, Antietam is the one that isclosest to its pristine condition.

• . . I had marched in GenLejeune 's funeral procession in1942.

I first began an active study of our CivilWar after I came to Quantico after WorldWar II for what became a four-year tour.Maj Eugenia Lejeune was then the librar-ian of the library which was then in Breck-inridge Hall. Maj Lejeune was thedaughter of LtGen John A. Lejeune andI had marched in Gen Lejeune's funeralprocession in 1942.

In the Breckinridge Library I met for thefirst time the Official Records of the Warof Rebellion. Reading those after-actionreports of both the Union and Confeder-ate leaders put me into the minds of thosecommanders. For part of this time I livedin Fredericksburg, half way betweenWashington and Richmond, and I disco-vered the great battles that had beenfought in the vicinity.

At that time I was managing editor ofthe Marine Corps Gazette and BGenOliver P. Smith—"O. P." Smith—as headof the Marine Corps Schools was theeditor-in-chief. A few years later, in Sep-tember 1950, my battalion, the 3d Battal-ion, 1st Marines, reached the high groundat Yong Dong Po overlooking the brokenremnants of the highway and railroadbridges crossing the Han River and lead-ing into Seoul. 0. P. Smith, now a majorgeneral in command of the 1st Marine Di-vision, came up to our battalion observa-tion post to take a look. As a 29-year-oldmajor, who knew everything there was toknow about the art of war, I said to mycommanding general, "Just like Burnsideat Fredericksburg in December 1862."

Gen Smith looked at me tolerantly andsaid, "But we are not going to make thesame mistakes as Burnside."

What I did not know at that time wasthat MajGen Edward M. Almond, theArmy general commanding the X Corps,had ordered Smith to make a frontal at-tack across the Han and into Seoul, justlike Burnside's costly crossing of the Rap-

6 Foriiiudine, Fall 1995

pahannock to go into Fredericksburg in1862. Risking relief, 0. p. Smith stubborn-ly refused to make a frontal attack. Wewent north up the Han, crossed in am-phibian tractors, and made a successfulflanking attack into Seoul.

On weekends I would take thosebooks and my bicycle and tour thebattlefields of Fredericksburg,Chancellorsville, the EVilderness,and Spotsylvania Courthouse.

A bicycle is a wonderful way to tour abattlefield. While I lived in FredericksburgI read Douglas Southall Freeman's Lee'sLieutenants. On weekends I would takethose books and my bicycle and tour thebattlefields of Fredericksburg, Chancel-lorsville, the Wilderness, and Spotsylva-nia Courthouse. In those days the roadfrom Fredericksburg to Chancellorsvillewas still a country road and Salem Churchstood alone and not obscured by thesprawl of shopping malls and suburbia.Later I learned to balance DouglasSouthall Freeman with Bruce Catton.

At that time Douglas Southall Freemanwas editor of the Richmond Times-Dispatch. He would lecture at Quanticoabout once a year. The story is told thatat the end of World War II there was abanquet in Richmond at which there werea good number of Virginia notables, in-cluding Douglas Southall Freeman andour own Col Lewis B. Puller—"Chesty"Puller.

Puller is supposed to have snorted,"By that time everyone who knewwhat happened will be dead."

Puller reportedly asked Freeman howlong it would be before there was an ade-quate history of the Second World War.Freeman is said to have answered "Fiftyyears at least, before we can gather in allthe records and write an authoritative his-tory of the war."

Puller is supposed to have snorted, "Bythat time everyone who knows what real-ly happened will be dead."

Now it is 50 years later. Both Freemanand Puller are dead. The 50th anniversaryof World War II has seen some great newhistories of the war published. I know, formyself, that I am now satisfied that,thanks to Richard Frank's Guadalcanal,

that Guadalcanal — the overall air-land-seabattle for Guadalcanal, not just the Ma-rines' fight ashore—was the turning pointof the Pacific War, not Midway, which isso commonly accepted as such.

"Chesty" Puller was a great reader ofmilitary history. He was my regimentalcommander in Korea and I rememberthat, coming out of Hungnam on thetransport Collins, he told me in great de-tail of the fighting in the Russo-JapaneseWar on the same ground as we had justleft. There was a happy rumor going aboutthe ship that the 1st Marine Division wasgoing to leave Korea to go to Indo-Chinato help the French. "Chesty" Puller alsoknew a lot about the French inIndo-China.

History should never be acceptedas absolute truth; there should al-ways be a degree of challenge andskepticism.

History should never be accepted as ab-solute truth; there should always be adegree of challenge and skepticism. Ahistorian's ability to record and transmithistory is limited not only by his view-point, his perspective, his prejudices, andhis predispositions, but also by his ignor-ance and, above all, by his power or lackof power to use words.

In 1904, Ian Hamilton, who had beenKitchener's chief of staff in the Boer War,was sent out as an observer with theJapanese forces in the Russo-Japanese War.He published his impressions of the warFigure 2

in two volumes modestly entitled A StaffOfficer's Scrap Book. From it, I will giveyou one marvelous quotation:

On the actual day of battle truthsmay be picked up for the asking; bythe following morning they have al-ready begun to get into theiruniforms.

"Gallipoli" is a magic word for Marines.We like to tell the story that a few Marinethinkers at Quantico, helped by a Navyfriend or two, during the 1920s and 1930s,analyzed the mistakes of Gallipoli and outof that came the amphibious doctrine thatwon World War II for the Allies. This isnot quite true, but this is the legend.

As some readers undoubtedly alreadyknow, it was Gen Ian Hamilton who inMarch 1915 was selected to command theMediterranean Expeditionary Force thatlanded at Gallipoli. Hamilton's book, Gal-lipoli, was published in two volumes in1920. For a lesson in perspective and view-point, read Ian Hamilton's GallzOoli, thenWinston Churchill's account in his histo-ry of the First World War, and then,perhaps, Alan Morehead's Gallipoli.

Alan Morehead was an Australian jour-nalist and war correspondent. WinstonChurchill, before he became a politicianand a statesman, was a soldier and a warcorrespondent. Bruce Catton was a jour-nalist; so was Douglas Southall Freeman.Robert Sherrod, whom Marines like tothink of as one of their own, was a jour-nalist. The journalistic techniques of aninvestigative reporter are valuable to a

Forlitudine, Fall 1995

The Past

(Immutable)

VThe Future(Infinite Possibilities)

ThePresent

military historian. This was certainly trueof S. L. A. Marshall, who made the report-er's interview into a respectable academictool.

I have been privileged to have knownevery Marine Corps Commandant sinceand including Gen Alexander A. Van-degrift. Just about every one of them hasbeen an avid reader of military history.With the help of Robert Asprey, Gen Van-degrift wrote a fine autobiography, Oncea Marine. Gens Clifton B. Cares andLemuel C. Shepherd, Jr., had a particularinterest in World War I, in which they hadfought as young officers. If it were not forGen Shepherd we would not have the Ma-rine Corps War Memorial at Arlington.Gen Shepherd also was responsible for thebeginnings of our museum system as wenow have it. Among our living formerCommandants, Gens Wallace M. Greene,

Jr., and Leonard F. Chapman, Jr., are par-ticularly prodigious readers.

Reading history is not of itself the sameas studying history. Reading alone is a pas-sive activity. Studying is an active process;you do something with the material.Study can take many forms, from simplethought and reflection, to—in the case ofmilitary history—staff rides and wargames.

How does one capture the essence of allthis reading and study? One technique isto keep a book diary: keep a record of whatyou read and include in that record amini-book review or critique of what yougot out of it. I have done that, not verywell, through the years, using 5 by 8 fil-ing cards. A much better way, today,would be to use your computer to builda data base of your professional readingand study.

The past is immutable and cannot bechanged. The future, however, offers aninfinite number of pathways. The recordof the past, imperfect as it may be, can beof help in charting a course through thisweb of infinity. Both Marine Corps histo-ry and its larger parent, military history,must be regarded as essential elements ofmilitary training and professional militaryeducation. Both can provide valuablebackground and perspective for today'smilitary planning and operations. Bothcan be a source of inspiration and a con-tributor to esprit de corps.

However, expect no magic formulae toemerge. Although history can give cluesas to what may come, it cannot offer pre-cise predictions of the future. What astudy of history, despite all its flaws andimperfections, will do, most importantly,is to lead to understanding. I promise you.

Eli 775 El

Historic 8th and I Barracks Last in Corps with 'Live' Bugler for Daily Calls

SINCE ANCIENT TIMES, all types ofmusical instruments have been as-

sociated with military traditions. Drumswere used to "beat" commands to troopsof the Roman Empire. Colonial Americanmilitia used British-influenced fifes tocommunicate on the battlefield.

The United States Marine Corps adopt-ed the bugle as its instrument of choicefor communication and ceremonial pur-poses more than a century ago.

Marine Corps posts throughout theworld still use recorded bugle calls to sendmessages to Marines, but nowhere is thetradition of the bugle call more preservedthan at "The Oldest Post of the Corps."

Marine Barracks 8th and I is the onlyMarine post still using a live bugler, or"duty music," to perform the traditionalcalls on a daily basis, according to retiredMSgt Stephen Macsisak, a former memberof the Marine Drum and Bugle Corps, andthe current historian for the unit.

T HE STAFF AT 8th and I, especially theDrum and Bugle Corps, has always

tried to preserve music and its traditionsat the Barracks, according to Macsisak."Some things here just seem to resistchange," he said.

The Marine Corps adopted the bugleas its duty musics' instrument in 1881 and

by LCpl Chance D. PumaMarine Barracks, Washington, D.C

established its first music school at theBarracks. At that time, the Corps beganthe practice of assigning newly enlistedMarine buglers to the guard of the day atall Marine posts, including barracks andships. "Back in those days, the top of theclasses went to sea and served as orderliesfor ships' captains," said Macsisak. "Theysounded all the calls aboard the ship andrang the bells."

Buglers at sea and in garrison had theirwork cut out for them when the Navystandardized the calls for the bugle in1892. "There are 40 calls for the regularposts and about 125 sea-going calls," saidMacsisak. "There's a call for everything,really," he said.

The modern calls have changed very lit-tle, though muny of the original calls areno longer used on modern posts, accord-

CplJames R. McKinney prepares to sounda bugle call at the Vietnam War Memorial.

ing to Macsisak. For instance, the warningsof "Fire Call" and "To Arms" are alarmcalls that no longer fall under the respon-sibility of buglers because of modernalarms and communications. These sig-nals, like the "Stable Call," have simply be-come outdated.

H OWEVER, MANY bugle calls are stillas much a part of life in the Marine

Corps as ever. "There is a lot of traditioninvolved with playing bugle calls," saidLCpI Scott A. Pierce, a Drum and BugleCorps soprano bugle player who standsduty as a bugler. "Depending on the dayof the week, we play about 11 calls," hesaid. "The main ones are First Call, Colors,Chow Call, Liberty Call and Recall dailyand Church Call on Sundays."

While civilian visitors to the Barrackssometimes acknowlege calls like morningand evening colors, the calls are mostlyrecognized by the Marines, according toPierce, originally from Lockport,Louisiana.

"Having a live duty music on Center-walk is definitely an impressive sight forvisitors," said Sgt Mark S. Miller, ceremoni-al bugler for the Marine Barracks here. "Itupholds the way bugle calls started andthe way they were meant to be sounded,"he said. E111775E11

Fortitudine, Fall 1995

A RECENTLY-RESIORED portrait ofMajGen Littleton Wailer Tazeweli

Wailer, Sr., has been hung in the WailerRoom of the new Tn-modular club at Ma-rine Corps Base, Quantico, Virginia. Thisis the same portrait which hung for manyyears in the Wailer Room of Harry LeeHall, the former Officers' Club at Quan-tico. It was restored this past summer bythe Lafayette Gallery of Alexandria, Vir-ginia, in anticipation of its relocation. Itnow occupies the place of honor in thiselegant dining room.

The painting was produced by JosephSacks, a Russian-born artist in Philadel-phia, who was well-known for his portraits.It is a likeness of one of the most activeand well-known officers to serve in the Ma-rine Corps at the turn of the century. GenWailer is shown in the full dress uniformof a major general, with all of his medals.From the details of the uniform and thebiography of the artist, the period inwhich the painting was most likely execut-ed can be put between 1917 and 1920. Theartist was working in Philadelphia at thattime and left for southern California in theearly 1920s. Gen Wailer was commandingthe Marine Advanced Base Force inPhiladelphia, and he retired in 1920. Thedate of the picture's acquisition by the Ma-rine Corps is unknown, but it hung in theold Officers' Club for many years.

The years had taken their toll on theportrait, necessitating a complete over-haul. The Lafayette Gallery was selectedto do the work from among several firmswhich had been considered and ap-proached. The painting was restretchedand relined after some old patches hadbeen removed. Following this procedure,the old varnish was carefully removed andthe entire painting was thoroughlycleaned. Some areas in which the pigmenthad flaked off were "in-painted," and theportrait was then revarnished. Finally, thegold leaf finish on the massive wood andplaster frame was fully restored. The costof restoration, $1,287, was funded fromthe Museum's operating budget.

by Kenneth L. Smith- ChristmasCurator of Material History

Virginian, he came from a family whichdated back to the earliest years of theCommonwealth. In 1882, he participatedin the joint British-U.S. landing at Alex-andria, Egypt. During the Spanish-American War, he fought in Cuba withCol Robert W. Huntington's Battalion andwas awarded the rare Special MeritoriousConduct Medal for Gallantry at Santiagode Cuba.

H E WAS TRANSFERRED to the otherside of the world and served in the

Philippines for the next four years. His fa-mous march across Samar is detailed inFortitudine in BGen Edwin H. Simmons'article, "Wailer at Samar" (Spring 1986.)In addition to his service throughout thePhilippine Insurrection of this time, healso led a battalion of Marines in relief ofthe besieged detachments at both Tient-sin and Peking in China, in the Boxer Re-bellion of 1900. Then-Maj Wailer wasbrevetted a lieutenant colonel in 1901 for"distinguished conduct in the presence ofthe enemy" at Tientsin. He was also

recommended for a brevet advance to therank of colonel for "distinguished service"during the Samar campaign.

From that time until the World War Iperiod, Gen Wailer participated in the ex-pedition to Panama in 1903 and com-manded the Marine Brigade during the1906 Cuban Pacification campaign. He ledthe First Marine Brigade ashore in thelanding at Vera Cruz, Mexico, in 1914 and,in the next year, commanded the U.S. Ex-peditionary Forces in Haiti. He remainedin this post for the next two years, and dur-ing that time all active opposition to theAmerican occupation was quelled. Uponhis return from Haiti in 1917, he assumedcommand of the Marine Corps AdvancedBase Force at the Philadelphia Navy Yard.He was promoted to the rank of temporarymajor general in 1917 and retired in 1920.Gen Wailer died in 1926, with a son, L.W. T Wailer, Jr., following in his footsteps:He also retired from the Marine Corps asa major general. A grandson, and name-sake, also served as an officer in the Ma-rine Corps until his retirement.L111775L11

LITFLETON W. T WALLER was appoint-ed a second lieutenant in the Marine

Corps in 1880 at the age of 24. A native

Fortitudine, Fall 1995 9

Gen Wailer Portrait Once Again Adorns Quantico Club

Retired LtCol Littleton 7T JValler II, left, grandson and namesake of two Marinemajor generals, with his wife and a family friend, join BGen Edwin H. Simmons ininspecting the restoredportrait which now hangs in the Tn-modular Club at Quantico.

Readers Always W/,ite

Readers Applaud Unit Genealogy Effort, Iraq VolumeWHERE EWA WASI have a comment regarding the excellentarticle on genealogy in the summer [19951issue. On the top right cornet of page 5is a reference to MAG-24 being relocatedto Ewa. From the way it was written, itlooks as though Ewa transitioned into theNaval Air Station, Barbers Point.

Not so. Ewa always was a separate anddistinct physical and geographical entity.It was located somewhat in the DiamondHead direction from NAS Barbers Point,but there were two very separate airfieldsthere. Some time well after WWII, it wasdecided to decommission MCAS Ewa andin so doing, the entire installation waseradicated.

It is entirely possible that the (today)perimeter of NAS Barbers Point does in-clude that former MCAS, but I doubt it.There is now a great deal of constuctiongoing on in that general area; in fact, itis considered the island of Oahu's 'secondcity."

Col Bruce Matheson, USMC (Ret)Kailua, Hawaii

MORE FACT THAN FICTIONYour memorandum on your Center's unitlineage and honors program in the Sum-mer 1995 Fortitudine was informative andencouraging. Encouraging because itwould appear that the task is now basedon hard research and documentation. Pastlimited inquiries at Camp Pendleton leadme to believe that much of some units'knowledge of their history has borderedon the anecdotal.

LtCol Robert P. Chaney, USMC (Ret)Carlsbad, California

THE 'BIGGEST' EXERCISEThe [Summer 1995 Fortitudine featurel"Current Chronology of the MarineCorps" lists the Reserve training exercise"Pinnacle Advance" as the largest peace-time training exercise in the Marine CorpsReserve's 78-year history. Wrong!

In August 1970, I was privileged to havebeen the exercise director of "HighDesert:' wherein over 19,000 Marine Reser-vists were assembled at Camp Pendelton,

California, and surrounding bases and air-fields. The exercise was attended by manyflag officers, to include the then-AssistantCommandant of our Corps, the late GenLewis W. Walt. The exercise was an over-whelming success due to the outstandingefforts of the late BGen H. L. Oppenheim-er, USMCR, and MajGen Richard Mulber-ry, USMCR (Ret), who were the brigadecommander and the tactical exercise coor-dinator, respectively.

MajGen William J. Weinstein,USMCR (Ret)

Bloomfield Hills, Michigan

IT'S ALL IN HOW IT'S SAIDI just had a belated look at the [Summer1995] issue of Fortitudine, with the quizon page 11. I admit that I didn't do verywell, only batting .450 (one partially cor-rect). However, I'm bound to wonderabout the source of the data in questionnumber 8: "Out of 2,346 downed enemyaircraft in the Pacific, how many can beattributed to the Marine Corps?" The an-swer is 982, but both figures defy expla-nation.

According to the massive compilationof Dr. Frank Olynyk, 13,4s3Japanese air-craft were credited to American fighter pi-lots in the Pacific. This excludes attack andbomber crews as well as land- or ship-based antiaircraft gunners.

The breakdown among the three serv-ices is: Navy, 6,826; Army Air Forces, 5,151(excluding 1,496 CBI Theater); and Ma-rine Corps, 1,476.

Also, I'm curious about the answer tonumber 9, the first commissioned officerawarded the Medal of Honor in WorldWar II. Though retroactive, Capt HenryElrod's posthumous award from Wake Is-land usually is listed for that distinction.Lacking references at hand, I wonder ifthere is confusion over the date for Lt.Cannon "defending his command postagainst the Japanese on Midway Island on7 December 41."

Barrett TillmanMesa, Arizona

EDITOR'S NOTE: Statistics, particularlywhen it comes to such things as downed

aircraft, slide around Even so, we didmake an error Our best count (whichdoesn't mean absolute accuracy) is thatMarine Corps pilots and air crews shotdown 2,355 (vice 2,346) Japanese aircraft.The 125 Marine aces accounted for 982enemy aircraft, or 42 percent of the Ma-rine aerial victories. Therefore the ques-tion should have been worded somethinglike the following: "Of the 2,355 downedJapanese aircraft attributed to MarineCorps aviation, how many are credited toMarine Corps aces?" There are alsoproblems whenever a claim is made as be-ing a first. lstLt George H. Cannonreceived the Medal of Honor for actionson 7 December 1941. Maj Henry T Elrod'sMedal of Honor is for actions from 8 to23 December 1941. U don't have the ex-act date that the posthumous award wasmade to Lt Cannon, but it was some timeprior to June 1942. Maj Elrod's widowreceived his Medal of Honor on 8 Novem -

ber 1946. Incidentally, having successful-ly rededicated Henderson Field atGuadalcanal, we are now negotiating withthe Army to name the unnamedfleldonWake Island the Elrod Field

THE LOST EDITORSCheck your facts and "Readers Always

Write" (and sometimes are right). Your"Fortitudine is 25" box in the [Summer1995] issue omits Herb Hart and myselfas editors between Hilliard and Buckner.Check your mastheads for ca. 1974-78.

Nevertheless, since then [Fortitudinehas] gone from a good to a first-rate jour-nal . .

Col F Brooke Nihart, USMC (Ret)McLean, Virginia

EDITOR'S NOTE: Col Nihart uit formerDeputy Director for Marine Corps Muse-ums, and Col Herbert M. Hart, USMC(Ret), former Deputy Director for History,of the History and Museums Division,publisher of Fortirudine. These twocolonels indeed pulled extra duty two de-cades ago as acting editors in the interimbetween longtime editors ColJack B. Hil-hard, USAFR, and Maj David N. Buck-ncr, USMC.

10 Fortitudine, Fall 1995

NONCOMBATANT RESCUEI received recently your summer issue thatcontained the 1994 chronology. I was dis-appointed not to see mentioned Dynam-ic Impact 94, an important NATOamphibious exercise conducted at CapeTeulada, Sardinia, Italy, in May 1994. I wasprivileged to be the exercise director.

The 24th MEU participated in this ex-ercise comprising amphibious and air-borne forces from six nations. Theexercise's significance is in the fact that itwas not only NATO's first major exercisein nearly two years, but also that it was thefirst NATO Noncombatant EvacuationOperation exercise. . . . MEU helicopterassets were used extensively to support allthe national contingents, to include a Roy-al Marine helo assault. Interoperability wasthe watchword.

Col William T Anderson, USMCRSupreme HeadquartersAllied Powers, Europe

THORNY BUSHESI enjoyed your article, "A Day Spent onIwo Jima" [Memorandum from the Direc-tor, Spring 1995]. As you may recall, I or-ganized the 1970 and 1980 trips to IwoJima to commemorate the battle jointlywith the Japanese survivors.

Since, with the passage of time, moreand more historical articles are based uponwhat someone else has previously written,may I take the liberty of pointing outsome things which I believe to be in-correct:

The story about the "seeding" of the is-land is one that keeps recurring, but withsome inconsistency. The first that I everheard of this was an article in National Ge-ographic many years ago on the Bonin Is-lands. According to that story, it was theJapanese who had seeded the island inorder to obtain additional camouflage. AsI recall, the article said that the seedinghad no effect until after the war. Whenwe went to the island in 1970, there weresome tall bushes (or trees) with smallthorns on them. We were told that this wasthe result of the Japanese seeding.

I would hate to think that the Ameri-cans seeded the island with thorny bush-es. . . . I wonder if there is any realhistorical basis for the belief that anyoneseeded the island. Or has this been scut-tlebutt passed over the decades .

On your map of Iwo Jima Today, I wassurprised that Gen Kuribayashi's cave was

shown as being north of the hard road.When I visited the island in 1970 (guid-ed by Maj Y. Hone, of Gen Kuribayashi'sstaff), the cave that we were shown as hislast command post was in the gorge southof the hard road. . . . In 1985, I was travel-ing around the island in the company ofGen Kuribayashi's daughter and grand-son. She went to the same place that waspointed out to me in 1970 and 1980 and

told me that she believed that thiswas her father's "last position."

Also in 1985, I was taken through the"hospital cave." This was a very long tun-nel with many, many side tunnels. We en-tered a little bit east of what was then theJapanese Naval Self-Defense Force Head-quarters which, as I recall, was very closeto where the old Army Air Corps opera-tions building had previously been. Thisis a different location than that shown onyour Iwo Jima Today map.

I was interested in your commentsabout the Marine cemeteries. When wewent there in 1970, when the island wasnot grown up as much as it was in 1980,there was the stone pedestal for the 5thMarine Division cemetery marker. But themarker itself had been removed. When wewent there in 1985 we could not even findthe pedestal. We never did see the othermarkers. But this does not mean that theywere not there .

You mentioned the Afro-Americans. Iheard about the Army Duck drivers, butI never heard of the ammunition compa-ny and the three depot companies of Afro-American Marines. I do know that therewere some Afro-American Marines in the5th Division service battalion (or compa-ny) . . . . Until I joined the 28th Marines,I served in the shore party for three 5thDivision beaches. I never saw any Afro-American Marines.

I am sure you are somewhat reluctantto give too much credence to the storiesof "old soldiers." But experience has proventhat my memory is fairly reliable, at leastwhen it is based on what I personally sawand what I personally heard .

Charles E. EarlySarasota, Florida

EDITOR'S NOTE: BGen Simmons replies,Perhaps Ishould have qualified my com-

ment concerning the 'seeding' of Iwo withthe caveat 'it is said' I cannot documentthat it was done, but all agree, includingyourself that the ground cover gives the

island a greatly different appearance thanin 1945. The map that was distributed tovisitors (and reproduced with the article)was schematic and not to scale. Its purposewas to acquaint the visitors with the stopsthat would be made. I am surprised thatyou saw no African-American Marines onthe beaches. They were very much there(see pages 23 and24 ofThe Right to Fight:African-American Marines in World WarII. However the photo on page 24 is real-ly of DUKW/ company soldiers, ratherthan Marines).

MARINES IN NORTHERN IRAQThank you for the advance copy of Hu-manitarian Operations in Northern Iraq,1991: W/ith Marines in Operation ProvideComfort by LtCol RonaldJ. Brown. It wasa great pleasure for me to recall workingwith Brigadier General Zinni and all theMarines who contributed to the success ofthe Joint Task Force.

American military forces played an im-portant role from the start, and LtColBrown described that role and the contextin which it took place in vivid detail. Innorthern Iraq, a rapid transition fromfighting a war to rescuing the innocent wasmade. There were many obstacles to suc-cess, including the lack of an infrastruc-ture and the absence of a status of forcesagreement, but Provide Comfort showedwhat our forces can do in an extreme hu-manitarian crisis. Everyone who took partcan be proud of the Herculean efforts inProvide Comfort. The Corps and LtColBrown can be justifably proud of his workin capturing and explaining the USMCrole in that operation.

Gen John M. Shalikashvili, USAChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

Washington, D.C.

AIR HISTORY GRANTSThe Air Force Historical Research Agencyannounces grants to encourage study ofthe history of air power through use of theUSAF historical document collection atMaxwell AFB, Alabama. Awards rangefrom $250 to $2,500. Applicants musthave a graduate degree or equivalent scho-larly accomplishment, and be willing tovisit the collection during fiscal year 1997.Active-duty military personnel are eligi-ble. Applications, which must be returnedby 1 October 1996, are available fromCommander, AFHRA, 600 ChennaultCircle, Maxwell AFB, Alabama36112-6424.

Fortitudine, Fall 1995 11

Reference Historians' Tasks Multiplied by Anniversaryby Danny J. Crawford

Head, Reference Section

B GEN EDWIN H. SIMMONS, recentlyretired as Director of Marine Corps

History and Museums, devoted his"Memorandum from the Director" in theSummer 1995 Fortitudine to the unit line-age and honors program, administered byHistory and Museums Division's ReferenceSection. While stating that this programis an important function of the section,Gen Simmons noted that it also answerednearly 8,000 information requests, com-pleted 21 commemorative naming actions,and responded to many priority requestsfrom the Commandant and the Head-quarters, Marine Corps, staff.

The past year brought a flood of re-quests surrounding the commemorationof the 50th anniversary of World War II,coming to a crest with events held bothin Washington, D.C., and overseas. InFebruary, more than 20,000 people paidtribute to those who fought on Iwo Jima,during commemoration activities at theMarine Corps War Memorial, the Iwo JimaMemorial, in Arlington NationalCemetery. Many of those in attendancetook the opportunity to visit the MarineCorps Historical Center not only to see thedisplay of the Iwo Jima flags in the Ma-rine Corps Museum, but also to look atmuster rolls, casualty reports, and war di-aries from the battle. Also during theweek-long commemoration, sectionhistorians assisted many of the former Ma-rine members of Congress in the prepa-ration of special remarks which they roseto make on the House and Senate floorsin honor of fallen comrades of World WarII.

In the following month, March, day-long commemoration activities on the is-land of Iwo Jima attended by the Com-mandant, Gen Carl E. Mundy, Jr.;Secretary of the Navy John H. Dalton;MarForPac Commander LtGen Charles C.Krulak; and former Vice President andU.S. Ambassador to Japan Walter Mon-dale, brought the requirement to prepare"trip books" for the Commandant and theSecretary. These historical trip books havebeen produced throughout the 50th an-niversary period to provide CMC and otherDOD officials informative looks at the his-

tories of many of the Pacific island cam-paigns, usually including first-personaccounts of the battles, as well as provid-ing looks at the islands as they are today.

IN TIME FOR the 14 March anniversaryevent on Iwo Jima, the Reference Sec-

tion published its revision and update ofthe popular history, The United States Ma-rines on Iwo Jima: The Battle and the FlagRaisings. This revision of the 1967 pamph-let adds new material on the two flag rais-ings on Iwo Jima as well as updatedbiographical material on some of the flagraisers. Additionally, the new pamphletadds new photos of the flag raisings andthe participants, as well as information onthe Marine Corps War Memorial inArlington.

World War II anniversary queries con-tinued unabated throughout the summermonths, peaking in a flurry of requestssurrounding the multitude of V-J Daycommemorative events held in Washing-ton, in Hawaii, on board the USS Missou-ri, and elsewhere. Requests for statistics,casualty information, famous quotes, andother information were received in theReference Section from the media, Marineveterans, and DOD officials preparing ofspeeches marking the end of the war.

Throughout this period the sectionprovided photographic support to activi-ties making the 50th anniversary of WorldWar II. In addition to assisting the DOD

and Marine Corps World War II 50th An-niversary Commemoration Committees;the Public Affairs Office at Headquarters,Marine Corps; Gazette and Leatherneckmagazines; the media; and in-house His-tory and Museums Division publicationsand exhibits, the Section also providedphotographs to various museums aroundthe world.

Requests for historic photograph sup-port of all types was a pressing require-ment throughout the year. ReferenceSection, for example, provided photo-graphs of former Marine and baseballlegend Ted Williams for a display at U.S.Central Command at McDill Air ForceBase in Florida. Mr. Williams was slatedto be the guest of honor for the MarineCorps birthday ball hosted in Novemberby the Central Command. Referencehistorians also assisted in identifying andlocating photographs for the revision ofHome of the Commandants, the popularvolume being updated and reprinted bythe Marine Corps Association. The sectionalso provided a large selection of historicphotographs for use in a special slidepresentation at Gen Mundy's farewell din-ner in June, just before he completed histerm as Commandant.

R eference Section was heavily commit-ted duringJune andJuly in provid-

ing both photographic and information-al support to the many activitiessurrounding the dedication of the newKorean War Veterans Memorial inWashington, D.C. Photographs from theSection's files were used by the MuseumsBranch in preparing modular exhibits onthe Korean War which were displayed asa preview at the Historical Center andthen at their destination, the special "Mili-tary Museum Tent" on the Mall inWashington, where more than 15,000 vi-sitors observed them. In addition, thou-sands of Korean War veterans visited boththe Air-Ground Museum at Quantico andthe Marine Corps Historical Center andMuseum. Many of the veterans were in-terested in obtaining information on theirunits' operations in Korea, or in review-ing unit diaries for rosters of personnel or

12 Fortitudine, Fall 1995

casualty information on fellow Marines.One of the section's on-going functions

is to assist veterans groups in preparingunit histories and in compiling lists oftheir comrades for upcoming reunions. Itis always a source of pride to the membersof the Reference Section when a Marineveterans' group takes the time to let usknow that our efforts really helped theircause. This was the case recently with"G-3-1 Korea." On 23 October 1995,LtGen Stephen G. Olmstead, USMC(Ret), and Mr. Carl Winterwerp visited theCenter to present a plaque on behalf ofthe members of George Company, 3d Bat-talion, 1st Marines, for the "untiring ef-fort of the Reference Section staff onbehalf of Marine veterans of the KoreanWar" in locating historical records and as-sisting in locating fellow Marine veterans.

Reference historians continued tomanage other important ongoing aspectsof the Marine Corps Historical Programduring the year. Regular readers of Fortit-udine will recall that the Reference Sec-tion administers the Marine CorpsCommemorative Naming Program, whichseeks to honor the memories of notableor heroic deceased Marines, and othermembers of the naval services, by the nam-ing of base and station facilities in theirhonor. All commemorative naming ac-tions require the personal approval of theCommandant of the Marine Corps. Sever-al interesting naming actions wereprocessed by the Reference Section and ap-proved by the Commandant during 1995.

IN APRIL 1995, Gen Mundy approvedthe naming of a new dental clinic at

Camp Hansen, Okinawa, in honor ofDental Technician Third Class John W.Drinkhouse, USN. DT3 Drinkhouse waskilled in action on 18 November 1967 inthe vicinity of Dong Ha, Quang TnProvince, Republic of Vietnam, while serv-ing with the 3d Dental Company, 3dMedical Battalion, 3d Marine Division. Hewas the sole dental technician killed byenemy fire during the Vietnam War.

In one of his first namings as CMC, GenCharles C. Krulak in September 1995 ap-proved the naming of a training and edu-cation facility at Marine Corps Air Station,Cherry Point, North Carolina, in honor ofCol Jerry W. Marvel, USMC. A combat pi-lot who was shot down over Hanoi duringthe Vietnam War, and subsequently in-terned as a prisoner of war, Col Marvel

later made notable contributions to train-ing and education at Marine Corps airbases in the eastern United States. He diedsuddenly in May of this year.

In October 1995, Marine Corps Logis-tics Base, Barstow, California, receivedCMC approval to honor a hometown heroby the dedication of a new dining facilityin honor of Private Donald L. Stonesifer,USMC, a native of Barstow. The youngMarine gave his life for his country on 11August 1968 in Quang Nam Province,Republic of Vietnam, while serving withCompany B, 1st Battalion, 5th Marines,during Operation Mameluke Thrust.

The Current Chronology of the MarineCorps, which outlines significant eventsand dates in contemporary Marine Corpshistory, has been compiled by the Refer-ence Section annually since 1982. Thesechronologies are available for review in theReference Section. Each chronology is

compiled by researching numerousprimary and secondary sources. Literallyhundreds of pages are reviewed by refer-ence historians each week to build thechronology. Sources include officialrecords, such as Marine Corps operation-al summaries, unit command chronolo-gies, and summaries of activities forHeadquarters, Marine Corps. Items of in-terest are also collected from a variety ofsecondary sources, including magazines,journals, newspapers, and press releases.

Items from the above sources relevantto Marine Corps history are also regularlyincorporated into the four main groups ofReference Section files: geographical, sub-ject, unit, and biographical. In recentyears, subject files for "Operations" havebecome some of the most significant andheavily used files in Reference Section.These files include information on MarineCorps participation in crisis response orhumanitarian mission operations duringthe past several years, including those in

Panama, Liberia, Saudia Arabia, Somalia,Bangladesh, Philippines, Haiti, Cuba, andBosnia.

N EW FILES ARE created weekly to cover

a vast array of topics with some ofthe most recent being files on the Com-mandant's recent move to new office spacein the Pentagon, on the new Korean WarVeterans Memorial and the planned WorldWar II memorial in Washington, and onnew and redesignated Marine units.

Probably the one area where Referencehistorians are devoting more time todaythan was the case five or 10 years ago, isin providing direct historical support tothe Commandant and his staff as well asother key decision-makers at Headquart-ers, Marine Corps. The Historical Branchhas always received requests from Head-quarters action officers seeking historicalinformation to lend perspective or back-ground to ongoing issues and studies.With the intense scrutiny placed on serv-ice roles and missions during the past fewyears, however, the use of the sections'resources, and those of the Center's Ar-chives and Library Sections, haveskyrocketed.

In Gen Mundy's four years as Comman-dant, his staff made frequent use of Refer-ence Section and other Division historicalresources. Judging by the first severalmonths of Gen Krulak's commandancy,this trend will continue, as officers of theCommandants Staff Group have been incontact with reference historians on analmost daily basis. Many of Gen Krulak'sspeeches, including those given recentlyat Fort Henry, Kingston, Ontario; at thecommissioning of the USS Carter Hal/inNew Orleans; and at the Surgeon Gener-al's Leaders Conference, reflect substantialinput from Reference Section records andfiles. LI]1775L111

fortiii,dine, Fail I))5

At the presentation of the G-3-1 Korea Association certificate are, from left. GeorgeMacGillicray, She/ia Gramblin. retired MajGen Stephen G. 0/instead DannyJ. Craw-Jrd. Anne A. Ferrante, Robert V Aquilina, Lena M. Ka/jot, and Carl Winterwerp.

Mentioned in Passing

LtGen Craig's Father Warned Him About the Marines

R ETIRED MARINE LtGen Edward A.Craig, 98, died at his home in El Ca-

jon, California, on 11 December 1994. Theson of an Army officer, Gen Craig wasborn in Danbury, Connecticut, on 22November 1896. He was attending St.John's Military Academy in Delafield,Wisconsin, when America entered WorldWar I. As he said in his oral history inter-view, having been raised on Army postspractically all of his life, he fully expectedto go into the Army, but one had to be21 to be commissioned an Army secondlieutenant, and only 20 in the MarineCorps, so he chose the Marine Corps andsent a telegram to his father when he firsttook the Marine Corps examination. Hesaid, "I'm entering the U.S. Marine Corps.I have a chance for a commission." Hisfather quickly replied, "Do not join theU.S. Marines under any circumstances. Aterrible bunch of drunks and bums.(signed) Father." Gen Craig acknowledgedthat his father changed his opinion laterand became "very pro-Marines."

Commissioned in August 1917, Lt Craigwas assigned to the First Officers TrainingClass at Quantico, where he joined othernew Marine officers, a number of whomwere to become outstanding and well-known leaders in the Corps. Upon com-pletion of the school in November, insteadof going to France as he wanted to, LtCraig was assigned to the 8th Marines ondeployment to Galveston, Texas, where heremained for a year and a half, guardingthe oil fields and participating in fieldtraining.

In April 1919, he boarded the Hancockfor deployment to Santo Domingo City,where, after a brief stopover in Haiti, hejoined the Second Provisional Brigade. Fbrtwo years, Lt Craig was in the field, com-manding the 70th Company, which hadsmall outposts all over the eastern districtof the Dominican Republic, operatingagainst bandits. He noted in his interviewthat one of the innovations in SantoDomingo was the deployment of mountedMarines on patrols. Two companies of thebrigade were totally mounted; he had amounted detachment while atChicharrones.

by Benis M. Frank, Chief Historian

As a captain of Marines, EdwardA. Craigwas aide to MayGenComdt John A. Le-Jelene, whom he later called 'z great man."

I N THE EARLY YEARS of his career follow-

ing assignment to the DominicanRepublic, Lt Craig commanded a guarddetachment at the Naval AmmunitionDepot, Puget Sound (1921-1923); was sta-tioned in the Philippines at Olongapo(1923-1924); commanded the MarineDetachment in Huron (1924-1926), duringwhich time he had temporary detachedduty in Shanghai guarding the Interna-tional Settlement; and a short tour at theMarine Corps Base, San Diego.

For three years, Capt Craig was aide toMajGenComdt John A. Lejeune, in thelast years of the latter's commandancy. Inrecalling this duty, Gen Craig remem-bered Gen Lejeune as being ". . . a greatman . . . . and that he did much for theMarine Corps." In addition to his dutiesas aide, Capt Craig was tasked with act-ing as recorder to the Examining Board atHeadquarters Marine Corps; he was incharge of the guard of the Navy buildingin which the Marine headquarters existed;and he also was in charge of engagementsfor the Marine Band. He further recalledthat "Each morning at 7 o'clock I was re-quired to be at the stables, which at thattime were about two blocks from the Navy

building, where headquarters was locat-ed in those days. And Gen Lejeune wouldcome in at seven promptly, and we wouldride horseback for one hour, always at atrot. Gen Lejeune used a McClellan sad-dle and did not post, so he got well shakenup on these rides . . . . I remember onetime his horse stopped suddenly, and hewent on over his head. I jumped off tohelp him, but he was on his feet and backon his horse before I could hardly get tohim'

G EN CRAIG CONTINUED, "The generalwas a man who thought very little of

himself. As a consequence he would ap-pear many times out of uniform, hisstewards having forgotten to put on cer-tain ribbons or insignia, his rank or Corps.So consequently, I carried a supply in mypocket or had them handy where I couldcheck when he came in; and if I saw onewas missing, I would simply pin it onhim."

When it came time for Gen Lejeune toretire, he told his aide that he could goanywhere he wanted, and Capt Craig opt-ed to join the Guardia Nacional inNicaragua. He joined the Guardia in June1929 and was assigned as DepartmentCommander at Chinandega. Gen Craigrecalled that shortly after his arrival there,a young officer by the name of Lewis Pullerarrived, having been sent up fromManagua as battalion quartermaster. "Thismade Lewis very upset as he never desiredquartermaster duty. He wanted to get outin the field and chase the bandits, whowere numerous in that area; and I ar-

ranged for him to take patrols out regard-less of the fact that he was battalionquartermaster. Lewis did so well on thesepatrols that he was later assigned as com-manding officer of a Guardia companywith the mission of patrolling that gener-al area to rid it of bandits. He did a won-derful job for the next year or so." GenCraig found that his Guardia duty wasquite onerous, for he had to spend con-siderable time in the field on horseback,traversing the full extent of his assignedterritory.

Following this slightly more than two-year tour, Gen Craig was assigned to the

14 Fortiiudine, Fall 1995

rines in July 1943, and led the regimentin the landing on Bougainville. He also ledthe 9th Marines in the invasion of Guam.For his role in the subsequent recaptureof Guam, he was awarded the Navy Cross.His citation read: "For extraordinary hero-ism as a regimental commander during ac-tion against the enemy on Guam,Marianas Islands, from 21 July to 10 Au-gust 1944. From the time of landing withthe assault elements of his regiment, un-der heavy machine gun, mortar, and smallarms fire, until organized resistanceceased, Col Craig frequently subjectedhimself, on his front lines, to enemy fire,and displayed the highest degree of bold,aggressive, and fearless leadership .

His outstanding courage, aggressiveleadership, and unselfish devotion to dutyconstantly inspired his officers and menand were in keeping with the highest tra-ditions of the United States Naval Service."

Marine Corps Base, San Diego, in late1931 and would remain there in severaldifferent duty assignments until 1937.During this time, he spent nearly sixmonths back in Nicaragua as a memberof the Electoral Commission sent there tosupervise the elections. In June 1937, hewas assigned to Senior School, at the Ma-rine Corps Schools, Quantico, followingwhich, Gen Craig returned to San Diegoto become the base adjutant for a year be-fore he reported as the Marineofficer/intelligence officer on the staff ofAdm ErnestJ. King's Aircraft Battle Forcestationed at the Naval Air Station, SanDiego.

D URING THIS lOUR, he spent sometime on the aircraft carriers York-

town and Enterprise. Two months afterjoining Adm King's staff, King was trans-ferred. Gen Craig recalled that duty un-der the new commander was much easier"than under Adm King, who was a realwork horse and required everybody underhim to be the same. I noticed that a goodmany officers on his staff had developedulcers during the period they were underAdm King, but Adm King neverthelessgot results, and he had that Aircraft Bat-

tIe Force ready for war when he left." Fol-lowing King's departure and a short timeunder his replacement, for the greater por-tion of the time he was with the Force,Gen Craig served under Adm William EHalsey, of whom he thought highly.

His next assignment sent him back tothe Marine Corps Base, San Diego, wherehe commanded the Guard Battalion fromJuly 1941 to February 1942, when he tookcommand of the 2d Pioneer Battalion. InJune he joined Col Lemuel C. Shepherd,Jr.'s 9th Marines as regimental executiveofficer. Two months later he was givencommand of Service Troops, 3d MarineDivision, which he took overseas to NewZealand. It was while he was in NewZealand that Col Craig learned that hiswife, who had been ill for a long time, wasin very critical condition and not expect-ed to live. His corps commander refusedhis request for emergency leave, and onGuadalcanal before the Bougainville in-vasion, he received a letter from Mrs.Shepherd stating that his wife had died.He was quite shaken to receive this news.Because of the congestion in the mail sys-tem, he continued to receive his wife's let-ters for almost a month after her death.

He was given command of the 9th Ma-

IN SEPTEMBER 1944, Cot Craig becamethe operations officer (G-3) of V Am-

phibious Corps for the landings on IwoJima. In July 1945, Cot Craig returned tothe west coast, and served first as chief ofstaff of the Marine Training Command,San Diego Area, and then as commandingofficer of the Redistribution Regiment(Provisional) of the Marine Training andReplacement and Training Command inthe same area. After six months as thechief instructor of the Troop Training Unit,Amphibious Forces, Pacific Fleet, he wasordered to take a team to Japan to trainEighth Army troops in amphibious oper-ations. While there, he was promoted tobrigadier general and returned to Califor-nia. He was sent overseas once more, thistime in 1947 as assistant division com-mander of the 1st Marine Division in Chi-na. That year, while still in China, GenCraig took command of the 1st ProvisionalBrigade, which was to be stationed onGuam. Here, he found that his officersand Marines had to build a camp fromalmost nothing. As a matter of fact,officers and noncommissioned officers hadto build the quonset huts which were tohouse their dependents. As he later re-called, the brigade camp was notable inmany respects. "It was built entirely byMarines. And that included the water sys-tem, the sewage system . . . and electricalsystems, and complete shops for the main-tenance and storage of ordnance and mo-tor transport."

Fortitudine, Fall 1995 15

MayGen Craig, right, assistant division commander of the 1st Marine Division, receivesa second star from Marine MayGen 0. P Smith. Gen Craig was responsible for train-ing units which would go into combat in Korea with himself as brigade commander

Following a two-year tour as 1st Brigadecommander, Gen Craig was ordered toCamp Pendleton as 1st Marine Division as-sistant division commander under Maj-Gen Graves B. Erskine, a hard taskmasterwhose primary aim at that time was to getthe division up to the standards he alwaysrequired of any unit he commanded. SinceGen Erskine headed both the division andthe Marine Corps Base, Camp Pendleton,and because he was either in Hawaii or inWashington most of the time, and wassent to Indo-China on an inspection tripin 1950, Gen Craig became responsible forthe operations and training of the divi-sion. When North Korean forces invadedSouth Korea, the division was put on analert. On 7 July, the 1st Provisional Ma-rifle Brigade was reactivated, practicallystripping the 1st Marine Division of all itsorganic units to serve as the core of thebrigade. Gen Craig recalled that "Organiz-ing a brigade was not too difficult, as I or-ganized it practically along the lines of thebrigade I had in Guam." The division wasat peacetime strength, and Gen Craig's re-quest to add a third company to each bat-talion and a third platoon to eachcompany was disapproved. Despite his ar-gument that the brigade might have to godirectly into battle in Korea at any time,and that the future of the Marine Corpsmight rest on what the Marines did there,did not change the decision. Gen Craigbelieved that in view of the very criticalsituation of the Corps in the postwar unifi-cation struggle, it was important for thebrigade to do well in Korea.

For Gen Craig, command of the brigadein the Pusan Perimeter, for that was wherethe Marines were inserted into the KoreanWar, had to be the crowning achievementof his career. Gen Craig flew out to Tokyoahead of the brigade and reported to AdmC. TurnerJoy, who commanded the navalforces in the Western Pacific, and thenwent over to Gen Douglas MacArthur'sheadquarters. He found MacArthur to bemost friendly, for when Gen Craig enteredhis office, MacArthur said, "I have a repu-tation for not liking Marines. But, I'm veryproud of the fact that the 1st Marine Di-vision served under me in World War II,and I would have liked to have kept themwith me at all times in World War II, butthey took them away. And I'm very gladto have you here with the 1st Brigade."Shortly thereafter, while picking out thebilleting area near Osaka for the brigade

and the division, he was ordered to Korea.Here he was to report to LtGen Walton H.Walker, commander of the Eighth Army,at Taegu. Walker was most cordial to Craigand told the Marine that he did not knowexactly where the brigade would be usedat that time. ". . . the situation was chang-ing so rapidly that they might be usedanywhere on the perimeter; but that Iwould be used on the left flank."

T HE FIRST elements of the brigadelanded at Pusan on 2 August, and

until it was withdrawn on 3 September togo into reserve for the Inchon landing, itwas heavily engaged by the enemy. Ma-rines, supported by the Corsairs of thecarrier- based Marine Fighter Squadrons214 and 323, severely punished the NorthKoreans opposite them and maintainedthe integrity of the Eighth Army perimeteruntil its withdrawal. Gen Craig led thebrigade in three decisive engagements wi-thin the Pusan Perimeter, deflecting theNorth Korean drive for the port of Pusan.

Gen Craig's brigade joined the 1st Ma-rine Division at sea for the 15 Septemberlanding at Inchon. He remained assistantdivision commander during the operations

leading to the capture of Seoul and allthrough the Chosin Reservoir campaign.For his services in Korea, he was decorat-ed with the Navy Distinguished ServiceMedal, the Silver Star Medal, and two AirMedals. He returned to the United Statesin early 1951 to become director of theMarine Corps Reserve. He decided to re-tire in June 1951 with 34 years of activeservice. Of his career, Gen Craig said, "Mygreat satisfaction in serving the Corps wasthe opportunity of seeing the Corps stead-ily improve in efficiency and equipmentand the type of person serving in it. I thinkthat the Marine Corps at the present time[May, 19681 is far above that of any previ-ous period . . . . I think the only thingthat probably hasn't changed, so far as theindividuals in the Corps go, is theircourage, their ability to fight and win. Idon't think that will ever change in theCorps."

Gen Craig was a good friend of the Ma-rine Corps historical program. If he readsomething in Fortitudine or one of Histor-ical Division's publications which pleasedhim, he would always write, commentingfavorably on what he had read.L111775L11

16 Fortitudine, Fall 1995

In May 1951, Marine Commandant Gen Clifton B. Cates congratulates MayGen Crazgon receiving the Distinguished Service Medal as Mrs. Craz looks on. The citation hailedCrazg 's conduct of the Naktong River and Inchon-Seoul campaigns in the Korean 1lv

Sword Here May Be First Taken from Japanese by Marine

W HAT MAY WELL be the first swordcaptured from the Japanese by a

Marine in World War II was recently do-nated to the Marine Corps Museum. Thedonor, Maj Gene C. Martin, USMC (Ret),of Tillamook, Oregon, took this swordwhile manning a defensive position on theisland of Tulagi during the early morninghours of 8 August 1942. The attack onTulagi. an island across the Sealark Chan-nel from Guadalcanal, was one of theopening moves in the Solomons cam-paign. The initial assault on the island wascarried out on 7 August by the 1st MarineRaider Battalion, under the command ofthe legendary LtCol Merritt A. Edson, sup-ported by the 2d Battalion, 5th Marines.

After fighting their way across the is-land, the raiders set up a defensiveperimeter for the night and over the nextseveral hours, suffered several concerted at-tacks and numerous small infiltration at-tempts by the Japanese. Martin, then aplatoon sergeant (a rank equivalent to to-day's staff sergeant) in Company D, 1stRaider Battalion, had posted his men ina long ditch near the cricket pitch of theBritish official residence at nightfall. Af-ter checking on his men shortly after mid-night, he heard one of his Marineschallenge four shadowy figures who hadmaterialized at his elbow. The strong odorof rice powder indicated that they were theenemy. Martin knew that smell from hisprior service with the Peking LegationGuard in China in the years just before thewar when he came into daily contact withJapanese troops.

M AJ MARTIN described the next mo-ments in an article he wrote for the

Raider Association's Newsletter, the DopeSheet, in 1957:

The grip of my Reising gun lay inmy right hand, which was extendedfull length at my side. The safetycatch was on, and I knew that whenit moved, it would sound like some-one had snapped on a light switch.Nonetheless, while the Nips carriedon their confab, with Cooley againrepeating, "Lucky Strike!", I very

slowly elevated the muzzle of theReising and at the same time eased

by Kenneth L. Smith-ChristmasCurator of Material History

my left hand over to the safety. Itclicked off. I guess no one heard itbut me. TheJaps were restless. Theman in charge, who stood closest tome, was carrying his sheathed sword.Two others had rifles, and the thirda light or heavy machine gun slungover his shoulder.

I can clearly remember the oldtime-worn saying going through mymind: "Shoot first; ask questionslater:' I did, at the same time shout-ing, "They'reJaps, Cooley, give 'emhell!" The first round—a tracer—was for the leader. The secondstopped the guy on his left. Theothers spread like the wind, endingup, it turned out later, in the ditchwith other Raiders . . . I still havethe sword that the Jap officercarried.The sword was donated to the Museum

through the assistance of Jim Childs, aformer raider living in Vienna, Virginia,and James "Horse" Smith, also a formerraider and a volunteer in the Division'sPersonal Papers Collection. It is an exam-ple of Japanese fine craftsmanship, notone of the mass-produced swords whichwere most often encountered by Alliedtroops in the Pacific. The blade is hand-made and in excellent condition. Maj Mar-tin engraved one side of the blade withthe inscription, "Platoon Sergeant GeneC. Martin, USMC, 1st Raider Bn, Tulagi,B.S.I., 8 Aug 42" and "To my beloved wifePeggy" on the other. The hilt has a

coppery-colored burnished bronze isuba,or guard, and a frosted silver menuki or-nament in the form of three cherry blos-soms on each side of the black rayskin grip.The black lacquered scabbard has frostedgilt mountings and still retains its leatherdress belt hanger.

T HE MARINE CORPS MUSEUM has anexcellent collection of Japanese

swords, many of which have been used inits exhibits on World War II throughoutthe years. Most of the swords in the col-lection were captured during fighting onPacific islands during World War II or sur-rendered by Japanese officers at the endof the war. All of these swords have beenexamined by experts in the field. A form-erJapanese Embassy defense attache iden-tified one which apparently had beengathered up in the disarming of theJapanese population in 1945. It was

returned to its owners in 1978. (See For-titudine, Volume VIII, Number 3, Winter1978-79.)

Plans for Maj Martin's sword include dis-play in the "Recent Accessions" exhibit atthe entrance of the Marine Corps Muse-um in the Historical Center, and eventu-al display in the first of the Museum's two"Time Tunnel" cases devoted to WorldWar II. When that exhibit is reworked un-der our planned Museum renovation, thissword is programmed to replace thestandard-issue Showa (post-1925) Japanesesword which has been on display since1977. L111775L11

Fortiludine, Fall 1995 17

An example offine Japanese craftsmanshsp and in excellent condition, May Martin csword has a burnished bronze guard and a frosted silver ornament in the form of threecherry blossoms on each side of the black rayskin giO. The scabbard is lacquered black.

'Newsmaps' Kept Citizens on Top of War Developmentsby Amy J. Cantin

Personal Papers Archivist

D tIRING WORLD WAR II the ArmyOrientation Course, a Special Serv-

ice Division of Army Service Forces in theWar Department, produced large informa-tional posters called "Newsmaps." Theseposters were combinations of updates onthe war fronts, maps outlining allied andaxis areas of occupation and general infor-mation. Their purpose was to keep Ameri-cans current on war news and to give themsome special topics to think about. Theinformation used in producing the posterswas gathered from sources available to thepublic.

The front of each Newsmap featured"The War Fronts" summarizing the eventsand advancements of Allied forces aroundthe world. This information was brokendown by country, region of the world, andtypes of offensive. News articles summa-rized the week's events by relaying theprogress of various campaigns, quantita-tive analysis of casualties and equipmentlost, and territorial gains. The news arti-

cle were accompanied by a large, coloredworld map with a numbering key. Eachnews article was numbered so that thereader could easily identify the article withthe appropriate part of the world. Thenumber on the map was accompanied bya caption which summarized the article.For example, on a map dated for the weekof 2 to 9 April 1943, article number twoentitled "Solomons," summarized theJapanese air attack on American shippingin the Central Solomons. The caption onthe map read, "Japs Attack U.S. ShippingWith 98 Planes" and the Solomon Islandswere clearly identified. The map also hada colored legend to identify the countriesthat were associated with the United Na-tions or Axis and Axis-occupied nations,or had formal relations with Axis and neu-tral countries.

Each map was dated by the week of thewar, as a reference tool for the reader. Forinstance, on Monday, 17 May 1943, theposter was published for the week of 7 to

14 May 1943, which was the 192nd weekof the war and the 74th week of U.S. par-ticipation.

T HE BACK OF EACH poster is devotedto a single thought provoking theme.

The purpose of these themes was to passalong general information and to makeAmerican citizens aware of war-relatedtopics. The topics ranged among; recog-nizing German uniforms and insignia;how to dig a foxhole properly; "So He CanFight," Women in the Armed Services;censoring your own correspondence; and"The Marine Corps, a Unified FightingForce." Each theme was accompanied bycolored sketches, official military photoswith captions, and prepared charts.

The Newsmap was a one-of-a-kindsource of information, produced to keepAmericans in touch with the war. It givesus a look at the war through the eyes ofthose reacting to what was happening andhow they thought the United States washandling its participation. L111775L1

Newsmap "for the week of2-9 April 1943 highlights war in the Solomons, where some of the heaviest Marine fighting would occur

18 Fortitudine, Fall 1995

Restoration ChiefJoe Payton Ends Distinguished Career

OSEPH L. PAY1ON, the recently retiredhead of the Restoration Section of the

anne Corps Air-Ground Museum, wasawarded the Department of DefenseCivilian Distinguished Service Medal dur-ing a ceremony at the Quantico-basedMuseum on 24 August. Mr. Payton retiredon 1 june after serving more than 20 yearsin the History and Museums Division. Hewas awarded the Civilian Meritorious Serv-ice Medal previously for his efforts in theopening of the Korean War hangar at theAir-Ground Museum in 1990.

The citation accompanying the new me-dal recognizes Mr. Payton's "superior per-formance of duty while serving as Chief,Restoration Section," and noted that his"superior skills and devotion to duty havebeen key elements in the establishment ofthe Marine Corps Air-Ground Museumand the acquisition and restoration ofnumerous vintage aircraft, vehicles, andheavy weapons by the Marine Corps Muse-ums system." The citation further statedthat "his leadership and dedication haveinspired many volunteers to assist in theconservation and accurate restoration ofthe Marine Corps' historic collection ofunique, valuable, and significant artifacts."

Mr. Payton joined the Division staff inApril 1975 and brought with him an im-pressive background in aircraft restoration.While serving in the U.S. Air Force in1954. he received his first certification asan airframe and power plant mechanic.Five years later, he earned a diploma in air-craft maintenance from the Embrey-Riddle Aeronautical University in Dayto-na Beach, Florida. He continued to ac-quire certification to work on many moretypes of aircraft over the next 30 years.

A native of Fredericksburg, Virginia,Mr. Payton had worked for several majorairlines in the 1960s, owned his own au-tomobile garage for several years, and,most importantly, worked as the chiefmechanic for a well-known collection ofvintage aircraft at Fredericksburg's Shan-non Airport. He was employed at Shan-non Airport when the then-AssistantDeputy Director for Museums, Col Tho-mas M. D'Andrea, hired Mr. Payton toenergize the museum's restorationprogram.

by Kenneth L. Smith-ChristmasCurator of Material History

Mr. Payton was tasked with the restora-tion and preservation of the Marine CorpsMuseums' collection of aircraft in antici-pation of opening the original MarineCorps Aviation Museum in 1978. As thecollection grew and the focus of the muse-um broadened into the Air-Ground con-cept. he was assigned also to restorevehicles and crew-served weapons. As thehead of the Restoration Section since 1975,he supervised and actively participated inthe full restoration of more than 15 vin-tage aircraft, 12 military vehicles, and 18crew-served weapons. Many of these wererusted hulks or simply collections of bat-tered and corroded parts and pieces. In ad-dition, he prepared many more partiallyrestored items for exhibit, consulted withrestoration companies about work beingperformed under contract on Museum-owned artifacts, and thoroughly inspect-ed and reported upon dozens of restoredlarge artifacts being acquired from outsidesources. In this, the spectrum ran frombiplanes to jet aircraft, and from horse-drawn artillery to amphibian vehicles.

When the loss due to downsizing of hiscivilian assistant and most of his assignedenlisted staff threatened the abilities of

the Museum's restoration program, Mr.Payton energetically pursued a volunteerprogram among Quantico-area enthusiastsand offered to change his hours to accom-modate theirs, typically on the weekends.For the past six years, he has worked onSaturdays and weekday evenings with thevolunteer staff, restoring items whichrange from circa 1915 armored cars tomodern helicopters. Mr. Payton trained allof these volunteers in the skills necessaryto complete these special projects. Thefabrication of the required replacementparts, and the restoration and preservationof original parts were carried out in theMuseum's extensive shops, which Mr. Pay-ton himself equipped during his tenureon the Museum staff.

Beyond the volunteer efforts in restora-tion, Mr. Payton used the talents of othervolunteers in the cataloging and manage-ment of the Museum's collection of origi-nal manuals and their entry into anautomated data retrieval system. Mr. Pay-ton's personal commitment to this pro-gram was evidenced by the professionaldevelopment trips for volunteers which heorganized and led to other military muse-ums and military vehicle expositions. Al-together, the Marine Corps realized in

Fu,'i,i,id,ne, Fall 1995 19

Longtime Restoration ChiefJoseph L. Payton, left. is congratulated on the presenta-tion of his Department of Defense Distinguished Service Medal by BGen Edwin H.Simmons, as SSgt HurelJ. Uard USMC, and ColAlfredJ. Ponnwitz, USMC, look on.

excess of 15,000 man-hours of labor at nocost to the government from his manage-ment of the volunteer program.

For the past several years, the monitor-ing of hazardous materials and waste hasbeen of paramount importance to the Ma-rine Corps Combat Development Com-mand. Mr. Payton shouldered thisresponsibility for the Museum, and withthe participation of three other staff mem-

bers, developed a model program for allof the Museum's areas. This program con-tinually exceeded the standards set by theCommonwealth of Virginia and the En-vironmental Protection Agency. In addi-tion, Mr. Payton's program became thestandard for the Marine Corps Museum'sactivities at the Marine Corps HistoricalCenter, Washington Navy Yard.

To complete restoration of any artifacts

displayed in the two Washington D.C.-areamuseums, Mr. Payton conducted extensiveprimary source research and consultedwith other experts world-wide. Mr. Pa-ton's expertise and advice was sought con-tinually by the staffs of other Marine Corpsmuseums, other service museums, civilianaviation museums nationwide, and theU.S. National Museum, the SmithsonianInstitution. LI1775Li

Henderson Field Name Kept for New Guadalcanal International Airport

H ENDERSON FIELD, the hard-wonand well-defended landing strip at

the center of the Marine battle on the Pa-cific island of Guadalcanal in World WarII, will live on in the name of the island'snew air terminal, Henderson InternationalAirport, due to be opened in 1997. The

airfield was named for Marine Maj LoftonHenderson, killed leading his squadronagainst the Japanese in 1942.

The new airport was dedicated to MajLofton's memory in the form of a bronzeplaque on 24 October 1995, in ceremo-nies attended by members of his familyand ministers of the Government of the

Solomon Islands. The Commandant ofthe Marine Coprs was represented byLtGen Harold W. Blot, deputy chief ofstaff for aviation. History and MuseumsDivision sent a cased display relating toHenderson Field and the battle forGuadalcanal to present the history behindthe ceremony. L111775L11

Historical Quiz

Civil War Marinesby Annette D. AmermanShenandoah University

Reference Section Intern1. Who was the Commandant of

the Confederate States Marine Corpsduring the Civil War?

2. When and where did eight U.S.Marines earn the Medal of Honor fora single battle?

3. When was the ConfederateStates Marine Corps organized?4. Name the battle in which 336

enlisted U.S. Marines and 12 officerswere unable to hold back a fourthcharge by Confederates.5. When and how many battles

were fought to capture Fort Fisher,North Carolina

6. Who were the two Civil War U.S.Marine Commandants?

7. How many U.S. Marines earnedMedals of Honor in the Civil War?

8. Of U.S. Medal of Honorrecipients during the Civil War, howmany were not born in the U.S.?9. At the end of the war in 1865,

what was the total active-dutystrength of the U.S. Marine Corps?10. On 31 October 1861, the Gover-nor was caught in a storm and brokeup with 300 Marines on board. Nearwhat present-day Marine Corps postdid this occur?

(Answers on page 22)

Co/or guards from Marine Forces Pacific and the Solomon Islands Police Force postcolors at ceremonies honoring May Lofton Henderson, for whom the airfield is named

Family members at the ceremony are, second from right, May Lofton 's brother BGenFrederick Henderson, USMC (Ret), and his sons, from left, lofton. William, and Paul.

20

Hoffman Again Takes Foundation's Heini Award Home

M AJ JON I. HOFFMAN, USMCR, amember of the History and Muse-

ums Division's reserve mobilization train-ing unit and three-time previous recipientof the annual honor, again was this year'swinner of the Colonel Robert Debs Heinl,Jr., Award. Presented to the author of thebest published article pertinent to MarineCorps history, Hoffman received the awardfor his series of articles, "Legacy and Les-sons," published in theJanuary, February,June, July, and September 1994 issues ofthe Marine Corps Gazette, at the MarineCorps Historical Foundation's annualaward ceremony held on 29 October.

Maj Hoffman served 12 years on activeduty as an infantry officer, but left activeranks to pursue a law degree at DukeUniversity. He was recalled to active dutyto assist with an examination of the Ma-rine Corps' roles and missions. His FromMakin to Bougainville: Marine Raiders inthe Pacific War, is a recent publication inthe division's World War II commemora-tive series.

R ICHARD D. DODGE was awarded anHonorable Mention in recognition

for his article, "Massacre in Haiti," whichappeared in the November 1994 issue ofthe Naval Institute Proceedings. Mr.

Dodge, a retired electrical engineer, em-ployed for many years by TRW and othercontractors working on military and spaceprograms, is now retired and resides inFlorida.

The General Wallace M. Greene, Jr.,Award, given to the author of the out-standing nonfiction book pertinent to Ma-rine Corps history, was presented to ColJoseph H. Alexander, USMC (Ret), for hisbook, Utmost Savagery; The Three Daysof Tarawa, published by the Naval Insti-tute Press. A veteran of 29 years of serviceas an assault amphibian officer, Col Alex-ander is the author of two publishedWorld War II commemorative pamphletson the Tarawa and Iwo Jima campaignsand the forthcoming pamphlet on Okina-Wa, in addition to numerous essays andscholarly articles. He is also the primarynarrator of the Lou Reda production onTarawa that has appeared on the Arts andEntertainment cable channel.

by Charles R. SmithSecretary, Marine Corps Historical Foundation

Photo by Donald B. Williams

Gen Raymond G. Davis, USMC (Ret),received the Distinguished Service Awardthe Historical Foundation's hihest, for hiscontributions to furthering the under-standing of Marine Corps history duringmore than 57 years of active leadershiib.

The Sergeant Major Dan Daly Awardwas presented to Sgt Lance M. Bacon,USMC. The award, funded by Leatherneckmagazine, is given for superior writing per-tinent to Marine Corps history by an en-listed author for a Marine Corps post orstation periodical. Sgt Bacon received theaward for a series of articles in the CampLejeune Globe, among them: "Sai-pan/Tinian"; "Navajo Code Talkers";"Mount Suribachi"; "Haiti, 1915-1934";and "Dead of Beirut/GrenadaRemembered."

SGT BACON BEGAN his Marine Corpscareer in 1989. Following a number of

assignments ashore and on board ship, hejoined the Public Affairs Office at CampLejeune. As a "combat correspondent," hehas received a number of best photo andfeature awards from the Combat Cor-respondents Association, and was namedthe Marine Corps Print Journalist of theYear for 1995.

The Colonel John H. Magruder IIIAward, for excellence in depicting MarineCorps history in exhibits or displays in amuseum or similar setting, was presentedto the Marine Corps Museum, Buffalo andErie County Naval and Servicemen's Park,

Buffalo, New York, and to Henry Ruskinand members of the Museum Committee.

What began as a desire to have equalrepresentation for Marine Corpsmemorabilia at the park, resulted in amuseum containing a significant collec-tion of uniforms, equipment, photo-graphs, and other artifacts spanning theyears from World War I to the Persian GulfWar.

MSgt Francis Arciaga,Jr., USMC (Ret),was awarded an Honorable Mention inrecognition of his display honoring MarineCorps military police and criminal inves-tigators. His interest in law enforcementbegan in 1946 when he was sent to Chinaand assigned duty with the provost mar-shal, following service with the 1st MarineDivision from Guadalcanal to Okinawa.His collection of military police and crimi-nal investigator memorabilia outgrew hishome and garage after his retirement in1961, and he solicited donations to pur-chase a mobile trailer which was placed atPMO headquarters at Camp Pendleton.His display has been loaned to other postsof the Corps, as well as to the FBI.

R ICHARD M. GIBNEY was this year'srecipient of the Colonel John W.

Thomason, Jr., Award for his series ofpaintings portraying Marines in combatduring World War II. The ThomasonAward, named for the highly decoratedcombat officer and artist, is given for ex-cellence in the fine or applied arts, includ-ing photography, in depicting thehistorical or contemporary Marine Corps.

Former Cpl Gibney participated in thebattles for Tarawa, Saipan, Tinian, andOkinawa, and then served with the occu-pation forces in Japan. A native New Yor-ker, he continued his education after thewar, receiving a fine arts degree from Syra-cuse University. His efforts portraying Ma-rines in combat in World War II wererecognized in 1993 with a 50-piece, one-artist show, "An Odyssey, the Saga of aYoung Marine, 1942-1946," in the MarineCorps Museum's Special Exhibits Gallery.

Gen Raymond G. Davis, USMC (Ret),received the Distinguished Service Award,the Foundation's highest award, for out-standing contributions furthering the un-

Foriitudine, Fall 1995 21

derstanding of Marine Corps historyduring more than 57 years of service toCorps and country.

From his commissioning in 1938, toGuadalcanal, to Cape Gloucester, toPelelieu, to Chosin, to Dong Ha, Gen Da-vis served as a role model for and an in-novative teacher of Marine leaders. "Heformulated and proved many of the con-cepts of maneuver warfare, bringing newmeaning," noted Foundation PresidentLtGen Philip D. Shutler, "to the term Air-Ground Team and the way it is taught atQuantico."

A s ONE OF THE CORPS' most promi-nent combat leaders, Gen Davis did

not hang up his sword and retire quietly.During the past eight years, he was activewith the Korean War Veterans MemorialAdvisory Board, first as Chairman of theDesign Selection Committee and later asChairman of the Board during thememorial's final years of construction anddedication this past summer. He playeda central role in the choice of a theme,selection of the final design for many com-peting proposals, fundraising for construc-tion, and finally, in the dedicationceremonies. Under his leadership, thememorial's theme was shifted from the"Forgotten War" to the understanding thatKorea was the "Hot Start of the Cold War,"

eventually leading to the demise of corn-mu nism.

The memorial's 19 imposing figures andreflecting wall represent the warriors whofought in Korea—the nations, creeds, andraces they represented. Gen Davis' insis-tence on the even-handed treatment of theaccomplishments of all services in Korea,LtGen Shutler noted, "not only reflects onthe Marines involved but also provides ad-ditional insight into the history of theCorps. The design celebrates the achieve-ments of the living and fosters a quiet ap-preciative remembrance of the dead."

The Heritage Award was presented toLtCol Cheryl A. Garbett, USMC (Ret), forher work on behalf of the Foundation ascoordinator of volunteers at the MarineCorps Museum's gift shop. Drawing uponqualities developed during more than twodecades of active service, LtCol Garbett ac-tively recruited volunteers; trained, en-couraged, and kept track of her workers;and made it a point to be on hand everyFriday night during the summer paradeseason.

LtGen Shutler said that LtCol Garbettepitomizes "the tradition of the womenof the Marine Corps: cheerful, willing,takes the initiative to find a need and fillit. and shows an intuitive understandingof how to do this so the credit is sharedby all participants." Th775

Answers to the Historical Quiz

Civil War Marines(Questions on page 20)

1. Commandant of the Confederate StatesMarine Corps was Col Lloyd J. Beall.2. On 5 August 1864, eight Marinesearned the Medal of Honor for heroismwhile manning guns during the Battle ofMobile Bay. Four were on board Brooklyn,three on board Richmond, and one onboard Oneida.3. The Confederate Congress authorized10 companies on 20 May 1861.4. On 18 July 1861, at the First Battle ofManassas (Bull Run), they were pushedback by a Confederate cavalry charge.5. Two Union attempts were made to takeFort Fisher. The first was on 24-2 5 Decem-ber 1864, when Confederate forces held,and the second on 13-15 January 1865,when the fort fell to Union forces.6. ColComdt John Harris served from 7Jan 1859 until 12 May 1864, then MajJacob Zeilin served until 1 Nov 1876.7. From 1862 to 1865, 17 Marines.8. Of the 17, eight were not American-born: five from Ireland, and one each fromEngland, Germany and Canada.9. The strength was 3,860 (87 officers and3,773 enlisted men).10. Off the coast of Port Royal, present-day Parris Island, South Carolina.

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Marine Corps Chronology

September-December 1946by Robert V Aquilina

Assistant Head, Reference Section

Fortitudine 's chronology feature continues with entries cover-ing the last four months of 1946, pertaining to postwar Ma-

rine Corps activities at home, in the Pacific, and in the occupa-tion of China.

3 Sep—In China, the last elements of the 4th Marines (less the3d Battalion) embarked for the United States. The 3d Battalioncame under direct command of the Seventh Fleet.6 Sep—As of this date, Marine guards in China were assignedsolely to trains transporting American personnel and supplies.The Chinese Nationalist Army assumed responsibility for thesecurity of the coal fields and the rail line to Peiping.18 Sep—MajGen Samuel L. Howard, USMC, assumed commandof Marine Forces China.1 Oct—A peacetime strength level of 100,000 male regular Ma-rines had been nearly reached by this date, with approximately95,000 regulars on active duty, and with very few of this num-ber due for discharge until 1948. All reservists and draftees be-came eligible for discharge regardless of the length of their activeduty time.1 Oct—In the Pacific, the 10 provisional Marine detachmentsand military elements of occupation forces that had been formedsince the end of the war—excepting those on Wake, Kwajalein,and Eniwetok—had either been disbanded, redesignated a Ma-

Keepers of the peace in 1946, MajGen Samuel L. HowardUSMC. below left, took command of Ma,-ine Forces China on18 September On 16 December MalGen Thomas E. JVatson,

rine barracks, or made a permanent Marine detachment.4 Oct—Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps issued a directive or-dering that all enlisted male draftees, reservists, and regularswhose enlistments had expired, be discharged or placed on ter-minal leave by 18 October, except for certain authorizedretentions.15 Oct—In Japan, regular reconnaissance flights in the Tokyoarea were discontinued, and the operations of Marine AircraftGroup 31 were confined largely to mail, courier, transport, andtraining flights.1 Dee— Marine Barracks, Parris Island, South Carolina, wasredesignated a Marine Corps recruit depot.10 Dec—The provisional Wake and Eniwetok detachments weredisbanded. The Kwajalein unit was redesignated Marine Barracks,Kwajalein, under the administrative control of Marine GarrisonForces, Pacific.

16 Dec—Fleet Marine Forces, Atlantic, under the operationalcontrol of the Commander in Chief, Atlantic Fleet, was activat-ed by the Commanding General of the 2d Marine Division, Maj-Gen Thomas E. Watson, who assumed its command. In addition,Marine aviation commands in the Atlantic and Pacific Areas weredesignated subordinate units of the Fleet Marine Forces, Atlan-tic and Pacific, respectively. L11775L1

USMC, commanding general of the 2dMarine Division, becamethe commander of Fleet Marine Forces, Atlantic. Marine avia-tion units in the east also became a part of the new FMFLant.

Foriitiidzne, Fall 995 23

MARINE CORPS HISTORICAL CENTERBUILDING 58, WASHINGTON NAVY YARD

901 M STREET, SOUTHEASTWASHINGTON, D.C. 20374-5040

OFFICIAL BUSINESS

Pacific Marines Mark End of World War II ObservanceFrom reports provided by the Public Affairs Office, Marine Forces PaczjIc

THREE DAYS OF CEREMONIES com-memorating the 50th anniversary of

the end of World War II in the Pacific weresupported and attended by Marines andMarine veterans on the Hawaiian island ofOahu, during 1-3 September 1995.

On 1 September aJoint Service Reviewtook place at Wheeler Army Air Field, fol-lowed by a "Parade of World War II Shipsand Planes" off Waikiki Beach, and a wel-coming program entitled "HawaiiRemembers," also at Waikiki. On the2d —VJ Day— the Marine Corps-sponsoredNational Memorial Service, led by Presi-dent Bill Clinton, was held at the NationalMemorial Cemetery of the Pacific inHonolulu, followed by a "Naval Com-memoration and Wreath Laying at Sea,"at the USS Arizona Memorial in Pearl Har-bor, from on board the USS Carl Vinson.Hangar dances that evening took place atthe Pearl Harbor Naval Station, HickamAir Force Base, and Wheeler Field. On 3September, a World War II Commemora-tive Interfaith Service was conducted at theWaikiki Shell in Kapiolani Park, a "Saluteto Veterans" was flown by the naval pilotsof the Blue Angels, and a precision drillwas executed at the Kaneohe Bay MarineBase for an audience of more than 2,000by the Marine Corps Silent Drill Platoonfrom Washington, D.C.

The nuclear carrier Vinson was the sceneof the pierside Pearl Harbor hangar danceattended by Commandant of the MarineCorps Gen Charles C. Krulak, who earli-

er had participated in the solemn memori-al service with the President and First Lady,the Secretaries of Defense and Navy, andthe Chairman of the joint Chiefs of Staff.The President told the cemetery gather-ing that the "Veterans who served shat-tered tyranny . . . With their efforts inmind, we must charge ourselves to becomeeverything that our God-given talents al-low us to . . . (and) plant the seeds ofdemocracy all over the world."

M ORE THAN 5,000 U.S. veterans andveterans and distinguished guests

from more than 30 countries, includingJapan, Russia, China, Australia, and NewZealand, attended the memorial ceremo-nies. At the cemetery (locally called the"Punchbowl") they were surrounded by

33,143 gravesites—fallen comrades fromsuch famous battles as Guadalcanal, Sai-pan, Wake Island, Iwo Jima, and Okina-wa. Row upon row of perfectly alignedAmerican flags adorned the graves, placedthere by Hawaiian Boy Scouts.

Marines from Marine Forces Pacific(MarForPac), hosts for this capstone eventof the commemoration, arrived at thecemetery at 4 a.m., set up more than 7,500chairs, and laid out nearly 17,000 bottlesof water in preparation. Later, other Ma-rines assisted representatives from 79 vete-rans' organizations to present memorialwreaths.

On 3 September, the Silent Drill Pla-toon's performance was part of a nostalgicsunset ceremony overlooking KaneoheBay.

24 Fortitudine, Fall 1995

Members of the Marine Corps Silent Drill Platoon, here at Kaneohe Bay, demonstrat-ed their skills at separate events during the three-day commemoration. Marine ForcesPacific was the host for the National Memorial Service at the "Punchbowl"in Honolulu.