Project 1: Case Study and Documentation of Building

Services Systems on SS2 Mall

Building Services (ARC 2423)

Group Report (Mr. Siva’s Group)

Prepared By: Daniel Yap Chung Kiat 0309100

Teo Kean Hui 0310165

Ye Ming Aung 1006A79600

Christiody 0304191

Ho Leon 0310402

Loo Giap Sheng 0310390

Content

Abstract

Acknowledgment

Introduction

1. Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning System

1.1. Literature review

1.1.1. Mechanical Ventilation in SS2 Mall

1.1.1.1. Pressurization fan

1.2. Centralized Air Conditioning System in SS2 Mall

1.3. Piping

1.4. Cooling Tower

1.5. Chilled Water Plant

1.5.1. Refrigerant Pump

1.6. Air Handling Unit

2. Electrical Supply

2.1. Literature Review

2.2. Case Study

2.2.1. TNB High Tension (HT) Room

2.2.1.1 TNB Check Meter

2.2.2. Consumer High Tension (HT) Room

2.2.3. Transformer Room (Dry transformer)

2.2.3.1. Safety (Carbon Dioxide tank)

2.2.4 Low Voltage Room (Main Switchboard Room)

2.2.4.1 Circuit Breaker

2.2.4.1.1 Air Circuit Breaker (ACB)

2.2.4.2 Rubber Mats

2.2.4.3 Capacitor Bank

2.2.5 Bus Ducts/ Bus System

2.2.6 Generator (Genset) Room

2.2.6.1 Lithium Cadmium Battery

2.2.6.2 Diesel Fuel Tank

2.2.6.3 Smoke Chamber

2.2.6.4 Safety

2.2.6.4.1 Carbon Dioxide Tank (CO2 tank)

2.2.6.4.2 Cooling Air Ventilation

2.2.6.5 Automatic Main Failure Board (AMFB)

2.2.6.6 Maintenance of Generator

2.2.7 Electrical Riser Room

2.2.7.1 Sub Switch Board (SSB)

2.2.7.2 Distribution Board (DB)

2.2.7.3 Meter

2.2.7.4 Earth Leakage Relay

2.2.8 Indicator Light

3. Mechanical Transportation System

3.1. Literature review

3.2. Schematic

3.3. Vertical Transportation

3.3.1. Elevator

3.3.2. Machine room

3.4. Inclined Transportation

3.4.1. Escalator

3.4.2. Inclined Moving walking (Travelator)

3.5. Control room

4. Fire Protection System

4.1. Literature review

4.1.1. Fire Control Room

4.1.2. Fire Alarm System

4.1.3. Fireman Intercom System

4.1.4. Heat Detector

4.1.5. Fire Shutter Door

4.1.6. Fire Curtain

4.1.7. Water Based System

4.1.7.1. External Fire Hydrant

4.1.7.2. Fire Pump Room

4.1.7.3. Sprinkler System

4.1.7.4. Fire Hose Reel System

4.1.7.5. Wet Riser

4.1.7.6. Water Tank

4.1.8. Non-water Based System

4.1.8.1. Fire Suppression System

4.2. Passive Fire Protection

4.2.1. Introduction

4.2.2. Literature Review

4.2.3. Fire Escape Routes

4.2.4. Fire Rated Door

4.2.4.1. Door Closer for Fire Door

4.2.4.2. Emergency Exit Language

4.2.5. Fire Escape Staircase

5. Conclusion

6. Reference

Abstract

Source: http://www.tourismselangor.my/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/SStwo_mall.jpg

In this assignment, we were divided into a group of six from a total of hundred

twenty. We were assigned to perform a thorough study and analysis of the services

system associated to the selected building. The services system within our study are

mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning system, electrical supply system,

mechanical transportation system and also fire protection system. The building studies

are aimed to enhance our knowledge as an architectural student in the field. These

services systems are very important as they contribute in functioning a building.

Through this assignment, we got a chance to pay a visit to SS2 Mall detailed

space such as security room, chiller plant, AHU room and etc. After visit, we have knew

more about how the system function and also the space needed for the housing the

serviced system.

Acknowledgement

Source: http://static.asiawebdirect.com/m/kl/portals/kuala-lumpur-ws /homepage/klshopping/ss2mall/

allParagraphs /00/image/ss2-heaven.jpg

We would like to thank you Mr. Nazul for guiding us throughout the whole site

visit at SS2Mall. Besides that, we are also grateful that Mr. Nazul’s team have help us

so much by providing some detailed information when we visit to each department.

During the on-site explanation by Mr. Nazul and his team, we have gain more

experiences and knowledge about those components that function in the specific

systems and this cannot be achieve by current study in university.

Introduction

Source: http://archives.thestar.com.my/archives/2013/5/17/metrobiz/Shopping-centre-SS2-m49.jpg

SS2 Mall is a community mall which located at the heart of SS 2 in Petaling

Jaya of Selangor state. It was opened in November of the year 2010. Its address is No.40,

Jalan SS2/72, 47300 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan. The mall is accessible

through LDP highway and Jalan Harapan via its two main entrances. The developing

was done by Asian Retail mall Fund II and managed by Asia Malls in Malaysia.

SSTwo Mall is square in design. It has approximated 700,000 square feet gross

floor area. The measurement of the gross floor area has included an estimated 200 retail

units which making up a 470,000 square feet of lettable area. The mall has 1176

dedicated car park bays (including valet parking) at both entrances.

Figure 1: Pressurization fan exhaust unit on the roof top of SS2 Mall.

1. Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning System

1.1. Literature review

HVAC system which stands for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is a method

that maintain the indoor air quality through sufficient ventilation to achieve thermal

comfort. The appropriate and well-designed HVAC system can also affect other high

performance goal such as the water consumption (water cooled air conditioning

equipment) (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2012).

In a large scale designed building like SS2 Mall, HVAC system is introduced by the

designer to control and regulate the indoor quality by using the fresh air from the

outdoor.

1.1.1. Mechanical Ventilation in SS2 Mall

In the ACMV system stands for Air conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation.

Mechanical Ventilation is the process of changing air in an enclosed space by

withdrawing the indoor air and replace it by fresh air continuously. Fresh air is

supplied by clean external source.

It uses mechanical devices like fans. In SS2 Mall, we actually discovered an exhaust

system for fire protect, which is the pressurization fan system.

1.1.1.1. Pressurization fan

According to Colt (2014), pressurization fan system is to protect escape routes and

fire-fighting shafts against the ingress of smoke.

The pressure within the escape route being higher than that in the adjacent spaces

controlled and maintained smoke and fire ventilation.

Figure 2: Pressurization fan (Axial fan)display in the CCTV

security room.

Figure 3: Another type of pressurization fan (Centrifugal fan)

display in the CCTV security room.

Figure 4: The location of pressurization fans in the lower ground.

Besides, Colt (2014) also stated

that the system consists of

three main components

which will create a positive

pressure difference which

prevents lobbies and staircases

contained with smoke.

1. Air Supply (where air

is injected into the area

that is to be protected),

2. Pressure Relief (to

avoid overpressure

when doors are closed)

3. Air Release (air and

smoke is released from

the adjoining fire area).

Figure 5: The location of pressurization fan in level 3.

Figure 6: The location of the pressurization fans on the roof.

Figure 7: Operating system displayed in the CCTV room.

Figure 8: Schimetic diagram on how the pressurization fan work in a building for fire protection. Source:

http://www.kmccontrols.com/products/smoke_control.aspx

1.2. Centralized Air Conditioning System in SS2 Mall

Air conditioning is important to maintain the thermal comfort in the room. It control

the temperature, humidity, air cleanliness and air movement and heat radiation with

mechanical means.

Besides to achieve thermal comfort, air conditioning system also served to maintain

the performance of the running machinery to prevent it from overheat.

According to MS 1525: 2007 code 8.9:

For this purpose, ‘ACMV System’ are considered into three basic types:

a) Central air distribution systems

In this type, either ACMV System equipment or an engineered and field-

assembled combination of ACMV system Components, receives recirculated

room air (plus air outside air required) from a central duct system, performs

the required ventilating or air-conditioning functions, and delivers the

conditioned air to the central duct system, for final delivery to the conditioned

space(s) of the building.

b) Central circulating water systems

In this type, a centrifugal, rotary, screw, scroll or reciprocating, compression

refrigeration or absorption refrigeration type water-chilling package provides

chilled water to a central piping system; and the piping system supplies cooled

water, as required, to water-air heat exchangers (terminal units serving the

conditioned space(s) of the building.

The water chilling package, including its heat-rejecting element, and the

terminal unites are considered to be ACMV System Components.

c) Multiple units systems

In this type, a number of units of ACMV Equipment, each receiving a supply of

electrical energy, perform the function of cooling air for distribution to a space

or zone of the building.

1.3. Piping

According to Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL), Law of Malaysia which all

amendments to May, 2006, Act 133,

Section 123. Pipes and service ducts:

1) Where ducts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate pipes,

cables or conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosures shall be-

a) Adequate for the accommodation of the pipes, cables or conduits and for

crossings of branches and mains together with supports and fixing; and

b) Sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes. Stop cocks and other

controls there to enable repairs, extensions and modifications to be made to

each or all of the services accommodated.

2) The access openings to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and suitably

placed to enable lengths of pipe to be installed and removed.

Hot water

Cold water

CHWR CHWS

Condenser water system

Ch

illed w

ater system

Cooling

tower

Chiller

plant

AHU/

FCU

Tennant

(every

unit in the

mall)

Compressor

Figure 10: A simple schematic diagram of how the centralized air conditioning system work in SS2 Mall.

CWS

CWR

Analysis

According to MS1525: 2007, code 8.5:

All pipe installed to serve buildings and within buildings should be adequately

insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapor barriers

may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions.

There are sufficient path for us to cross

and excess on the roof top where the

cooling tower and the chiller plant are

located.

Cooling Tower

Figure 11: SS2 Mall level 3.

(Dark Green) CWS: Condensed water

supply. To lose the heat on the mechanical

equipment.

(Light Green) CWR: Condensed water

return. To maintain the heat gained of the

mechanical equipment.

CWS CWR

Figure 12: CWS and CWR which connect the cooling tower and chiller plant.

(Dark blue) CHWS: Chilled Water

Supply: In the SS2 Mall, the water supply

is 25 degree Celsius to cool the refrigerant.

(Light blue) CHWR: Chilled Water

Return: In the SS2 Mall, the hot water

return is 36 degree Celsius to the cooling

tower.

CHWR CHWS

Figure 13: CHWS and CHWR which connect the

chiller plant and the AHU/ FCU.

Figure 14: Cooling Tower in the level 3 of SS2 Mall

Figure 15: Component inside the cooling tower. Source: http://www.midwesttowers.com/crossflow-cooling-

towers/

1.4. Cooling Tower

The cooling tower creates cold water streams that runs through a heat exchanger, to

cool down the hot condenser coils (Brain, Bryant and Elliot, 2013). According to Brain,

Bryant and Elliot (2013), the tower also blows air through a stream of water causing

some of it to evaporate, and the evaporation cools the water stream. The actual amount

of cooling that an air conditioning system gets from a cooling tower depends on the

relative humidity of the air and the barometric pressure.

Figure 16: Chiller Plant of SS2 Mall.

1.5. Chilled water plant

According to Brain, Bryant and Elliot (2013), the chiller water plant cools water

between 40 and 45 degrees Fahrenheit (4.4 and 7.2 degrees Celsius). The chilled water

is piped throughout the building and connected to air handlers. This can be a versatile

system where the water pipes work like the evaporator coils in a standard air conditioner.

If it's well-insulated, there's no practical distance limitation to the length of a chilled-

water pipe.

According to Thanigal (2010), the return water from the building goes to the evaporator

side of the chillers & they cool it back down, transferring the heat to the condenser side

of the chillers, which is a separate water loop.

Thanigal (2010) also stated that the condenser pumps pump the condenser water out to

the cooling towers. The water is pumped to the top of the tower & then rains down

inside it. There are big fans on the top of the tower that pulls air through the tower, thus

across the raining water & blows it outside. This water pools up at the bottom of the

tower & is sucked back into the building to run through the condenser side of the chillers

again, thru removing the heat from the building.

In SS2 Mall, there are 16 cooling towers, 6 sets of chiller water pump (which each set

included: 1 (big) chiller water pump and 1 (small) condenser water pump). And

there two sets of condenser pump are back up. These chiller water pumps are serving

the refrigerant pumps.

Co

nd

enser

wa

ter system

Co

olin

g to

wer

1.5.1. Refrigerant pump

In the SS2 Mall chiller plant room, there are 2 small refrigerant pumps and 3 big

refrigerant pumps.

The model used for these refrigerant pump in the SS2 Mall is R134a, which is a

refrigerant for medium sized or large heat pump systems. According to De Kleijn

Energy Consultants & Engineers (n.y.), when this type of model is compared to

refrigerants R407c and R410a, the efficiency is much higher. However, as compared to

refrigerant NH3, its efficiency is lower. De Kleijn Energy Consultants & Engineers

(n.y.) also stated that the pressure in R134a is fairly low. Due to this the volume that

needs to be swept by the compressor is rather high and therefore higher investments are

needed for installation.

Refrigerant

pumps Chiller water pump

Figure 17: Chiller Plant room.

Figure 18: Model of the small refrigerant pump.

Analysis

In SS2 Mall, the Nitrogen charged Refrigerants are monthly checked for

maintenance to prevent the Nitrogen from leaking.

According to MS1525: 2007, code 8.7.1:

High- pressure and medium- pressure ducts should be leak tested in accordance with

HVAC Air Duct Leakage Test Manual published by SMACNA or any other equivalent

standards, with the rate of leakage not to exceed the maximum rate specified.

2 small refrigerant pumps are

powered by 244 kW which are

Nitrogen Charged. The pumps

pump the refrigerant to the AHU

room to cool the air of the Air

Handling Unit.

Figure 19: The small refrigerant pump.

3 big refrigerant pumps are

powered by 479 kW which are

Nitrogen Charged.

Figure 20: The big frigerant pump

6 sets of chiller water pump (which

each set included: 1 (big) chiller water

pump and 1 (small) condenser water

pump). And there two sets of condenser

pump are back up.

These chiller water pumps are serving

the refrigerant pumps.

Figure 21: The chiller water pump.

Figure 24: A schematic diagram about how air flows between the AHU and the supplied destination. Source: https://www.eclimatenotebook.com/fundamentals_nl.php

1.6.Air Handling Unit (AHU)

Supply duct

According to Gopinath (2008), the Air Handling

Unit (AHU), is a device used to condition and

circulate air as part of a heating, ventilating,

and air-conditioning (HVAC) system. The AHU

contains a blower, heating and/or cooling

elements, filter racks or chambers, sound

attenuators, and dampers. It connects to ductwork

that distributes the conditioned air through the

building, and returns it to the AHU. Sometimes

AHUs discharge (supply) and admit (return) air

directly to and from the space served, without

ductwork.

Figure 22: The AHU.

In AHU, the humidifiers add moisture to warm,

circulated air in order to protect furnishings and

reduce static electricity. They use deionized,

demineralized, softened, or untreated water.

(Anonymous, n.y.). Direct or live steam

humidifiers inject steam directly into an air

handling system. By contrast, liquid-to-steam

systems transfer energy from a hot liquid, usually

water, through a heat exchanger inside a water-

filled chamber. Steam-to-steam systems that use a

heat exchanger inside a water-filled chamber are

also available. In some systems, specialized

nozzles are used to discharge a mist of atomized

water and compressed air.

Figure 23: The humidifier.

Figure 26: The air filter that filters the unwanted impurities and dirt to ensure the air quality.

Figure 12: The fins under the filter

Figure 25: The supply duct and the air return duct in the AHU

room

Figure 27: Piping system that connect the AHU and

the chiller plant.

Figure 28: 500 fins that have the minimum temperature

of 19 degree Celsius.

Analysis

According to MS1525: 2007, code 8.6:

All ducts, plenums and enclosures should be insulated to prevent excessive energy

losses. Exceptions:

a) Where the design temperature differential between the air in the duct and the

surrounding air is < 8 degree Celsius and the duct is within ac space

b) When the heat gain or loss of the ducts, without insulation, will not increase the

energy requirements of the building.

c) Within ACMV equipment.

d) Exhaust air ducts.

Return duct

Supply duct

To prevent the room from

containing excessive of Carbon

Dioxide (CO2), there is a

component named VAV inside

the return duct to filter the CO2

before it enters the AHU room.

Water

supply

Water

return The water supply from the chiller

plant is more than the water return

to the chiller. The temperature of

the water supply and return is 8

degree Celsius.

2. Electrical Supply

2.1. Literature Review

Electricity is one of the discoveries that have changed the daily life of everybody on

the planet by providing power for mechanical ventilation and artificial lighting in the

buildings.

In Malaysia there are three electric utility companies which are responsible for the

electricity demanded by the public among them are Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB)

for peninsular Malaysia, Sabah Electricity Sdn. Bhd. (SESB) for Sabah and Sarawak

Energy (SE) for Sarawak.

The electrical distribution system starts from a power plant, which produces high

voltage current to consumer. During the process, called power distribution Grid,

voltage rises and drops depending on function and locations.

The mechanism of how electrical supplier (TNB) distributed the electricity to the

building .from power plant the pylons, because of the incoming voltage is too high for

uses, the voltage must be brought down from the substation to High tension room and

the split step down transformer in order to lower the voltage for different usage in

buildings. After being brought down by transformer to the low voltage room. From

Low voltage room, the switch board straight connect to the electrical risers which

located in every floor of the building which help of bus ducts, which usually known as

the electrical spine of the building. The distribution system is also count as an

important part in electrical system it must be done through a lot of process for

example through analysis and calculation through amperage load in order to achieve a

good or efficient electric distribution system.

Figure 29: TNB Electrical power plant Kuala Lumpur

Source : http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_nrSRZ6eyEpQ/TI9iB9r-jEI/AAAAAAAABDg/hwZuDS-

QZaQ/s1600/Manjung+Coal+Fired+1000MW+Power+Plant.jpg

Figure 30 : Step Up transmission substation

Source: http://www.iraqenergy.org/images/energy-news/Power%20Plant-2_721cd.jpg

Figure 31: Electrical Pylon

Source : http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QWKXjYv9ixE/U1-

6AK8EWBI/AAAAAAAABZw/fwclcPwdP1Q/s1600/IMG_20140425_184209_mh1398781529107.jpg

Figure 32: distribution system from power plant to commercial building and houses ( residential )

Source: http://vecipl.com/images/service_diagram.gif

2.2. Case Study

SS Two Mall which is located on SS 2.jalan 19/16 seksyen 19 Petaling

Jaya ,Selangor receives electricity from Tenaga Berhad Nasional ( TNB ) that come

from two station which is ss13 and also PJ. Electricity is the first generated from

power plant.

Figure 33: SS two mall

Source : http://www.tourismselangor.my/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/SStwo_mall.jpg

Figure 34: LG Plan of SS two mall (TNB>HT>TX>LV Room)

2.2.1. TNB High Tension (HT) Room

Figure 35: Section Diagram of Electricity distribution in SS two mall

Figure 36: LG plan showing location of TNB HT Room

High voltage direct link from the transmission cables to receive electricity. So the high

voltage need to brought down to a lower voltage with transformer to the power that needed by

the building before distributing it to the whole building.

2.2.1.1. TNB Check Meter

Figure 37: TNB Check Meter (Usage Of building)

Check Meter

(Building Usage)

Figure38: Check meter which located in Low voltage room (tenant usage)

There are two types of meter for TNB check meter.one is located right beside

the TNB Room (Figure 37 )and one is located in Low voltage room (Figure 38) The

function is to show the usage of electricity that the building use and also to check the

electrical usage from the tenant. The one which is located beside the TNB room is to

check the usage of the building and the one located inside the low voltage room is to

the electrical usage from tenant.

2.2.2. Consumer High Tension (HT) Room

Figure 39: Consumer High Tension Room

The Consumer room is located directly next to TNB room. It’s to reduce the

voltage drop because the voltage drop because has to travel and the reduction is

happen due to the quality and resistance of the cable. Transformer will step down the

Check Meter

(Tenant Usage)

electricity from 11KVA to 433V which are suitable for domestic uses. A step down

transformer usually have more coils in primary coil and less coils in secondary coil as

to step down the electricity. The primary and secondary coil here is to let the

electricity pass through a coil of wire. This room consists of Vacuum circuit breaker

(VCB), OCER, Battery Charger. The function of this component also can be said

same with the component in TNB HT room.

2.2.3. Transformer (Dry transformer)

Figure 40: Location Of transformer Room (LG Plan)

Figure 41: Dry Transformer room

Transformer is a static device which transforms electrical energy from one

circuit to another without any direct electrical connection and with the help of mutual

induction between two windings. Income cables are made of aluminium because of

high voltage supply from TNB. Outcome cables are made of cooper cables which can

increase AMP and voltage. Dry transformer steps down the power supply of TNB

from 11kV to 433V in SS2 Mall.

Dry Transformer

(With protective metal

cage)

2.2.3.1. Safety (Carbon Dioxside Tank )

Figure 42: CO2 pilot Figure 43 : 19 stanbdby tank of C02 for safety

Each transformer is surrounded by a protective metal cage. There are 19 CO2 tanks

inside the generator. If there is a fire breakout, CO2 pilot will pull the trigger to

conduct those tanks to work.

2.2.4. Low Voltage Room (Main Switch Board Room)

Figure 44: Schematic drawing for low voltage room

CO2 Pilot

Motor to

give

instruction

to CO2

pilot

Figure 45: Location of Low Voltage room (LG plan)

Figure 46: Low voltage room (MSB landlord, tenant, chiller and, capacitor bank)

A device that distribute the electricity from one to another one or more sources

of supply to small region of usage. The board contains switches to allow electricity to

be directed. In SS two mall there are main switch board for landlord, tenant and also

chiller. These panels are the switches for the whole building. Cooper cable is the cable

which is suitable for low voltage room just only different in size.

Capacitor Bank

Main Switch Board for

tenant

2.2.4.1. Circuit Breaker

Figure 47: Circuit Breaker

According to UBBL, Electricity Supply Act 1997 [Act 447] P. U. (A) 38/94

Electricity Regulations 1997, it is listed that:-

Regulation 15, Apparatus, conductor, accessory, etc.

Any conductor or apparatus that is exposed to the weather, water, corrosion, under

heating or use in inflammable surroundings or in an explosive atmosphere shall be

constructed or protected in such a manner as to prevent danger.

Regulation 16, Switch, switch fuse, fuse switch, circuit breaker, contractor, fuse, etc.

(3) Any fuse or circuit breaker shall be

(a) Constructed and arranged in such a manner so as to break the current when it

exceeds a given value for such a sufficient time to prevent danger; and

(b) Constructed guarded or placed in a manner as to prevent danger or overheating,

arcing or from the scattering of hot metal or other substances or enclosure.

Circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to

protect an electrical damage cause by overload or electric shock. The main function of

this circuit breaker is to detect the condition of the electric flow. Circuit breaker can

be reset automatically or manually to resume normal operation. All the circuit breaker

is placed inside the box with cover to prevent danger.

2.2.4.1.1. Air Circuit Breaker

Figure 48: Air circuit breaker

There is an Air Circuit Breaker panel attached to each panel in Low Voltage Room.

This panel contains the breakers of the circuit in the room. There are many types of

breakers and the usage of breakers in different circuit must be refer to the load of

electric current, such as Molded Case Circuit breaker (MCCB) in TNB HT Room and

Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB) in Consumer HT Room.

Molded case circuit breakers are used to provide circuit protection in alternative

energy, where they protect against overloads and short circuits in conductors. There

are six MCCBs which carry 1200amp each and they are used for tenants.

2.2.4.2 Rubber Mats

Figure 49: Rubber mats in Low voltage room

Rubber Mats

Air Circuit Breaker (ACB)

Rubber mats is placed right in front of the switchboard as component of

safety. The function of rubber mats is to prevent human body as conductor for earth

during a high voltage leak or electric shock during maintenance.

2.2.4.3. Capacitor Bank

Figure 50: Capacitor Bank in Low Voltage Room

Capacitor bank (CB) is a grouping of several identical capacitors

interconnected in parallel or in series with one another. The function is to correct the

power factor in Alternating current (AC) power supply. There are few readings to

note down. The best reading is 1.00 and it is considered good as well if above 0.85.

However, if the reading is below 0.84, there will be penalization from TNB.

Capacitor Bank

2.2.5. Bus Ducts / Bus system

Figure 51: Application of BUS system

Figure 52(a): BusBar Figure 52(b) : Bus ducts/ Bus system

Conductor bars are assemble with insulator in grounded enclosures. The function of

this component is for bring the main power into a building. Bus ducts is used to

distribute the power down the length of a building. it can save more space and also

less space than normal cable. The main function of this bus system is to allow users to

control and monitor the main switch board from computer or from the system which

located in control room. There is a selected switch at MSB, which has Auto, off and

manual. When it is set to Auto, the system will automatically shut down during the

leakage of high voltage current. When it is set to manual, the authorized personnel

will be able to monitor the system from the control room, and in the event of leakage

of high voltage current, he will need to go to the room to shut down.

2.2.6. Generator (Genset) Room

Figure 53: Schematic of Generator distribution

Source: http: //www.generator.smps.us\

Figure 54: Generator Figure 55: Generator switch

According to UBBL, Section 253:

(1) Emergency power system shall be provided to supply illumination and power

automatically in the event of failure of the normal supply or in the event of accident to

elements of the system supplying power and illumination essential for safety to life

and property.

(2) Emergency power systems shall provide power for smoke control systems,

illumination, fire alarm systems, fire pumps, public address systems, fire lifts and

other emergency systems.

(3) Emergency systems shall have adequate capacity and rating for the emergency

operation of all equipment connected to the system including the simultaneous

operation of all fire lifts and one other lift.

(4) All wiring for emergency systems shall be in metal conduit or of fire resisting

mineral insulated cables, laid along areas of least fire risk.

(5) Current supply shall be such that in the event of failure of the normal supply to or

within the building or group of buildings concerned, the emergency lighting or

emergency power, or both emergency lighting and power will be available within 10

seconds of the interruption of the normal supply. The supply system for emergency

purposes shall comprise one or more of the following approved types:

(a) Storage Battery

Storage battery of suitable rating and capacity to supply and maintain at not less than

87.5 percent of the system voltage the total load of the circuits supplying emergency

lighting and emergency power for a period of at least 1.5 hours;

(b) Generator Set

A generator set driven by some form of prime mover and of sufficient capacity and

proper rating to supply circuit carrying emergency lighting or lighting and power

with suitable means for automatically starting the prime mover on failure of the

normal service.

Function of Genset is to generate electricity if there are any power

failure .This Generator (Genset ) can run or supply 800kVA and it consume diesel.

This generator room contain, diesel tank with 2000L. When a diesel tank mark hits

1500, it will automatically contact oil supplier to refill the tank. There is also

Automatic Main Failure Board (AMFB) in Genset room. The function of AMFB is to

automatically start the generator when the orange sign appear on AMFB, which

means that TNB power is down. Genset room in SS two mall has an air ventilation

like an air filter to keep bring in the cool air to the room to keep the room in normal

room temperature condition. (Figure 2.2.6.3.1)

2.2.6.1. Lithium Cadmium Battery (Figure 56)

The Generator need power or battery to start the engine like what the car

engine did. It is used to give a spark of electricity to run the system in Genset room.

Those batteries are placed near to the machine and play an essential role to operate the

generator at first stage.

Figure 56: Lithium Cadmium battery

2.2.6.2. Diesel Fuel Tank

Figure 57: Diesel fuel tank Figure 58: Diesel fuel meter

Diesel tank is one of the requirement that generator room must have. Because genset

consume oil which is diesel. This diesel tanks can contain 2000L of diesel with meter

or indication that show the volume of diesel left inside the tank. Diesel tank is where

the generator room will also connect to because after engine start to workout of the

generator. In SS two mall the location of the diesel tank is place around like 5 meter

distance with the generator. they use pipe to supply the diesel to the generator where

the pipe was planted under the floor. After engine start, the diesel fuel will passes

Cable to generator (Positive)

Cable to generator (Negative)

Meter to check the

volume of the diesel

fuel

through the motor and allow combustion to occur and also the dynamo will generate

electric field and transfer the electricity to MSBs in low voltage room and from low

voltage room the power or electricity will transfer to the building.

2.2.6.3. Smoke Chamber

The carbon dioxide produced by the generator is channeled out from the

exhaust to the outside via a smoke chamber.

Figure 59: Exhaust (Smoke chamber) from generator

2.2.6.4. Safety

2.2.6.4.1. Carbon Dioxide tank (CO2 tank)

Figure 60: CO2 pilot Figure 61: 19 stanbdby tank of C02 for safety

Smoke will transfer

to outside of the

room through

smoke chamber

In generator room, they also provide CO2 tank for safety. Just in case the

generator burn or fire break out, the CO2 pilot will automatically pull the 19 standby

tank of CO2 to work.

2.2.6.4.2. Cooling Air Ventilation

Figure 62: Cooling air ventilation

The heat come from generator increase the temperature of the rom and it will

affect the work of the generator. To solve this cooling air ventilation is built inside the

generator room to keep the motor in normal condition with maintaining the room

temperature through the cool air ventilation. The mechanism is the ventilation manage

to absorb the hot air and release the cool air to the room.

2.2.6.5 Automatic main failure board

Figure 63: Schematic drawing of AMB

Figure 64: AMFB Facade Figure 65: Component of AMFB

Automatic main failure board is located in Generator room or genset room.

The function of Automatic main failure board is an automatic board that give sign and

automatically pull the trigger to start the generator when there are no power supply or

power failure from TNB.

2.2.6.6 Maintenance of Generator

Generator is a like a normal motor or engine you need to use it to keep the

engine in better condition. So the person in charge will run the genset once a week

without electric load, and also management do load test once a month. The purpose is

to keep the generator in better condition and also to check the condition of the

generator.

2.2.7. Electrical Riser Room

Figure 66: Electrical riser room ( Tenant meter, tenant switch and distribution board )

UBBL:

Section 240. (1) Every floor or zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 929

square metres shall be provided with an electrical isolation switch located within a

staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the

relevant floor or zone served.

(2) The switch shall be of a type similar to the fireman's switch specified in

the Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulations then in force.

Section 241. In places where there are deaf persons and in places where by nature of

the occupancy audible alarm system is undesirable, visible indicator alarm signals

shall be incorporated in addition to the normal alarm system.

There are 5 – 6 electrical risers per floor at SS2 mall. The number of the electrical riser

room per floor is depends on the tenant office or shop size as well. Electrical riser room for

command area is placed at the center of the building. From Distribution Board, the electricity

is further delivered to two Miniature Circuit Boards (MCB). If one of them is broken down,

another one will be active.

2.2.7.1. Sub Switch Board (SSB)

Sub switch board are located on every level. The function of sub switch board

is to regulate the electricity which is being distributed from main switch board. The

other function of sub switch board is actually to prevent any power surge that can trip

and also cut off the electric supply only on that level. Sub switch board also will only

supply the high voltages appliances. For example, lift and elevators.

Figure 67: SSBN and Component

Figure 70: Tenant

meter

Figure 71: Earth

Leaked Relay

2.2.7.2. Distribution Boards

Figure 68: Distribution Board

Distribution boards is component of an electricity supply system that divides

electrical power. Size of distribution board is smaller than panel board. But the

function of the distribution board is almost similar with a switchboard. Distribution

board is like a sub board that only supply for a specific level. The advantages of

distribution is if anything happen with the distribution board in one level, it doesn’t

affect another level. Distribution board have two circuit breaker if one is broken, it

will change to another one.

2.2.7.3. Meter

From the meter, the electricity will reach DB, which is located outside electric room.

This DB functions as an extension and power control for areas far away from the risers. The

building uses a 2 phase power supplies to accommodate for common area and tenant areas.

Besides, the main reason behind this is for easier distribution of power supply.

Figure 69: Meter for tenant

Mini Circuit

Breaker (MCB)

Figure 70: digital meter (usage- tenant)

2.2.7.4. Earth Leakage Relay

Earth Leakage Relay Meter function as protection relay which requires

energy. If the reading of ELR is 0.01, there is only a bit of leakage. However, if it

exceeds 0.5, the relay light will blink as warning. If 0.6 and above, it will trip the

trigger to shut down the system. The maintenance is set to be once every two years.

Figure 71: Earth leakage relay meter (digital)

2.2.8. Indicator light (Red – Blue – Yellow)

Figure 72: Indicator light

Almost all of electrical component has 3 different colors of indicator lights – red, blue

and yellow. If one of them is off, there are two possibilities:

1. Light bulb is broken

2. All electric load at particular color line has no electricity at all.

Check meter box shows all tenant meter readings

3. Mechanical Transportation System

3.2. Literature Review

There are total of 6 floors including roof top in SS2 Mall. As it is a commercial type of building,

it must have efficient mechanical transportation system to serve people and bring convention

to them. With good mechanical transportation system, the circulation will also become efficient

and this can bring pleasure to those who shop there.

Mechanical transportation system in a building refer to a system or a machine that can carry

passenger and goods from one floor to another. In a building, mechanical transportation are

divided into 2 which are the horizontal and vertical transportation.

Vertical transportation are most commonly found is elevator, they’ve been used in every high-

rises building to help people travel to their destination vertically. Why do people prefer elevator?

By using elevator it is really convenient and really help to save lots of time and energy. Due to

the market requirement now a days, lift even came out with variety of type and even design

that concern about user’s experience and the spatial poetic experience they want to bring to the

users. The type of lift motor system that usually found are the traction lift with the geared or

gearless motor and hydraulic elevator. Although they serve the same purpose, by using

different motor system can affect the speed and aesthetic of a lift.

Besides the vertical once, we also have the horizontal and inclined once as well. The example

of horizontal once will be the travelator, travelator can be in horizontal flat or inclined. Well

for the inclined once will be the inclined travelator and escalator. They also function as

transport people or goods but they have limited floors to travel, they’re commonly used to

travel to one floor above or below.

Figure 74: Schematic of escalator showing the component of

escalator.Source:http://www.electricalknowhow.com/2012_04_01_archive.htm

Figure 75: Schematic of travelator Source: Source:

http://www.electricalknowhow.com/2012_04_01_archive.html

3.3. Schematic

Figure 73: Schematic of elevator that showing every component of a lift. Source:

http://www.saarelevo.com/basic_training_elevator_persons.html

3.3 Vertical Transportation

3.3.1 Elevator

Elevator as also known as lift is a vertical transportation system that help to move goods and

people vertically in a building. UBBL lift shall be provided for non-residential building which

exceed 4 storeys or above (by Law 124 of UBBL 1984). There are many lift found in SS2 Mall

and there are 3 major types of lift in the building which are the passenger lift, service lift and

fireman’s lift (Bomba lift).

).

.

passenger lift to the right.

Figure 76: Ground floor plan of SS2 Mall that showing the location of passenger lift (blue coloured) and service / fireman’s lift (orange coloured).

Figure 77: Elevator control system diagram that show how the lift actually work.

Figure 78: Signboard in SS2 Mall.

It shows the direction of service lift to

the left and passenger lift to the right.

Passenger Lift in SS2 Mall that function to

transport people as main purpose and transport

some hand carry light goods from one level to

another. The material used for interior of lift is

aluminium with smooth surface texture. The size

of passenger lift 220cm x 280cm that can carry up

to 27 people at one time.

Figure 79: Interior of passenger lift.

Figure 80: Service lift

also knows as freight lift

found in SS2 Mall.

Figure 82: Passenger

Lift in SS2 Mall.

Figure 81: Fireman’s lift

Figure 83 Fireman’s lift switch panel beside every

fireman’s lift. Figure 84 Interior of service lift and fireman’s lift.

The service lift also knows as freight lift found in SS2 Mall that function mainly for load carrying and service

purpose, it doesn’t have decoration outside of it as it is not place at an non-noticeable spot in the mall unlike

the passenger lift. The fireman’s lift are always located next to service lift in SS2 Mall and they’re almost

similar to service lift that no decoration outside of it as it is not place at a non-noticeable spot in the mall

except they have separated electrical supply which make it still functional during fire. At usual, it function

as service lift. During the emergency fireman will break the glass on the fireman’s lift switch panel and on

the switch so that they are able to use the lift. The interior of service lift and fireman’s lift is similar, the

material used is steel and has rough texture surface due to its tough purpose that require strong material. The

size is 310cm x 230cm that can carry load up to 4000kg.

3.3.2. Machine room

It is located in the roof top of SS2 Mall, the room is ventilated with exhaust fan above the

entrance. The machine room are distributed to several parts to serve different parts of

building. The room is further reinforced by adding extra beam on top and bottom of the

motor so that the structure can support the load and prevent collapse when the motor pull

up the elevator car.

Figure 85: Smoke detector

Smoke detector found at the lift lobby in SS2

Mall.

According to (UBBL clause 153), smoke

detector to be provided at lift lobby.

Figure 86: Machine room on the rooftop of SS2 Mall. Figure 87: Main power supply of Machine room.

Figure 88: Secondary power supply

The secondary power supply supplies the electricity to

engine and control cabinet that distributed from main power

supply of machine room.

Heating machine on top of the control

cabinet to reduce the moisture content

inside of control cabinet.

Fire intercom in machine room that act

as communication equipment during fire.

The lift service intercom that act as the

communication equipment between

control room and machine room.

The motor is placed on top of beam that

further reinforced with ‘I’ Beam as it

will act to distribute load when the motor

is in use.

The device act to stop the lift if the lift

run beyond the rated speed. The wire

mash casing act to prevent people from

touching it.

Figure 89:Heating machine

Figure 90: Fire intercom

Figure 91: Machine that operate the elevator, it’s a

geared traction motor.

Figure 92: Lift governor

3.4. Inclined Transportation

3.4.1. Escalator

Escalator is a moving staircase that transport passengers between floors in building,

escalator with Infrared motion sensors which stop operating when there are no people using

it.

Figure 93: Cables

Figure 94: Exhaust fan

Cables that provide power supply and

send / receive control signal.

Exhaust fan that help to remove moisture

and heat in machine room then keep the

machine room ventilated.

Figure 95: Ground floor plan of SS2 Mall showing the location of escalator.

Figure 96: Escalator in SS2 Mall. Figure 97 and 98: Direction

indicator of escalator.

Figure 99: Brushes beside the trail. Figure 100: The arrangement of

escalator in SS2 Mall.

The escalator in SS2 Mall are all sensory activated escalator. The escalators are arranged

in standard arrangement (Single bank / interrupted). This can enable the shoppers to go

around when they want to proceed to another floor therefor they can pass by some shops

that might interest them. The green light showing you can use the escalator and red light

means no entry. For safety, every escalator have brushes beside the trail of escalator is

the safety component that prevent passenger’s foot to get stuck into the trail.

Figure 101 Perspective drawing of escalator that showing the component of

escalator. Source: http://smarttransmission.indonetwork.co.id/2489676/rantai-escalator.html

3.4.2. Inclined Moving walking (Travelator)

Moving walking are commonly called travelator, it is a slowly moving transport

mechanism that move people across horizontal or inclined plane in short to medium

distance. Normally travelator are not use to transport for more than 2 floors as the space

occupied are bigger and time taken to travel are slower compared to elevator and escalator.

It has been place at the lower ground floors of the mall. The main purpose of for passenger

to carry stuff on shopping trolley to lower ground where they park their cars. The surface

plain of travelator are gripped for the trolley to stop moving on it.

Figure 102 Lower ground floor plan of SS2 Mall showing the location of travelator.

1 Truss 6 Handrail drive wheels

11 Lower reversing station

16 Access cover

2 Tracks 7 Pallet chain sprockets

12 Balustrade panels

17 Comb plates

3 Driver

motor

8 Pallets 13 Decks 18 Front

plates

4 Gear box 9 Pallets chain

14 Newel ends

19 Controller

5 Service track

10 Handrail 15 Skirts 20

Figure 103: Travelator found in SS2 Mall.

Figure 105: Details of a declined travelator. Source:

http://www.electricalknowhow.com/2012_04_01_archive.html

Figure 104: Brushes beside the trail of escalator is the

safety component that prevent passenger’s foot to get

stuck into the trail. The red coloured button is the

emergency stop button.

Figure 106: The controller of escalator and

travelator. Source: http://www.electrical-

knowhow.com/2012_04_01_archive.html

Figure 107: The sticker that attached to the glass panel of

every travelator and escalator showing the to-do and not to-do

action when riding travelator or escalator.

3.5. Control room

Figure 108: Screen that show all the system that control the movement

of elevator, escalator

and travelator in control room.

Figure 109: Lift intercom in the control

room.

Through this the maintenance

people can know the status of

the mechanical transportation

system.

This intercom connect the control room, lift and

machine room together and will put into use if there is

any emergency or maintenance.

4. Fire Protection System

4.1. Literature Review

Active fire protection is a process of slowing down and protecting a building structure from

fire with mechanical mechanism such as fire sprinkler system, fire extinguisher, fire alarm

system, fire shutter door and etc. During fire emergency, all electrics will be cut off except for

the power to active fire protection system as it is a very essential system during the emergency.

4.1.1. Fire Control Room

Fire Control Room usually located in ground level of a building. It is the nerve centre of the

building because it controls the building’s fire protection system, secondary water supply, air-

handling systems, internal communications, elevator controls and etc. One of the essential

purpose of fire control room is to assist fire fighters to identify the exact location of the fire

cause. Building with height more than 25 metres or area more than 18,000 metre square shall

have fire control room.

Requirements for fire control room to follow:

1. Have a minimum of 10 metre square area, can be larger depending on equipment

required.

2. Place near the main entrance to the building’s main lobby

3. Preferably be adjacent to fire lift lobby as designated by the relevant Authority.

4. Be accessible via 2 paths of travel. One from the front entrance and the other from a

public place or fire-isolated passageway which leads to a public place and has a two

hour fire rated door.

5. Have an independent air handing system if mechanical ventilation is provided

throughout the building.

6. Be adequately illuminated to not less than 400 lux.

7. Provide the ability to communicate with all parts of the building, and with fire and

other emergency services.

8. Be provided with insulation from ambient building noise.

9. Be under the control of the Chief Fire Warden (or similar appointed person).

For safety and efficiency, these facilities must include in fire control room:

1. Automatic fire alarm and sprinkler indicator boards with facilities for sounding and

switching off alarms and visual status indication for all relevant fire pumps, smoke

control fans air-handling systems, generators and other required fire safety

equipment installed in the building depending on the circumstances and the system

present in each building.

2. A telephone connected directly to the eternal exchange

3. The control console of the Emergency Warning and Intercommunication System

(EWIS)

4. A blackboard or whiteboard not less than 1200mm wide x 1000mm high

5. A pin board not less than 1200mm wide x 1000mm high

6. A raked plan layout table of a size suitable for laying out the building plans

7. A repeater panel of the lifts position indicator board

8. A switch to isolate background music when required

9. Remote switching controls for gas or electrical supplies

10. Building security, surveillance and management systems if they are completely

segregated from all other systems

4.1.2 Fire Alarm System

Fire alarm is a mechanism to alert people when fire or smoke is present. These alarms can be

activated automatically by smoke detectors, heat detectors, water flow sensors or manually by

breaking the fire emergency glass.

According to UBBL 1984 Section 155: Fire Mode of Operation

1. The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel

which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or

manually.

2. It mains power is available and all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the

designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing

calls, overriding the emergency stop button inside the car, but not any other

emergency or safety devices, and park with doors open.

3. The fire lifts shall then be available for use by the fire brigade on operation of the

fireman’s switch.

4. Under this mode of operation, the fire lift shall only operate in response to car calls

but not to landing calls in a mode of operation in accordance with by-law 154.

5. In the event of main power failure, all lift shall return in sequence directly to the

designated floor and operate under emergency power.

Figure 110: The wiring diagram of the control panel from the receiver and deliver of the overall alarm system.

Source: http://omelectricalautomation.com/category/fire-alarm-system/

Figure 111: The wiring diagram of the control panel in 3D

Source: http://omelectricalautomation.com/category/fire-alarm-system/

Under UBBL 1984 Section 237: Fire Alarms

1. Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these by-

laws.

2. All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and storage area

exceeding 9290 square metres or exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided

with a two-stage alarm with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately

in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in

adjoining section.

3. Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a

master control.

Emergency lighting

Emergency lighting is to alert people through visual. Emergency lighting is effective for people

whom is poor in hearing or deaf. The lighting will flash during fire emergency to attract people

attention so that everyone is informed.

Figure 112: The emergency light found outside the electrical room to alert people when it is dangerous to enter

Manual Call Point

Manual call point is an alarm activation system for people to raise the alarm manually. By operating

the alarm, one have to break the glass to push the button inside the glass to raise the alarm. Manual call

point should be mounted 1.4 metres high from the floor so that is it visible for most people. Upon

activation of alarm through manual call point, the fire control room will be able to detect the exact

location of the operated manual call point and reconfirm the fire emergency condition to the people in

the building.

Figure 113: manual call point

Alarm bell

Alarm bell functioned to alert people by ringing continuously when there is fire emergency. Alarm

bell can be activated manually by breaking the manual call point glass or the fire control room. Alarm

bell can be also activated automatically by smoke and heat detector.

Figure 114: alarm bell found at the corridor

4.1.3 Fireman Intercom System

The fire intercom system provides a reliable communication between the Master Console (Fire Control

Room) and remote handset station. All remote handset have continuous supervision for faults with clear

and fast indication. Remote handset station usually located at the staircase of every level. The handset

is locked and have to be break to use it. The handset required only one button push to operate so that

everyone know how to use them.

Figure 115: fire handset found in a stairway of SS two mall

Figure 116: shows the wiring connections of a fire intercom system.

Source: http://qualityelectric-inc.com/blog/structured-wiring/intercom/

Fireman’s switch

Fireman’s switch is a specialized switch disconnector. These switches are used by firemen to

turn off all electrical equipment in case of fire heating any electrical equipment to explosion.

The switch will only turn off the electrical equipment of the level where level of the switch is

located. These switches are usually located in every corridor and stairway.

Figure 117: fireman switch found at the stairway together with fire handset

4.1.4 Heat Detector

A heat detector is a fire alarm device designed to respond and signal to fire alarm system to

operate when heat sensitivity is detected. Heat detectors are classified into two; rate of rise

detector and fixed temperature detector. Rate of rise detector activates when rapid rise of

temperature is sensed (around 6.5°C is increase within a minute). Fixed temperature detector

activates when a certain surrounding temperature (58°C) is achieved.

In SS two mall, fixed temperature detector is used because the difference of temperature

between interior and exterior of the building is high. This is to prevent the detector near the

door to operate when the door is opened receiving heat from the outside.

Figure 118: heat detector used in SS two mall

Figure 119: schematic diagram of a heat detector. Source: http://www.safelincs.co.uk/apollo-xp95-heat-detector/

4.1.5 Fire Shutter Door

Fire Shutter Door is to prevent fire and smoke from spreading to another place so that occupants

can safely exit the building. Fire shutter door will be activated automatically after the fire alarm

rings at most of 45 seconds.

4.1.6 Fire Curtain

Fire Curtain is similar to fire shutter door but is it much lighter. It has fire rated properties and

hidden away in the metal top box and will be automatically roll downwards when needed. Fire

curtains are composed from aluminium fibre glass fire rated fabric, able to resist in high

temperatures, smokes and gases. Fire curtains will be activated upon activation of fire alarm.

They are usually fitted in exact measurement so that when it rolled down it secure the opening

and able to withstand up to 1 – 4 hours.

Figure 120: fire curtain installed above the entry of electrical room.

4.1.7 Water Based System

4.1.7.1 External Fire Hydrant

External fire hydrant is usually placed outside of a building. An external fire hydrant is a system

and source of water provided to enable firefighters to extinguish a fire. The water supply will

be pressurised if the water piping is connected to the main pipe from JBA (Jabatan Bekalan

Air), if it is unpressurised, it will be connected to the nearby cisterns or water supply tank from

firefighting room. Every fire hydrant has one or more outlets so that firefighters can connect

more than a fire hose at a time. In order to provide sufficient water during firefighting, every

hydrant must provide a minimum flow rate of about 945 litres per minute.

Figure 121: external hydrant found at the road side near the fire control room

When the firefighters open the hydrant valve, the system sensed a drop in water pressure. The

drop of pressure is detected by the pressure switch causing the pumping system to operate. The

water pressure in the system is then increased to draw water from the water supplier to the

hydrant. The water has a pressure around 50 to 70 PSI.

Figure 122: schematic diagram indicating the name of each component in a external hydrant

Source: https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/004/nfpa.25.2002.html

4.1.7.2 Fire Pump Room

Figure 123: fire pump room located in the ground floor of SS two mall (next to water tank room)

Jockey Pump

A jockey pump is a small apparatus that connects with the sprinkler system. Its function is to

maintain the system pressure in certain level when the system is not in use so that the sprinkler

does not goes off randomly. Besides, jockey pump also prevents the sprinkler from being

damaged from the sudden change of pressure when the fire pump begins to draw water to the

sprinkler.

Figure 124: jockey pump in fire pump room

Duty Pump

Duty pump is to provide sufficient pressure to the pump so that the water can flow continuously.

However, if duty pump fails to operate, standby pump will be activated as they functioned the

same.

Figure 125: shows duty pump in fire pump room

Standby Pump

The standby pump has the same function as the duty pump. It substitute the duty pump when

duty pump is not available (under maintenance).

Figure 126: standby pump in fire pump room

Under UBBL 1984 Section 247(2) Water Storage

1. Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose reel systems, shall be

located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet

connections accessible to fire appliances.

4.1.7.3 Sprinkler System

A fire sprinkler system is a fire protection measure, where it releases water automatically to

extinguish fire when heat is detected. This system is pressurized where it channels water from

the water tank through the pipe with a certain amount of pressure.

Figure 127: standard sprinkler head

Under UBBL 1984 Section 228: Sprinkler Valves

The distance between 2 spinklers should be at a maximum distance of 4.6 metres. Distance

between 2 spinklers is about 3 metres.

Under UBBL 1984 Section 228: Sprinkler Valves

1. The distance between 2 sprinklers should be at a maximum distance of 4.6 meters.

Distance between 2 sprinklers is about 3 metres.

4.1.7.4 Fire Hose Reel System

Fire hose reel is a specialized hose made up of reinforced rubber to withstand high water

pressure and to be attached to fire hydrant during operation. When the fire hose reel is in use,

the hose experience about 116 to 290 PSI units whereas the maximum pressure the hose can

experience is around 1200 PSI units. The length of the fire hose is 45 metres which allows the

hose to cover more than 800m² area. Fire hose reels are usually located at the corridor of every

level.

Figure 128: hose reel found in a storage room with other fire protection equipment.

4.1.7.5 Wet Riser

Wet riser is an internal fire hydrant used for firemen to collect water to extinguish fire. Wet

riser is only applicable in a building when the building fire appliances access level to the

upmost level exceeds 30.5 metres.

Under UBBL 1984 Section 231: Installation and Testing of Wet Rising System

1. A hose connection shall be provided in each firefighting access lobby.

2. Wet risers shall be of minimum 152.4 mm diameter and shall be hydrostatically tested

at a pressure of 50% above the working pressure required and not less than 14 bars

for at least 24 hours.

3. A wet riser outlet shall be provided in every staircase, which extends from the ground

floor level to the roof and shall be equipped with a 3 way 63.5 mm outlet above the

roof line.

Under UBBL 1984 Section 248: Marketing on Wet Riser

1. Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkle and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be

painted red.

2. All cabinet and areas recessed in walls for location of fire installations and

extinguisher shall be clearly identified to the satisfaction of Fire Authority or

otherwise clearly identified.

4.1.7.6 Water Tank

The water stored in the fire water tank is reserved for fire protection during emergency.

Sprinkler system and wet riser use the water from the tank. In SS two mall, the fire water tank

is located on the ground level next to the fire pump room.

Figure 129: access to the hose reel tank and the measurement of the water level of the tank

Under UBBL 1984 Section 247: Water Storage

1. Water storage capacity and water flow rate for firefighting system and installation

shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to

these By-laws.

2. Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for the hose reel system,

shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping

inlet connection accessible to fire appliances.

3. Storage tanks for automatic sprinkle installation where full capacity is provided

without the need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their

location.

4.1.8 Non-water Based System

4.1.8.1 Fire Suppression System

Fire suppression system functioned similarly to what sprinkler system does. The difference is

the output agent of carbon dioxide (CO2) in fire suppression system. Fire suppression system

is used in rooms and places which are harmful and cause damaged when contacted with water.

In SS two mall, fire suppression system is used in mechanical and electrical room because the

room consists of many electrical equipment which may cause them to malfunction when

contact with water.

Figure 130: carbon dioxide (CO2) suppression system found in the genset room in SS two mall

The fire suppression system has a fast-acting system and has a quick sense of fire before fire

can damage any property. Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas has a high rate of expansion which allows

it to work fast when it is activated. Carbon dioxide (CO2) does not conduct electricity and will

not damage any electrical component.

Figure 131: component labelling of a fire suppression system

Source: http://www.janusfiresystems.com/products/carbon-dioxide-co2

4.1.8.2 Fire Extinguisher

Fire extinguisher is a portable device use to extinguish fire. Fire extinguisher is only effective

when the fire is still small and not when the fire is out of control; reaching ceiling level. A

standard fire extinguisher consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel containing an

agent which is discharged to extinguish fire. Fire extinguisher usually can be found at the

corridor.

Figure 132: each component of a fire extinguisher

Source: https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/evacuation/portable_about.html

Figure 133: ABC dry powder extinguisher found in the corridor of SS two mall

Under UBBL 1984, Section 227: Portable Extinguisher

1. Portable fire extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with relevant codes of

practice and shall be sited in prominent position on exit routes to be visible from all

direction and similar extinguisher in a building shall be of the same method of

operation.

Fire extinguisher are divided into 5 categories based on different types of fire.

All images source are from: http://www.fireextinguishermalaysia.com/Fire-Extinguisher-Types.html

In SS two mall, there are two types of extinguisher available which are:

ABC Dry Powder Extinguisher

Suitable for mixed fire environment and especially for flammable liquid and fire involving

natural gases such as methane, hydrogen, etc. It is suitable for class A, B, C fire.

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Extinguisher

Suitable for flammable liquids and electrical hazards. CO2 are harmless for electrical

equipment but not safe for wood, paper and cloth. It is suitable for class B, C, E fire.

Class A: Fire that result from in ordinary combustible

such as wood, paper, fabric and other ordinary mateials.

Class B: For fire involving flammable liquids such as

petrol, oil, diesel, paint and etc.

Class C: Suitable for use on fire caused by flammable

gases such as butane, Methane and etc

Class D: Designed for use on flammable metals and

are often specific for the type of metal in question. E.g.

sodium, titanium, magnesium & potassium

Class E: Suitable for use on electrically energized

fires. Combustion of circuit breaker, wires, outlets, and

other electrical equipment.

4.2. Passive Fire Protection

4.2.1. Introduction

Passive fire protection (PFP) is a fire protection system which integrated the

constructional fabric to the design of the building to prevent fire and smoke from

moving from one compartment to another. This is to make sure that fire will not be able

to spread to other place in a short time so that the escape routes are clear for the victims

to escape.

In order to perform fire protection, fire rated partitions and doors were designed at each

of the escape route to the fire staircases. Besides the prevention of fire and smoke escape,

PFP is also designed to delay the collapse of the building structure by the coating or the

materials used.

Passive fire protection design and the incorporated fire protection materials contributed

in protect life, secure the building structure, protect assets and etc.

4.2.2. Literature Review

Passive fire protection (PFP) is very important to a building as it is a system that can

primarily protect the building from fire excessive fire hazard. PFP functions to protect

life and assets as well as the building structures to prevent collapse.

Thus, study of passive fire protection system in a building is important for the students

who ever have contact in thus field. There are few components contain in this field of

the study that should follow the Uniform Building by Law (UBBL) such as fire rated

door, fire escape staircase, emergency escape route and etc.

4.2.3. Fire Escape Routes

(Retrieved from: http://sstwomall.com.my/directory-floor.php?floor=lvl1 )

Directory plan of level 1 in SSTwo Mall ( Emergency Escape Route)

Figure 133: emergency escape sign located at level 1 of SSTwo Mall

Shows the escape route/ corridor

In the directory plan above, the red coloured arrow have shown the emergency escape

routes to the fire escape staircases. The escape routes have been welly planned during

architectural design which also follow the laws state in UBBL. From the second

diagram above, it shows one of the escape route at that area. Besides, it also provide

other fire protection components’ location to counter the emergency.

Analysis:

Under UBBL 1984 Section 189: Enclosing means of escape in certain building.

1) Every staircase provided under these By-Laws in a building where the highest

floor is more than 1200 millimetres above the ground level, or in any place of

assembly, or in any school when such staircase is used as an alternative

means of escape shall be enclosed throughout its length with fire resisting

materials.

2) Any necessary openings, except openings in external walls which shall not for

this By-Laws include wall to air-wells, in the length of such staircase shall be

provided with self-closing door constructed of fire resisting materials.

Under UBBL 1984 Section 242: Fire Fighting Access Lobbies

1) Each lobby shall have a floor area of not less than 5.57 square meters and

2) the openable area of windows or area of permanent ventilation shall not be

less than 25% of the floor area of the lobby and, if ventilation is by means of

openable windows, additional permanent ventilation having a free opening of

464 square centimetres shall be provided except that mechanical

pressurization may be provided as an alternative.

Emergency escape routes are very important especially when a fire occurred. It helps

the victims from getting further injury when they are inside the fire protected path due

to the fire resistivity materials used on the wall. The fire escape signboards are useful

to guide the victims to the safer place and exit towards the assembly area.

4.2.4. Fire Rated Door

Figure 134: label of fire rated door which contain the information of

the door.

Figure 135: fire rated door in SSTwo Mall.

Fire rated door should be used in every building to enhance the chance of protecting

life and asset. There are few types of fire rated door such as half an hour, one hour and

two hour. It means that different types of door can withstand different time limit of fire

without collapsing. The labels which contain door’s information should attached to the

door in order to ease the recognition.

Analysis:

Under UBBL 1984 Section 162: Fire Doors in Compartment Walls and Separating

Walls.

1) Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided.

2) Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire

door having a FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the

Ninth Schedule to these By-laws.

3) Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of

not less than half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the Ninth

Schedule to these By-laws but in no case less than half hour.

4) Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected

by fire doors having FRP of half hour.

5) Fire doors including frames sill be constructed to be specification which can be

shown to meet the requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in accordance with

section 3 of BS 476: 1951.

Fire rated door function as a barrier to block the smoke and the fire from spreading

within a time limit. Therefore, the time withstand should not be less than half an hour

to ensure secure most of the life and assets. Door testing were done before it was

installed to ensure its function.

4.2.4.1. Door Closer for Fire Door

Figure 136: door closer for fire rated door

Door closer is an important component as it function as an automatic guard to provide

safety towards victims. It used to shut the door immediately after the door was open to

ensure that the fire and smoke cannot spread towards the corridor.

Analysis:

Under UBBL 1984 Section 164: Door Closers for Fire Doors.

1) All the fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically

spring operated type in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in

the case of sliding doors.

2) Double doors with rabbeted meeting stiles shall be provided with coordinating

device to ensure that leafs close in the proper sequence.

3) Fire doors may be held open provided the hold open device incorporates a heat

actuated device to release the door. Heat actuated devices shall not be permitted on

fire doors protecting openings to protected corridors or protected staircases.

Door closer is an important component of fire rated door to prevent spreading of the

fire and smoke. Therefore, the materials used to construct door closer should be fire

resistant materials so it won’t lose its function during fire.

4.2.4.2. Emergency Exit Language

Emergency exit sign is playing an important role in guiding victims to escape in dark

when the electric cut off. It could help victims to reduce panic and confusion by

providing a clear directional system. The words written are normally capital letter with

words “EXIT” while in Malaysia, the words are written in Malay language “KELUAR”.

Figure 137: lighted emergency exit sign installed at

the ceiling in SSTwo Mall.

Figure 138: lighted emergency exit sign installed

at the wall above the fire rated door.

Analysis:

Under UBBL 1984 Section 172: Emergency Exit Signs

1) Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and

shall not obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment.

2) A sign reading “KELAUR” with and arrow indicating the direction shall be placed

in every location where the direction of the travel to reach the nearest exit is not

immediately apparent.

3) Every exit sign shall have word “KELUAR” in plainly legible letter not less than

150 meter high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18 millimetre

wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black background.

4) All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.

5) Illuminated signs be provided with two electric lamps of not less than fifteen watts

each.

4.2.5. Fire Escape Staircase

Figure 139: the location of fire escape staircase in SSTwo Mall

Fire escape staircase provides victims a path to escape out of the building to the

assembly point when emergency or fire happen through a safer way. According to the

Fire escape staircase in SSTwo Mall

building law, a building should have at least two means of exists consists of separate

exits or doors that leads to a corridor or other space.

Analysis:

Under UBBL 1984 Section 168: Staircases.

1) Except as provided for in by-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of

egress via at least two separate staircases.

2) Staircase shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not

being available for escape purposes the remaining staircases shall

accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it

calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh schedule to these By-

Laws.

3) The required width of a staircase shall be the clear width between walls but

handrails may be permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 75

millimetres.

4) The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length

including at landings.

5) Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall

at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing.

5. Conclusion

SS Two mall is the building that we had chosen for our study building for all

the system or service which include Mechanical ventilation system, Electrical supply

system, Mechanical transportation system and also Fire protection system. This

Project required us to learn, research and explore the building services in a

functioning commercial building of 21st century. It also required that the building

must at least 4 stories. The system at SS two mall all run at the same time which

supporting and linking each other in the building.

This project let us learn a lot for example identifying and also study about the

process or the equipment of all the system and also the function of each equipment.

This project also let us know that actually to build and create all the system, it takes a

lot of space. Besides that, the positioning, placing and the way it build must follow the

procedure, UBBL and must be based on standard/ rules that has been set up by

government. Now we all know that to design a building with applying all the services

or system is not as easy as we design a building with a good shape or good design.

Lastly, through this project we got learn a lot of thing, we all are very thankful

that we all now can understand well about the building services. In a group of 6

people, we work very closely to gather all the best information of the building

services in SS two mall. Honestly, we are very thankful that we can learn and

experiencing this project.

6. Reference

1. United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2012. Heating, Ventilation and

Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems. [online] Available at: <

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schooldesign/hvac.html> [Accessed 6 October 2014].

2. Colt, 2014. Smoke and Fire Ventilation: Colt Pressurisation Systems. [online]

Available at: < http://www.coltinfo.co.uk/pressurisation-system-smoke-fire-

ventilation.html> [Accessed 6 October 2014].

3. Brain, M., Bryant, C.W., and Elliot, S., 2013. How Air Conditioners Work.

[online] Available at: < http://home.howstuffworks.com/ac4.htm> [Accessed 6

October 2014].

4. Thanigal, 2010. How does a chiller plant work? [online] Available at:

< http://www.answers.com/Q/How_does_a_chiller_plant_work > [Accessed 6

October 2014].

5. De Kleijn Energy Consultants & Engineers, n.y. Refrigerants. [online] Available

at: < http://www.industrialheatpumps.nl/en/how_it_works/refrigerants/ >

[Accessed 6 October 2014].

6. Gopinath, 2008. What is air handling unit (AHU)? [online] Available at:

< http://www.engineering.com/Ask@/qactid/1/qaqid/2225.aspx > [Accessed 6

October 2014].

7. Anonymous, n.y. AIR HANDLING UNIT HUMIDIFIER. [online] Available

at: < http://www.iklimnet.com/expert_hvac/ahu_humidifier.html?v=sforum >

[Accessed 6 October 2014].

8. Fire Control Centres, n.y. Firewize. [online] Available

at: < http://firewize.com/book/technical-data/fire-control-centres> [Accessed 6

October 2014].

9. Fire Extinguisher Malaysia, n.y. Fire Extinguisher Types [online] Available at:

<http://www.fireextinguishermalaysia.com/Fire-Extinguisher-Types.html>

[Accessed 6 October 2014].

10. Fire Hydrant Systems, n.y. Fire Hydrant System, Wet Riser System and Fire

System In Buildings Manufacturer & Supplier from Mumbai, India. [online]

Available at: < http://www.indiamart.com/pona-corporation/fire-hydrant-

system.html> [Accessed 6 October 2014].

11. Jockey Pump, n.y. Grundfos. [online] Available at: <

http://www.grundfos.com/service-support/encyclopedia-search/jockey-

pump.html> [Accessed 6 October 2014].

12. Fire Alarm Systems, n.y. [online] Available at:

< http://www.firesafe.org.uk/fire-alarms/> [Accessed 6 October 2014].

13. Smoke and Fire Curtains Ltd, n.y. FAQs. [online] Available at: <

http://www.firecurtainsltd.com/general-information/faqs> [Accessed 6

October 2014].

14. Electrical Knowhow, 2012. [online] Available at:

< http://www.electricalknowhow.com/2012_04_01_archive.html > [Accessed

6 October 2014].

15. Harris, Tom, 2002. "How Circuit Breakers Work" [online] Available at:

<http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/circuit-breaker.htm > [Accessed 6

October 2014].

16. Stein, A., 2014.What Is the Function of a Switchboard? [online] Available at: <

http://www.ehow.com/facts_7682798_function-switchboard.html > [Accessed

6 October 2014].

17. Conjecture organization, 2014. What Is a Capacitor Bank? [online] Available at:

< http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-a-capacitor-bank.htm> [Accessed 6

October 2014].

18. East Coast Power System, 2012. Low-Voltage Distribution Switchboards: East

Coast Power Services. [online] Available at:

< http://www.ecpowersystems.com/resources/switchboards/low-voltage-

distribution-switchboards/> [Accessed 6 October 2014].

19. Elsco, 2009. Dry Type Transformers - Emergency Transformer Replacement and

Repair Services. . [online] Available at:

<http://www.electricservice.com/dry-type-transformers.html > [Accessed 6

October 2014].