building services i report

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN

BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONOURS)

QSB1714 – Building Services 1

Water Treatment for Domestic Water Supplies

August Semester 2013

Building Services Report

Submission Date: 18th November 2013

Name Student ID

Yam Yih Hwan 0305861

Low Rong Tzuoo 0304924

Ng Jun Keat 0314368

Lim Yee Leng 0314516

Tan Jia Jia 0306613

Fatin Atiqah Putri binti A Razak 0308496


Table of Content Page

Cover Page 1

Table of Content 2

Chapter 1: Introduction 3

Chapter 2: Theoretical Research 4 - 7

Importance of Chemical Coagulation

Possible Drinking Water Problems

Chapter 3: Case Study 8 - 20

Installation Process

Management System

Recommendations for Future Improvement

Conclusion 21

Learning Outcomes 22

References 23 - 25

Appendices 26 - 27

Chapter 1: Introduction


Not all ground water requires treatment before consumption, but when it does, the

design of a complete, effective, and safe home water system must be taken under

consideration.

Water treatment involves a series of separate treatment processes in a standard

sequence to produce a safe and quality product. This treatment processes improves the quality

of the water by providing a multi-barrier, water treatment system. For surface water supplies,

treatment must include steps to remove particulate and organic matter through chemical

coagulations, followed by disinfection. Water treatment equipment can be expensive and always

requires good maintenance practices to operate effectively over the long-term. (Unknown, n.d.)

Traditionally for domestic use, water treatment has consisted of either no treatment at

all, or a combination of chlorination, rapid sand filtration, or granular activated carbon filtration.

These types of treatments have not been successful on producing high water quality product.

Therefore, the water produced from this type of treatment system can only be considered as

utility water and should not be consumed. (Unknown, n.d.)

Chapter 2: Theoretical Research


Importance of Chemical Coagulation in Water Treatment Process

Chemical methods, such as chemical coagulation or flocculation are commonly used for water

treatment on community water systems. These methods are grouped into several main

categories with respect to their purpose and the nature of the technology.

The main categories to consider here are:

(1) Chemical pre-treatments by coagulation or flocculation

(2) Adsorption process

(3) Ion exchange processes

(4) Chemical disinfection processes.

All of these processes contribute to microbial reductions from water, but the chemical

disinfection processes are specifically intended to inactivate pathogens and other microbes in

water. Other chemical methods for water treatment will be examined for their efficacy in

microbial reductions and their applicability to household water treatment. (Sobsey, M. D., n.d.)

Chemical coagulation and flocculation uses various types of salt, such as aluminum,

iron, lime and other inorganic or organic chemicals. They are widely used to process and treat

water for the removal of colloidal particles and microbes. (Sobsey, M. D., n.d.)


Below table listed some of the coagulants that have been and are being used for water

treatment at the community and household level, the advantages and disadvantages of each

coagulant.

Coagulant Household Use Advantages Disadvantages

Alum, alum potash

Yes/rare-

moderate

Community use common;

simple technology

Difficult to optimize without

training and equipment

Iron salts Yes/rare Community use common;

simple technology


training and equipment

Lime, lime + soda ash,

caustic soda

Yes/rare-

moderate

Community use common;

simple technology


training and equipment;

pH control and

neutralization a problem;

hazardous chemicals

Soluble synthetic organic

polymers

Yes/no-rare Improve coagulation with

alum and iron salts


training and equipment;

hard to dose;

need training &

equipment;

hazardous chemicals

(Sobsey, M. D., n.d.)

Possible Drinking Water Problems


Drinking water in the Malaysia is usually of very high standards. Sometimes, drinking

water is not up to standard and causes health problems to consumers. Therefore, consumers

must be aware of the possible problems that might occur in drinking water. (Water

Treatment.org, n.d.)

The following table has shown some common problems with metals and minerals

in drinking water and suggestions for suitable form of water treatment.

Problem Effect on Water Suggested Treatment

pH Low alkalinity water tends

to dissolve minerals and

metals.

Water with high alkalinity

tend to precipitate minerals

and metals

1. Use Soda Ash to raise

2. Use white vinegar or

citric acid to lower

Aluminum Discolored water Reverse Osmosis

Distillation

Chloride Salty taste Reverse Osmosis

Distillation

Color Visible Tint Reverse Osmosis

Distillation

Copper Blue-green coloration, metallic

taste

1. Activated Carbon

Filtration

2. Reverse Osmosis

Distillation

Corrosion Metallic Taste

Corrosion

Fixture Staining

1. Calcite Filter

2. Soda Ash Chemical

Feed

3. Polyphosphate Feed

Sodium Silicate Feed

Fluoride Spotting and mottling of teeth 1. Reverse Osmosis

Distillation

2. Chlorination

Hard Water Lime scale deposits in plumbing 1. Water Conditioner


and water appliances,

Reduced heating efficiency,

Lowers lifespan of boiler units,

Requires more soap

2. Water Softener

Iron Rusty colour

Sediment

Reddish or orange stains

Metallic taste

1. Oxidizing Filter

2. Chlorination -> AC

Filter

Manganese Dark brown / Black stains Oxidizing Filter

Odor Rotten egg

Musty

Garlic

Chemical Smell

Activated Carbon Filtration

Silver Skin discoloration

Grey tint in white part of

eye

1. Activated Carbon

Filtration

2. Reverse Osmosis

Distillation

Sulfate Medicinal taste

Acts as a laxative

Reverse Osmosis

Distillation

Total Dissolved Solids Hard Water

Deposits on glass and

fixtures

1. Reverse Osmosis

Distillation

2. Water Conditioner

3. Water Softener

Zinc Metallic taste Reverse Osmosis

Distillation

(Water Treatment.org, n.d.)

Chapter 3a: Case Study


Local Water Treatment: SYABASSYABAS is a company assigned by the State and Federal Government in order to

upgrade and enhance the water supply system within the State of Selangor. SYABAS managed,

and operated the water supply system to distribute quality clean water. Moreover, SYABAS is

committed to deliver water supply within the highest level of quality, expertise and prompt

services to the people who live in Selangor. SYABAS providing maintenance of infrastructure

and water-related assets repair and restore aging pipes and water meters. (Jawatan Kosong

Kini, 2013)

According to (Eunice Au, 2013), it proved that the SYABAS manage to clean up the

diesel oil spill in Sungai Selangor which means that they perform their responsibility well. They

perform a good service to consumers such as offers a simple way for payment and provide

necessary assistance. Based on (New Straits Times, 2013), SYABAS perform their

responsibility to find out the location and problem of the burst pipe and they will provide services

like repair works of the burst pipe once the location of the burst pipe to be identified. They

present awareness on water-related problems to the consumers to make the highest level

quality of life is maintained. It is necessary for SYABAS to save the environment for future

property, protect and promote in the areas of unpolluted water resources, comfort environment,

appropriate waste management to avoid pollutions. In reference to (The Star, 2012), SYABAS

wants to make sure supply of clear and high standard quality water could be channeled to

consumers so consumers are advised not to organize any activities that can lead to river

pollution. Furthermore, SYABAS are protecting the environment for the future property. Besides

that, (SYABAS, 2011) also state that SYABAS can deliver of high quality of water. It is clean

and safe to drink directly from tap as the threated water supply by SYABAS.

Sometimes, the water treatment plants have to close their operations due to

maintenance works which carry out by SYABAS and will result the consumers encountered in

the unscheduled water disruptions. With regard to the (SYABAS, 2011) state that SYABAS

wants consumers to shut down the mains at the stopcocks during the air scouring programme to

be distributed. It will bring much inconvenient not only for consumers, but also factories and

restaurants. This is because they can certify this is being done by checking and shutting them

provided the stopcocks are accessible before the air scouring programme finish.



Step 1 – Intake

The intake screens prevent debris from entering the treatment facility. The screens are located

off the bottom of the river to avoid bringing sediments into the treatment plant and below the

surface to avoid bringing oils or other floating material into the treatment plant.

Step 2 – Aeration

Aeration process involves bringing air to contact with water to transfer volatile substances from

the liquid to the gaseous phase, thus increase the dissolved air in water. It will improve taste

and odor and also oxidize iron and manganese.

Step 3 – Coagulation and Flocculation

Chemical coagulants are added to react with the remaining small particles in the water to form

particles large enough to settle out. Rapid mixing distributes the coagulant evenly throughout

the water. While, flocculation basins gently mix the water with large submerged paddles so

smaller particles collide to form large particles called “floc”.


(It’s “floc”)

Step 4 – Sedimentation

Sedimentation is physical treatment process that utilizes gravity to separated suspended solid

from water. “Floc” settles by gravity to the bottom of a sedimentation basin. Then, clean water

spills over to the filters.

Step 5 – Filtration

Filtration is to remove any remaining particles that carried over after sedimentation. The force of

gravity moves the water through filter media usually, sand.

Step 6 – Disinfection

Chlorine is added to prevent bacterial contamination as the treated water flows through the

distribution system to customers.

Step 7 – Fluoridation

Additional fluoride is added to prevent dental caries and tooth decay.

Step 8 – PH Correction

The pH is adjusted to 7.0 at the outlet of contact tank by adding lime.


SYABAS Water Integrated Management System (SWIMS)

SYABAS has invested millions in its Information Communication Technology (ICT) to

ensure its services meet with the present requirement and quality that rivals the international

acceptance standards, SYABAS has invested millions in its Information Communication

Technology (ICT) to ensure that it equips its critical departments and personnel with advanced

technology to meet and if possible exceed, the increasing sophisticated demand of its

consumers in terms of turnaround response time as well as providing solution to resolve all

impending problems.

SYABAS has deployed a computerized framework namely Integrated SYABAS Water

Management Information System (SWIMS) to meet the efficiency demand of the massive work

processes after the takeover, SYABAS has deployed a computerized framework namely

Integrated SYABAS Water Management Information System (SWIMS) with state of-the-art

computer integrated system with the objective to centralize the computer system with integrated

architectural design.


There are five management systems developed for SYABAS: (SYABAS, n.d.) [1]

Supporting System Process (Finance, Administration, Legal, Human Resource,

Procurement, Technology and R&D Management);

Process Management System (Program and Project & Contract Management);

Core Business Process System (Supply, Operations & Maintenance, Billing &

Collections, Development Plan Approval and Customer Service);

Quality Management System (Training and Client Charter Compliance Management);

and

Product Information System (Distribution Infra-Structure Assets)

Apart from this, SYABAS has developed and deployed a Computer Data Centre

Redundancy Infrastructure that is equipped with fault-tolerance high availability system.

SYABAS System application and Computer Servers on the other hand, are supported by the

Data Centre’s fiber optics that acts as a backbone to ensure that it is up and running 24 hours

without failed, which in turn enable the Data Centre to resolve future major computer

catastrophe involving loss of information and operation down-time. In order to facilitate better

work correspondence and synchronization, SYABAS has deployed VPN Network Infrastructure

that runs on 1.5 mega-bits per second bandwidth speed so as to connect all our district offices

with the HQ. (SYABAS, n.d.) [1]

With GIS–based (Geographical Information System) mapping and water distribution asset

registration system, it helps to: (SYABAS, n.d.) [1]

Improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the operational control and management of

the complex water distribution with centralised information on the water distribution

system;

Assist in the planning and expansion of the water supply system to meet rapid

development in the State;


Chapter 3b: Case Study

International Water Treatment: American Water

American Water is a specialist in serving communities, builders and developers to

overcome their water and wastewater system operation, management, and supply, delivery

challenges. The vocational of American Water were providing uninterrupted services to

consumer, operational excellence and effective waste treatment, deliver and different waste-

related management services. American Water enhanced efficient usage of the natural

resources, as well as energy, in both operations and through construction. (American Water,

2013)

American Water attempted to realize a high standard of energy efficiency and decrease

the release of the greenhouse gas. They decreased the resource consumption and

unnecessary production in capital projects and others construction. Besides that, American

Water replaced portable water provides for several common uses like landscape irrigation

during reusing treated wastewater reduces the discharge of contaminants into lakes, streams

and also rivers. They guard the watersheds, develop sustainable water resources and then

increase water conservation and use efficiency. Recycle water are often used for many

functions, like irrigation, bathroom flushing, facilities cooling and industrial appliances. It may be

to recharge ground waters or streams. (American Water, 2013)

(New York American Water, 2013) has said that fire hydrants accessibility is one of the

main factors in fighting fires successfully. In order to avoid delays the fire fighters connect their

equipment to the fire hydrants, American Water always remind citizens taking the time to ensure

the area surrounding fire hydrants clear, especially during winter season.

According to (Water Sense, n.d.), sometimes, American Water failed to deliver the high

quality of water to the consumers, especially in the rural areas of the United State, which cause

millions people do not get the enough amounts of high quality of water. Also, in some region of

the country, the consumers experience the shortage of the water due to American Water poor

maintenance of water treatment plants.



Follow a drop of water from the source through the treatment process. Water may be treated

differently in different communities depending on the quality of the water which enters the plant.

Groundwater is water located underground and typically requires less treatment than water from

lakes, rivers, and streams.

Stop at each treatment point to show where the water is along the treatment path.

Step 1 – Coagulation

It removes dirt and other particles suspended in water. Alum and other chemicals are added to

water to form tiny sticky particles called "floc" which attract the dirt particles. The combined

weight of the dirt and the alum (floc) become heavy enough to sink to the bottom during

sedimentation.


Step 2 – Sedimentation

Waters exiting the flocculation basin may enter the sedimentation basin, or also be known as a

clarifier or settling basin. It is a large tank with low water velocities, allowing (floc) to settle to the

bottom. The sedimentation basin is best located close to the flocculation basin so the transit

between the two processes does not permit settlement or (floc) break up. Sedimentation basins

may be rectangular, where water flows from starting to the end or circular where flow is from the

center outward. Sedimentation basin outflow is typically over a weir so only a thin top layer of

water—that furthest from the sludge—exits. The heavy particles (floc) settle to the bottom and

the clear water moves to filtration.

Step 3 – Filtration

After separating most heavy particles (floc), the water is filtered, some made of layers of sand,

gravel, and charcoal, as the final step to remove remaining suspended particles and unsettled

(floc).

Step 4 – Disinfection

Disinfection is a accomplished both by filtering a small amount of chlorine is added or some

other disinfection method is used to kill any bacteria or harmful micro-organism that may be in

the water, and also, by adding disinfectant chemicals. Water is disinfected to kill any pathogens

which is pass through the filters and to provide a residual dose of disinfectant to kill or inactivate

potentially harmful micro-organisms in the storage and distribution systems.

Step 5 – Storage

Water is placed in a closed tank or reservoir in order for disinfection to take place. The water

then flows through pipes to homes and businesses in the community.


Integrated Water Resource Management

Clean water is an essential component for human’s health, therefore our economy, and

environment, managed this resource demands a more holistic and integrated approach which

considers the whole water cycle. Integrated water resource management (IWRM) focuses on

understanding all of the water resources available to the communities we serve and the

surrounding regions, actively caring for those resources, and providing solutions that best match

an area’s water needs and constraints. It is a more holistic assessment of water solutions than

traditional, single solutions by individual entities.

Key components of IWRM are identified below: (Chevallier, M. L. Director, Innovation &

Environmental Stewardship, n.d.)

Identifying and giving balanced consideration to supply and demand management

planning alternatives. This could include evaluation of water resource use and demands

from agriculture, industry, power generation or other significant users of the regional

watershed resources. Coordinated drought management planning is often included in

the scope of IWRM;

Considering the availability and use of alternative or distributed supplies (re-use,

groundwater recharge, storm water retention/treatment, non-potable supplies, etc.) as

appropriate. Green solutions such as low impact development techniques, bio-swales,

rain barrels and gardens, infiltration basins, etc. would also be included;

Analysis of engineering, economic, societal, and environmental costs and considerations

while balancing the needs of competing users and multiple objectives of the use of the

resources;

Inviting an open and participatory process involving all stakeholders and striving for

consensus, while encompassing least-cost analysis of short- and long-term planning

options, and satisfying utility and regulatory policy goals;

Identifying and managing risk and uncertainty including emerging guidance on relevant

issues such as the potential impacts of climate change;

Encouraging coordination of planning between water and wastewater utilities,

environmental agencies/NGOs, land use planners, transportation planning, etc. in a

specific region.


Water Resources and Planning

In their long-term planning, it evaluates quality, quantity, growth needs, and alternate

sources of water supply as well as transmission and distribution capacity. Sources of supply are

seasonal in nature and weather conditions can have a pronounced effect on supply. In order to

ensure that we have adequate sources of water supply, we use Comprehensive Planning

Studies (CPS) and maintain drought and contingency plans to minimize the potential impact on

service through a wide range of weather fluctuations. In connection with supply planning for

most surface or groundwater sources, we employ sophisticated models to determine safe yields

under different rainfall and drought conditions. Surface and groundwater levels are routinely

monitored for all supplies so that supply capacity may be predicted and mitigated, as needed,

through demand management and additional supply development. (Chevallier, M. L. Director,

Innovation & Environmental Stewardship, n.d.)

Through our CPS process we regularly evaluate water systems to assess: (Chevallier, M. L.

Director, Innovation & Environmental Stewardship, n.d.)


Quantity and quality of available supplies

Adequacy and effectiveness of treatment processes and waste handling systems

Adequacy and efficiency of distribution pipeline networks and pumping facilities in

delivering safe, adequate water while minimizing water losses

Those proper permits are maintained to ensure legal authorization of withdrawal of

supplies from both groundwater and surface water sources.

On-going attention to the maintenance, repair, and development of water infrastructure is

necessary to ensure safe, clean water, and efficient and sustainable water use. For example,

water management through leak detection and repairs results in reduced water losses (and

therefore, reduced energy use and cost). In areas where water resources are relatively scarce,

then reducing water losses leads to the availability of more water for our customers.

Metering provides an accurate accounting of water flowing through the system, thereby

helping to determine where losses and excess usage may occur. American Water's practice is

to meter all customers. (Amwater, n.d.) [2]

Recommendations for Future Improvement


Why SYABAS need to improve?

Over time, many of the water treatment method that SYABAS used have been outdated.

The demand for water has increased as the service area has expanded due to the growth of

residential housing and business. This increasing demand, along with the advent of new water

treatment technology and an aging infrastructure at the plant, makes the decision logical,

necessary and correct. After improvement, it will have the ability to reliably supply customers

with more water per day, but the treatment process will be improved to deliver an even better

water supply to consumers who have come to expect the very best drinking water possible.

Water resources development has been a catalyst for socioeconomic development of

the country. However, the water situation for some parts of the country has changed from one of

relative abundance to one of scarcity. The growth in population and expansion in urbanization

and industrialization are imposing growing demands and pressure on water resources, besides

contributing to rising water pollution. Any new development of water resources incurs rising

costs, besides facing examination from environmentalists and conservationists. The fact that the

volume of water available is limited and the demand for water is increasing, indicates that the

supply approach in water management is unsustainable.

Example of future water treatment

The first part of the process involves cleaning the rough and fine solid parts of the

wastewater, combined with four primary settling tanks and the second part of the process takes

place in eight biological tanks. This biological treatment is mainly intended for removing carbon,

phosphorus and nitrogen. (Liz, 2009)

For the biological treatment, activated sludge treatment is used. This method requires

the aeration tanks to be provided with air after which the solid parts in the water can settle in the

clarification tanks. The treated effluent will be pumped straight into the sea with the level of

purification being checked several times a day. (Liz, 2009) The treatment process makes sludge

into a bi-product which has to be dewatered away from the plant for storage or other purposes.

Sludge treatment is the third step of the wastewater treatment and also covers the

sludge from the primary settling tanks. To reduce the amount of sludge that has to be stored


and transported, this treatment includes sludge thickeners, sludge digestion and dewatering

equipment. The dewatered sludge is temporarily stored within the plant and will subsequently be

disposed in lorry and skips.

While the plant is primarily focused on the treatment of influent water and sludge, almost

every part of it also produces dirty gas. To reduce the odor both inside and outside the

buildings, an air treatment system has been installed, which combines the foul air extraction and

the inlet of fresh air at any required moment. The foul air is biologically filtered before it is

returned into the atmosphere.

Chapter 4: Conclusion


In conclusion, water treatment is an important process, not only with the purpose to

purify water, but also to take care of the environmental and nature. It distributed quality clean

water to the people around the country for consumptions. With quality clean water, it helps to

prevent diseases from spreading, and harms to consumers health.

In certain countries, there weren’t any water treatment plant. The people lived around

there consumed lake, or well water as their daily consumption. Therefore, as a consumer, we

should appreciate that we lived under a better environment. So, we should not waste any single

drops of quality clean water.

Learning Outcomes


After what we had done, we are able to identify the application, management system,

installation process, the benefits of certain process in water treatment, problems that might be

faced on unpurified drinking water and anything relevant to support the documentation.

Through case study, they provided some recommendations on future improvement on

water treatment facilities, and by their recommendations, we were able to search for some

future water treatment system on the internet and put into our report.

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Appendix



http://www.gwp.org/The-Challenge/What-is-IWRM/IWRM-Application/

http://www.gwp.org/The-Challenge/What-is-IWRM/IWRM-Application/

http://www.amwater.com/corporate-responsibility/Corporate-Responsibility-Reporting/Our-Priority-Your-Water/Managing-Risks/

http://www.amwater.com/corporate-responsibility/Corporate-Responsibility-Reporting/Our-Priority-Your-Water/Managing-Risks/

http://www.amwater.com/corporate-responsibility/Corporate-Responsibility-Reporting/Our-Priority-Your-Water/Integrating-Water-Resource-Management/

http://www.amwater.com/corporate-responsibility/Corporate-Responsibility-Reporting/Our-Priority-Your-Water/Integrating-Water-Resource-Management/

http://www.syabas.com.my/corporate/about-us-ict

http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2004/9241546387.pdf

http://www.filtsep.com/view/718/wastewater-treatment-energy-efficiency-the-future-of-wastewater/