building services project 2 proposal report

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PROJECT 2

BUILDING SERVICES

FOR OLD FOLKS HOME

BUILDING SERVICES

(BLD 60903)

Prepared By : Aida Junita 0317766

Ong Jia Hui 0317752

Ong Min Junn 0317767

Tan Wen Hao 0319923

Tang Pei Kei 0318545

Wong Zhen Fai 0317890

Tutor : Dr. Sivaraman Kuppusamy

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Index

1.0 Introduction 2

2.0 Passive Fire Protection System 3

2.1 Literature Reviews 3

2.2 Introduction to passive fire protection system 5

2.3 Components of passive fire protection system 6

2.4 Overall passive fire protection system diagram on plan 27

3.0 Active Fire Protection System 29


3.2 Introduction to Active Fire Protection System 31

3.3 Components of Active Fire Protection System 32

3.4 Appendix 52

4.0 Passive Ventilation System 53


4.2 Introduction for Passive Ventilation within the Centre 55

4.3 Openings for Ventilation within Spaces 55

5.0 Mechanical Ventilation System 63


5.2 Operation System of Mechanical Ventilation 65

5.3 Appendix 74

6.0 Air Conditioning System 75

6.1 Literature Review 75

6.2 Introduction on Packaged Unit System 76

6.3 Integration of Packaged Unit System to Site 76

6.4 Product Specifications 82

6.5 Appendix 83

7.0 Mechanical Transport System 84

7.1 Literature Review 84

7.2 Findings & Analysis of Elevators 86

7.3 Proposal of Systems 96

8.0 Appendix 100

9.0 References 112

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1.0 Introduction

COMMUNITY LIBRARY

Decades ago, Taman Kanagapuram was a lively neighborhood with residents that would walk

their dogs and visit each other regularly. However, with the rise of commercial developments

and crime rate, the residents have grown wary of the surroundings and youths, thus, staying

indoors, creating a desert for the soul. The community library serves to allow the elderlies

who are mostly educated to engage in human library and mentorship programs with the

uneducated and illiterate youth which would improve community integration.

As to cater for the elderly community, the community library’s services has to be elderly-

friendly to ensure minimal accidents while ensuring a comfortable space for each individual.

In case of emergency, the services are to ensure a proper system to tackle the problem and to

minimise any injury or casualty.

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2.0 Fire Protection System (Passive)

2.1 Literature Review

2.1.1 Dayton Fire damper system

The automatic fire/smoke damper operates by automatically closing a door or doors

within the damper on the detection of a temperature increase or by operation of a

separate smoke detector. Fire damper rating in hours of fire resistance are classed as

having a minimum damper fire rating of 1.5 hours for "less than 3-hour fire resistance

rated assemblies" or a minimum damper fire rating of 3 hours for "3hour or greater fire-

resistance assemblies. Fire doors or fire dampers are "passive" fire protection devices in

that they are designed to prevent fire or smoke spread or spread of toxic gases by

compartmentalizing the fire - by isolating building areas from one another. In contrast,

active fire protection devices such as a fire suppression system (sprinklers) may slow the

spread of a fire and aid in building occupant evacuation, but they do not prevent the

spread of smoke or gases - the leading cause of death in fires. By passive fire damper

devices we mean that electricity is not needed to operate the device. Rather, in the event

of a temperature rise, a thermal core or element melts to permit spring-operated fire

damper blades or doors to close.

Figure 2.0 Dayton Rectangular fire door

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2.1.2 Trustile Fire door

All TruStile fire doors feature full panel relief and are carefully engineered to match

our non-rated doors, achieving a clean, consistent look with same details demanded

on standard doors. TruStile have specially engineered and tested fire doors to

maintain a standard 1-3/4" thickness up to a 90-minute fire rating. All doors have

flexibility to specify glass doors in 20-minute ratings. Virtually all of TruStile’s TS

series and one-lite FL and PL series doors are available with 20-minute ratings.

TruStile can work almost any custom design feature into our 20- through 90-minute

doors.

TruStile is pleased to add 20- to 90-minute fire-rated glass to its comprehensive

lineup of fire doors. Virtually all of TruStile’s stile and rail panel door configurations

are available in up to 90-minute ratings. And now, Fire-rated glass doors are the

perfect solution for offices, conference rooms and lobbies where a fire door is

required by code but a glass door is desired for aesthetics. TruStile’s fire-rated glass

doors are built with the same premium construction as TruStile’s other stile and rail

doors.

Figure 2.1 TS4100 with fire-rated glass

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2.2 Introduction to passive fire protection system

As its name suggests, passive fire protection (PFP) is a form of fire safety provision that

remains dormant, or inert, during normal conditions but becomes active in a fire

situation. It is an integral component of structural fire protection in a building, which is

designed to contain fires or slow their spread. The purpose of PFP is to contain the

spread of fire for sufficient time to permit:

i) the safe evacuation of all occupants of the premises and

ii) the arrival of the fire brigade.

The person responsible for fire safety also has a duty of care towards any members of

the emergency services, e.g. fire fighters, who may have to enter the premises during

the course of a fire; in slowing the spread of flames, smoke and hot gases, PFP also

serves to ensure the building remains as safe as possible for entry in this situation. PFP

provision is required in all buildings, whether domestic or non-domestic, with the

purpose of containing / compartmentalising / retarding the spread of fire.

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2.3 Components of passive fire protection system

2.3.2 Fire stopping system

2.3.1.1 Fire protection on A/C system

i. Introduction & Function

A building is divided into fire and smoke compartments in order to restrict the

space and time dependent spread of fire and smoke during a fire. To achieve

this goal, the spread of fire and smoke from the affected fire compartment to

other compartments must be prevented. Walls and ceilings that separate fire

compartments from each other must therefore have the necessary fire

resistance. The elderly home is equipped with air conditioning system. The

ventilation ducting of the system goes through walls and ceilings and makes

the building vulnerable as far as the required fire resistance rating is

concerned. Without further measures, fire protection would no longer be

guaranteed. Fire dampers ensure, however, that ventilation ducting is isolated

when a fire occurs. It prevents fire and smoke from spreading through.

Figure 2.2 Fire damper blocks off smoke and fire from one room unit to another

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ii. Components of system

Sheet metal duct: Made from galvanized steel, these ducts can be rectangular

or round. One duct section usually slides into another. The ducts are highly

fireproof because of its good insulation property and able to stand extreme

heat.

Fire damper: A device designed to impede the spread of fire through walls,

floors and partitions. Its construction includes a galvanized steel frame and a

fusible link, a heat sensitive device (usually set at 165° F). When the fusible

link opens it releases the damper components to close. When the damper

components close the damper will restrict the migration of fire. Fire damper

products are listed with hourly ratings. In this case, 1 ½ hour fire dampers are

used to comply with the 1-hour and 2 –hour fire stopping wall in this building.

Figure 2.3 Galvanized steel fireproof A/C duct

Figure 2.4 Shows a steel-made fire damper (Right) and the construction detail of a smoke extraction duct and fire

damper (Left)

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Smoke extraction duct: used in emergency exhaust ventilation systems for

forced extraction of smoke and heated gases and simultaneous transfer of heat

generated by the fire away and beyond the limits of the serviced spaces where

the ignition occurs. Such units are used in production, public, residential,

administrative and other spaces. Such fans are capable of handling smoke and

air mixtures with temperatures up to 600 °С.

iii. Operation of fire damper system

Fire damper system prevents the spread of fire inside the ductwork

through fire-resistance rated walls and floors. When a rise in temperature

occurs, the fire damper closes. It is usually activated by a thermal element

which melts at temperatures higher than ambient but low enough to indicate

the presence of a fire, allowing springs to close the damper blades. Fire

dampers can also close following receipt of an electrical signal from a fire

alarm system utilizing detectors remote from the damper, indicating the

sensing of heat or smoke in the building occupied spaces or in the HVAC duct

system.

Figure 2.6 shows a combination of fire and smoke containment damper.

Figure 2.5 Axonometric view of smoke extraction duct connecting to the main ventilation duct

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iv. UBBL requirement for fire precaution in air-conditioning system (UBBL Law

160: Fire precaution in air-conditioning system)

a. All air-conditioning ducts, including framing therefore, except ducts in

detached and semi-detached residential buildings shall be constructed

entirely of non-combustible material be adequately supported and s

throughout their lengths.

b. No air-conditioning ducts shall pass through fire walls unless provided

for by-laws 148 and 156 (3) The air intake of any air-conditioning

apparatus shall be situated such that air shall not be recirculated from

any space in which objectionable quantities of inflammable vapors or

dust are given off and shall as to minimize the drawing in of any

combustible material.

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2.3.1.2 Fire-stopping wall

i. Introduction & Function

A firestop is a fire protection system made of various components used to

seal openings and joints in fire-resistance rated wall or floor assemblies.

Firestops are designed to restore the fire-resistance of wall or floor assemblies,

impeding the spread of fire by filling the openings with fire-resistant materials.

Unprotected openings in fire separations cancel out the fire-resistance ratings

of the fire separations, allowing the spread of fire, usually past the limits of

the fire safety plan of a building.

Figure 2.7 section of fire-stopping wall to floor slab

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ii. Components of fire-stopping wall

The tree elements of fire-stopping wall are the fire-rated walls, partitions,

floors or ceilings being penetrated; the cables, cable trays or conduits that

make up the object creating the penetration; and the materials and methods

used to seal the penetrations to prevent the spread of fire and smoke.

In addition to these elements, an installation designer or contractor making

an installation must consider whether or not the penetrations will remain

permanent; the penetrations may change during the renovations of new

tenants' accommodations, which may require new electrical-system

installations.

Permanent penetrations include those made for building power, while

telephone and data-cable penetrations may be changed or reused by a

contractor during the building's history.

Fire-rated wall: Fire-rated walls can be used to subdivide a building into

separate fire areas and are constructed in accordance with the locally

applicable building codes. Firewalls are a portion of a building's passive fire

protection systems. Thermal and acoustic 60 minute fire rated fire stops for

installation within external cavity and brick walls can be used in this buiilding

to restrict the spread of smoke and flame and minimize the effect of flanking

noise at wall junctions.

Figure 2.8 showing low resin, non-combustible mineral wool, sleeved in 50 micron polythene as fire

stopping element between brick wall can concrete-block wall. Used in corridors of building.

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Penetrating cable lines and pipe sealant: an assemblage of materials

designed to prevent the spread of fire and its byproducts for a prescribed

period of time through openings which are made in floors and walls to

accommodate through penetrating items such as ducts, metal and plastic pipes,

electrical conduit, cables, cable trays.

Fire-barrier sealant: prevent the spread of fire from one compartment to

another wherever cables, wires, or other services pass through firewalls and/or

floors, or wherever there is a gap between elements in fire rated walls or

floors, withstand flash temperatures up to 2000°F.

Figure 2.10 fire barrier sealant at pipe opening on wall (Left) with the application of sealant (Right)

Figure 2.9 Cables running through fire-rated wall

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Intumescent Wall Paint: help keep building as safe as possible in the event

of a fire with the application of fire retardant coatings.

iii. UBBL requirement for fire stop (UBBL Law 161: Fire-stopping)

a. Any fire stop required by the provisions of this Part shall be so formed and

positioned as to prevent or retard the passage of flame.

b. Any fire stop shall ;

if provided around a pipe or duct or in a cavity, be made of non-

combustible material or if it is in a floor or wall thick; and material, of

timber not less than 37 millimetres

if provided around a pipe or duct, be so constructed as not to restrict

essential thermal movement. of

c. Any fire stop formed as a seal at the junction of two or more element structure

shall be made of non-combustible material

d. Any cavity in an element of structure which;

is continuous through the whole or part of such element and

has a surface of combustible material exposed within the cavity which

is of a class lower than Class 0 in by-law 204 shall be fire stopped (i) at

any junction with another element of structure or with a ceiling under a

roof; and (ii) in such a position that there is no continuous cavity

without a fire stop which in one plane exceeds cither 7,625 metres in a

single dimension or 23.225 square metres in area; but nothing in this

by-law shall prohibit the insertion of combustible filling in a cavity

Figure 2.11 Fire retardant coating paint

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iv. Fire stopping wall diagram

Ground floor First floor Second floor

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2.3.2 Means of Escape

2.3.2.1 Exits (half hour and one hour door)

i. Introduction & function

Fire rated door is door constructed with fire proofing material in order to

prevent heat or fire transition from one space to another. Fire door serves as

critical compartmentalization of building entrances or exits in order to prevent

fire from spreading. Half hour door will be installed at all rooms at ground

floor while one hour door will be installed at first floor, according to

maximum travel time on each floor. All fire door must be installed with the

appropriately fire resistant fittings, such as the frame and door hardware, for it

to fully comply with any fire regulations.

Figure 2.12 fire door opening requirement

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ii. Components in fire-rated door

Door material: The fire-rated door is made of wood with 60mm thick of chock layer

in between compressed with two sides of 20mm fire-treated wood block. The

thickness of door and material plays a big role in resisting heat and pressure in both

side of room. The layer of chock provides extra strength as a high heat barrier while

fire proof paint coated at surface of door helps withstand high temperature to make

sure the door bear the heat and fire for a longer period of time.

Door closer: A door closer is a mechanical device that closes a door, in general after

someone opens it, or after it was automatically opened. Door closers are most

commonly installed on fire doors, which need to be closed in case of fire, to help

prevent the spread of fire and smoke. Door closer also play a role in maintaining

average cooling temperatures, since colder air does not vent out for longer periods if

the door remains closed for longer periods on average.

Figure 2.13 showing differences between normal door and fire-treated door (Left) with an inner structure of a fire door (Right)

Figure 2.14 Automatic hydraulic steel door closer

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iii. UBBL requirement for fire door and exit door (UBBL law 163 half hour and

one hour doors, law 164 door closers for fire doors, 173 exit door)

(163) Fire doors conforming to the method of construction as stipulated below

shall be deemed to meet the requirements of the specified FRP;

a. doors and frames constructed in accordance with one of the following

specifications shall be deems to satisfy the requirements for door having

FRP of half-hour:

a single door 900 m wide x 2100 millimetres high maximum or

double doors 1800 millimetres 2100 millimetres high maximum

constructed of solid hardwood core of not less than 37 millimetres

laminated with adhesives conforming to either BS 745 "Animal

Glues or BS 1204 Synthetic resin adhesives (phenolic and

aminoplastic) for wood" Part I, "Gap-filling adhesives or BS 1444,

"Cold setting casein glue for wood", faced both sides with plywood

to a total thickness of not less than 43 millimetres with all edges

finished with a solid edge strip full width of the door. The meeting

stiles of double doors shall be rabbeted 12 millimetres deep or may

be butted provided the clearance is kept to a minimum;

doors may be double swing provided they are mounted on

hydraulic floor springs and clearances at floor not exceeding 4.77

millimetres and frame and meeting stiles not exceeding 3

millimetres;

a vision panel may be incorporated provided it does not exceed

0.065 square metre per leaf with no dimension more than 1370

millimetres and it is glazed with 6 millimetres Georgian Wired

Glass in hardwood stops;

doors constructed in accordance with BS No. 456: Part 3 1951 Fire

Check Flush Doors and Wood and Metal Frames (Half-Hour

Type);

timber frames for single swing half-hour fire doors of overall width

of 60 m metres including 25 millimetres rabbet and depth to suit

door thickness plus 34 millimetres stop;

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metal frames for half-hour fire doors shall be of sheet steel not

lighter than 18 gauge of overall width 50 m metres including 18

millimetres rabbet and depth to suit the door thickness plus 53

millimetres stop;

timber or metal frames for double swing doors shall be specified

above with minimum clearances between frame and door;

b. doors and frames constructed in accordance with one of the following

specifications shall be deemed to satisfy the requirements for doors having

FRP of one hour

a single door not exceeding 900 millimetres wide x 2100

millimetres high or double doors not exceeding 1800 millimetres x

2100 metres high constructed as for specification (a) for half-hour

door but incorporating on both faces either externally or beneath

the plywood faces a layer of asbestos insulating board to BS 3536

(not asbestos cement not less than 3 millimetres thick;

doors may swing one way only and double doors shall have 12

millimetres wide rabbet at the meeting stiles;

a vision panel may be incorporated provided it does not exceed 10

square metres per leaf with no dimension more than 300

millimetres and it is glazed with 6 millimetres Georgian Wire Glass

in hardwood stop;

doors constructed in accordance with BS 459: Part 3: 195 Fire

Check Flush Doors and Wood and Metal Frames (One Hour Type);

frames for one hour doors, shall be as for half-hour doors except

that timber frames shall be pressure impregnated with 15% to 18%

solution of monoammonium phosphate in water.

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(164)

All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the

hydraulically spring operated type in the case of swing doors and

of wire rope and weight type in the case of sliding doors.

Double doors with rabbeted meeting stiles shall be provided with

coordinating device to ensure that leafs close in the proper

sequence

Fire doors may be held open provided the hold open device

incorporates a heat actuated device to release the door, Heat

actuated devices shall not be permitted on fire doors protecting

openings to protected corridors on protected staircases.

(173)

All exit doors shall be openable from the inside without the use of

key or any special knowledge or effort

Exit doors shall close automatically when released and all door

devices including magnetic door holders, shall release the doors

upon power failure or actuation of the fire alarm

iv. Fire-rated door location diagram


Half hour fire-rated

wood door

Half hour fire-rated

wood door One hour fire-rated

wood door

One hour fire-rated

steel door

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2.3.2.2 Emergency exits (storey exits)


An exit route is a continuous and unobstructed path of exit travel from any

point within a workplace to a place of safety. An exit route consists of

three parts:

Exit access – portion of an exit route that leads to an exit.

Exit – portion of an exit route that is generally separated from other

areas to provide a protected way of travel to the exit discharge.

Exit discharge – part of the exit route that leads directly outside or

to a street, walkway, refuge area, public way, or open space with

access to the outside.

ii. UBBL requirement for emergency exit (UBBL law 165 measurement of

travel distance; 166 accessibility; 167 storey exits; 169 Exit route)

(165)

The travel distance to an exit shall be measured on the floor or

other walking surface along the centre line of the natural path of

travel, starting 0.300 metre from the most remote point of

occupancy, curving around any corners or obstructions with 0.300

metre clearance therefrom and ending at the storey exit. Where

measurement includes stairs, it shall be taken in the plane of the

trend noising

In the case of open areas the distance to exits shall be measured

from the most remote point of occupancy provided that the direct

distance does not exceed two-thirds the permitted travel distance.

In the case of individual rooms which are subject to occupancy of

not more than six persons, the travel distance shall be measured

from the doors of such rooms:

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Provided that the travel distance from any point in the room to the room

door does not exceed 15 metres.

The maximum travel distances to exists and dead end limits shall

be as specified in the Seventh Schedule of these By-laws.

(166)

Except as permitted by by-law 167 not less than two separate exits

hall provided from each storey together with such additional exits

may be necessary

The exists shall be sited and the exit access shall be so arranged

that the exits are within the limits of travel distance as specified in

the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws and are readily accessible at

all times.

(167)

Except as provided for in by-law 194 every compartment shall be

provided with at least two storey exits located as far as practical

from each other and in no case closer than 4.5 metres and in such

position that the travel distances specified in the Seventh Schedule

to these By-laws are not exceeded.

The width of storey exits shall be in accordance with the provisions

in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws.

(169)

No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from the

storey exit to the final exit.

Not reduced, same throughout

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iii. Diagram of maximum travel distances - Dead-end limit (metre)

Room/ area Travel time Max. Travel Dist. Room/ area Travel time Max. Travel Dist.

Lobby 1 min 7.8M Human library 2 mins 8M

Staff office 1 min 8M M&E room 30 secs 3M

Theatre 5 mins 10M Director’s Office 4 mins 6M

Dining Lounge 2 mins 8.6M Library 6 mins 17M

Figure 14 Seventh Schedule of UBBL for maximum travel distance


Maximum 30m of travel

distances required in an

elderly home.

Figure 2.15 Seventh Schedule of UBBL

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2.3.2.3 Staircases


Emergency staircases are staircases to allow the people who are found in the building from

escaping through any starting point in the building to reach the outside of the building

directly. Or to a safe place from fire, which in its turn leads to the outside of the building

where it is away from fire. These staircases must be provided in the buildings, facilities and

shops, in order to find a way out to evacuate the users and occupants of the building, and to

keep them away from the fire sector, in order to protect them and their lives from injury and

fire. The stairs are made from incombustible materials with an adequate resisting degree, and

covers the openings that overlook at the stairs with resistible doors to fire which close

automatically.

Figure 2.16 Emergency stairs (Left) with fire-stopping properties (Right)

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ii. UBBL requirement for staircases (UBBL Law 168 Staircase)

Except as provided for in by-law 194 every upper floor shall have

means of egress via at least two separate staircase.

Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one

staircase not being available for escape purposes the remaining

shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor

discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the

seventh schedule to these By-laws.

The required width of a staircase shall be the clear width between

walls but handrails may be permitted to encroach on this width to a

maximum of 75 millimetres.

The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its

length including at landings.

Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their

swing shall at no point encroach on the required width of the

staircase or landing.

iii. Diagram of stairs location, distances and width


Primary

emergency

stairs

Secondary

emergency

stairs

15M distances

from both stairs

Location Distances Width

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2.3.2.4 Emergency Exit signs


The function of lighted LED exit signs is to allow building users to find the

exit or emergency egress route in the event of an emergency situation. Many

times a power outage can be the result of a fire in the building. In such cases,

finding the emergency exits can be complicated not only by a loss of power

but from the presence of smoke in emergency egress routes. Under these

circumstances, lighted exits signs powered by rechargeable backup batteries

can literally save lives by allowing individuals to safely exit the building.

Most relevant codes (fire, building, health or safety) require exit signs to be

permanently lit. The use of light-emitting diode (LED) technology provides

brighter illumination than incandescent lamps, resulting in better visibility in a

fire situation. LED exit signs also consume much less energy than traditional

incandescent models, typically requiring about 4 watts of power to operate.

This results in significant cost savings over the life span of the fixture,

especially considering that LEDs have a very long life and may last for 10 or

more years of continuous use.

he Exit Light y

Figure 2.17 Picture of ‘Keluar’ sign (Left) with standard dimensions (Right)

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ii. UBBL requirement for emergency exit gigns (UBBL law 172)

Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible

signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or

other equipment.

A sign reading "KELUAR" with an arrow indicating the direction shall

be placed in every location where the direction of travel to reach the

nearest exit is not immediately apparent.

Every exit sign shall have the word "KELUAR" in plainly legible

letters not less than 150 millimetres high with the principal strokes of

the letters not less than 18 millimetres wide, the lettering shall be in red

against a black background.

All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of

occupancy.

Illuminated signs shall be provided with two electric lamps of not less

than fifteen watts each.

iii. Diagram of location of “KELUAR” sign


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2.4 Overall passive fire protection system diagram on plan

Ground floor

First floor

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Second floor

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Figure 3.0 fire triangle

3.0 Active Fire Protection System


According to the Oxford Dictionary, fire is a process in which substances combine

chemically with oxygen from the air and typically gives out bright light, heat, and smoke;

combustion or burning. Fire can incapacitate and take lives by decreasing and displacing

oxygen with other gases. National Fire Protection Association stated that most fire deaths are

caused by smoke inhalation instead of burns because people are usually unable to exit the

building due to the incapacitation of smoke.

Understanding the elements of fire is vital to help us to come up with a protection system to

effectively protect ourselves from the danger of fire. The fire triangle (figure 3.0) is a simple

way of understanding the elements of fire.

Oxygen

As stated by Elite Fire (2013), the surrounding air is made up of approximately 21% oxygen.

Most fires only require at least 16% oxygen to burn and it acts as the oxidising agent in the

chemical reaction. Heat is released and combustion is generated when the fuel burns and

reacts with the oxygen.

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Heat

Heat plays a critical role in the spreading of fire aside from oxygen as it warms the

surrounding area and pre-heats nearby fuel in its path. Flammable materials will combust

when heat is present as they emit flammable vapour.

Fuel

Fuel refers to any combustible materials such as oil, wood, fabric, paper, rubber, liquid and

plastic, and is needed for a fire to start. Elite Fire (2013) mentioned that the fuel for a fire is

usually characterised by its moisture content, shape, quantity and size. These factors will

determine the temperature and how easily the fuels burn.

Attempts at preventing or combatting a fire are based upon these elements and principles as

one of the three elements in the fire triangle must be removed to stop a fire. By adhering to

these fundamental principles, the pervasiveness and destruction caused by fire can be

considerably reduced.

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3.2 Introduction to Active Fire Protection System

In relation to the danger imposed by fire, it is important to set up certain fire protection

system in a building to ensure the life safety of the occupants, which is the utmost priority in

building design. A building’s fire protection can be achieved in two forms, which are the

active and passive fire protection system.

Active Fire Protection is a group of systems that require some amount of action or motion in

order to work efficiently in the event of fire (“Active Fire Protection,” 2015). Actions may be

automatically operated, such as the sprinkler and fire alarm systems, or manually operated,

like a fire extinguisher or hose reel.

Nullifire (2014) stated that the overall aim of active systems is to extinguish the fire by:

Detecting the initial fire and evacuating the building

Alerting emergency services at an early stage of the fire

Controlling the movement of the smoke and fire

Suppressing and/or starving the fire of oxygen and fuel

Active fire protection system comes with certain benefits as they allow for more design

freedoms, encourage creativity and innovation, inclusive and sustainable architecture.

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3.3 Components of Active Fire Protection System

3.3.1 Fire Detector and Alarm System

I. Introduction & Function

Fire alarm systems fundamentally operate upon the same basis whereby when the fire

detector detects heat or smoke (automatic operation), or when the manual pull station is

activated (manual operation), the fire alarm will then sound off to warn the occupants of the

potential of fire and to evacuate.

For a larger building, the fire alarm system composes of a central Control and Indicating

Equipment (CIE) with detectors, manual call points (MCP), interface units and sounders

connected to it (“Fire Alarm System: Introduction and Importance of Fire Alarm System”,

n.d.).

II. Components of System

A. Smoke Detector

Smoke detectors (figure 3.1) are intended to protect the property and people by

producing an alarm upon the development of fire (Baker, 2015).

Certain fire smoulders and does not produce flames, yet releases more smoke and

other poisonous gases. In this case, it is difficult to detect them using heat detectors as

they generate very minimal heat. Hence, the smoke detector is chosen for the elderly

care centre in place of a heat detector for most spaces as the old folks need time to

react, and every second is critical and matters in a genuine fire event.

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Figure 3.1 smoke detector

Figure 3.3 typical smoke detector component diagram Figure 3.2 heat detector

B. Heat Detector

Heat detector (figure 3.2) can detect rapid increase in temperature by using the heat

sensing circuit. The detector will trigger the alarm system and sound the alarm if the

temperature exceeds a certain point or when it increases too fast.

The heat detector will be placed in the kitchen of the elderly care centre as smoke will

be released via cooking, deeming smoke detector to be an unwise choice.

Operation of Smoke Detector:

According to Burberry (1997), smoke detectors work in two ways. They would either

use a beam of light and a photocell, or they would use a small radioactive source that

emits ions to charged electrodes. The smoke will then interrupt the flow of the

passage of light or ions, which then activates the detector.

34

heat detector smoke detector

max

7.5m

max 7.5m

Diagram 3.0 placement of smoke detector

Figure 3.5 maximum distance between heat detectors Figure 3.4 maximum distance between smoke detectors

UBBL requirements for smoke detector:

Law 153: Smoke detectors for lift lobbies

All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors

Law 225: Detecting and extinguishing fire

Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing

fire and with fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance

with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

max

5.3m

max 5.3m

35

Figure 3.6 single action manual pull station

C. Manual Fire Alarm Pull Station

A manual pull station is a device which enables an individual to trigger and activate

the fire alarm in the event of a fire by pressing a frangible element. It is usually

located near or next to an exit so that people can activate the pull station and warn the

others when they are exiting the building during a fire event. The manual pull station

is directly tied to the fire alarm system, and will sound the fire alarm upon activation.

Generally, the manually operated device can be separated into three types:

Single action: a single action (usually a pulling down action) is needed to

activate it

Dual action: the station requires a set-up and an activating action

Break glass: the station has an inhibit device that requires it to be damaged to

activate the station

In the case of the elderly centre, a single action manual pull station (figure 3.6) is

deployed to allow for easy activation for the elderlies as well as the disabled.

The manual pull station is installed at a height of 1.2m above floor level at

conspicuous positions, easily accessible exit routes, or at the entry floor landings of

staircases and at all exits to open air. They are placed in a way where one may always

be found at a maximum distance of 45m or 25m (for disabled person) apart.

36

Legend:

manual pull station

Diagram 3.1 placement of single action manual pull station

37

D. Fire Alarm – Two-stage Signal Indicator Alarm

Fire alarm systems are designed to alert the occupants of a building of an outbreak of

fire so that appropriate fire fighting action can be taken before the situation gets out of

hand. The danger of a fire outbreak should never be underestimated as they can bring

serious havoc.

There are two types of fire alarm systems currently used in buildings:

Single system

Two-stage system

The elderly care centre will be deployed with a two-stage system to reduce the

possibility of false alarms.

Operation of Two-stage Alarm System:

In a two-stage alarm, a coded alert will go off to first warn the staff of the fire. The

staff will then inspect and activate the alarm signal if there is a real fire outbreak.

However, the alarm signal will still go off accordingly after a predetermine period. On

the other hand, the staff can stop the coded alert signal and reset the system if it is

proved to be a false alarm. Two-stage system is used as a general alarm will cause

unnecessary distress to the elderlies as evacuation of the elderlies is difficult and may

cause them physical harm.

Also, on the grounds of elderlies with impaired hearing abilities, the alarm system

comes with a signal indicator as well to alert them of the fire (figure 3.7).

38

signal indicator

speaker

Figure 3.7 signal indicator alarm components Figure 3.8 fire alarm icon

dimension: 60*117*46mm alarm sound: >= 100dB

flash period: <= 1.5s

flash intensity: >= 1.2WS ambient temperature: -10℃ - +55℃

Smoke

Detector

Fire Alarm

Diagram 3.2 flow chart overview of fire detection system

UBBL requirement for fire alarm system:

Law 237: Fire alarms

Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these

By-Laws.

Law 241: Special requirements for fire alarm systems

In place where there are deaf persons and in places where by nature of the

occupancy audible alarm system is undesirable, visible indicator alarm signals

shall be incorporated in addition to the normal alarm system.

Fire

Detection

39

Legend:

fire alarm

Diagram 3.3 placement of two-stage signal indicator fire alarm

40

Table 3.0 type of portable fire extinguisher

3.3.2 Extinguishing Systems

A. Portable Fire Extinguisher


A fire extinguisher is an equipment used in emergency to contain or extinguish small fire

manually. It is however, unsuitable and unintended for use on a large-scale fire, such as one

that reaches the ceiling or endanger the occupants. Per Port Washington Fire Department,

portable fire extinguishers can save lives and property by putting out a small fire or

controlling it until the arrival of fire department. They are usually sited in prominent

positions on exit routes and are visible from all directions.

There are various classes of fires which command the use of different class of portable fire

extinguisher. Table 3.0 below shows the different class of portable fire extinguisher available.

41

Figure 3.9 dry powder fire extinguisher

Has pressure gauge to allow visual

capacity check

5-20ft. maximum effective range

Extinguishes by smothering burning

materials

Figure 3.10 components of portable fire extinguisher Figure 3.11 section of portable fire extinguisher

On the grounds of the elderly centre that is made of mostly timber and consists of electrical

appliances, the dry powder portable fire extinguisher (figure 3.9) is chosen. The maximum

travel distance to a fire extinguisher is 75ft, which is approximately 23meter. Despite the

distance, the portable fire extinguisher is being placed in most rooms to allow for easy access

of the elderlies and the disabled in times of emergency.

II. Components of Portable Fire Extinguisher

42

Figure 3.12 portable fire extinguisher operation sequence Figure 3.13 portable fire extinguisher icon

Legend:

fire extinguisher Diagram 3.4 placement of portable fire extinguisher

III. Operation of Portable Fire Extinguisher

IV. UBBL Requirements for Portable Fire Extinguisher

Law 227: Portable extinguishers

Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of

practice and shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all

directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of

operation.

43

B. Fire Hose Reel


A fire hose reel is a first attack piece of fire-fighting equipment and can be used as a quick-

response method by any member of the public for fighting fires in their early stages

(Carmichael, n.d.). Fire hose reels are suitable to put out Class A fire such as wood, textile,

paper, rubber and plastics. They are usually being placed along escape routes or beside the

exit doors or staircases.

Fire hose reels are separated into two categories – automatic and manual:

Automatic: the water will turn on automatically when the hose is being pulled off the

reel (usually for less than two full turns)

Manual: the water supply of the fire hose reel must be turned on and off using a tap

Both category of fire hose reels can be either a fixed or swinging type. Fixed type is one

where the fire hose reel is just mounted to the wall in a fixed position; the swinging type

meanwhile, will make deployment marginally faster as the reel is flexible and can be aligned

automatically in the direction that is being pulled out.

II. Components of Fire Hose Reel

Drum: the hose reel drum is a universal swing type where the hose drum rotates

around a horizontal shaft and the hose can be withdrawn from any direction

Hose: the length of the hose is 30 meter and is made of non-kinking, braided rubber

type

Nozzle: The shut-off nozzle assembly fitted at the end of the hose is made of

corrosion resistant material in accordance to BS 336. Open or close positions of the

nozzle are indicated with markings

Stop valve: a 25mm diameter stop valve in accordance to BS 1010 is provided for the

connection of the hose reel to the water supply

44

pipe painted with primer

& finished

with red paint

rubber hose (pr EN 694) length: 30m/800sqm

diameter: 25mm

Diagram 3.5 discharge flow rate and throw length

6 meter

30 l/min

nozzle • jet and spray adjustable type

• 8mm diameter

Figure 3.14 fire hose reel components

The pipework is 50mm diameter and the pipe feed to individual hose is not less than 25mm

diameter. The pipework for above ground uses minimum galvanised steel medium grade

(Class B); whereas the underground pipework uses minimum heavy grade (Class C).

III. Operation of Fire Hose Reel

The operation of fire hose reels is all very similar as below:

1. Ensure the nozzle or jet is in the closed position

2. Turn on the main valve (some will not let the nozzle out until this is done)

3. Reel out the hose, towards the fire

4. Open the nozzle or valve and direct the stream of water at the fire from a safe distance

(“Fire Extinguishers, Hose Reels and Fire Blankets”, n.d.)

IV. UBBL Requirements for Fire Hose Reel

Law 225: Detecting and extinguishing fire

Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and

with fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the

requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

45

Legend:

fire hose reel

Diagram 3.6 placement of fire hose reel

46

Figure 3.16 dry riser outlet

Figure 3.15 dry riser inlet

C. Dry Riser


Dry riser is a system for fire firefighting purpose whereby a vertical pipe is installed in the

building. It is then fitted with inlet connections (figure 3.15) on the exterior wall of the

building at fire engine access level; and a series of outlets (figure 3.16) at each floor

internally. It is a form of internal hydrant and is always dry as it depends on the fire engine to

pump water into the system. However, it is only required for buildings where the topmost

floor is taller than 18.3m and less than 30.5m above the fire appliance access level.

Despite not reach the minimum height for the use of a dry riser, this system is employed as

the elderly centre is situated in a residential unit which is too small of an area for the use of a

water tank.

II. Components of Dry Riser

The inlet cabinet is positioned as closely

as possible to the rising main to reduce

the pressure loss and within easily

accessible reach of the attending fire

appliance.

Standard measurement:

Width: 595mm

Height: 395mm

Depth: 295mm

The outlet valve is to be installed with its

lowest point at 750mm above floor level

due to the positioning of the outlet

cabinet.

Measurement: varies depending on the

size of the gate valve is housing

47

100mm diameter pipe is used as the highest

outlet is lower than

22.875m

to relief trapped

air in the system

pipe is of galvanised

iron to BS 1387

(Heavy Gauge) tested to 21 bars

Riser Pipe

Figure 3.17 dry rising main

Both in and outlets are housed with red protective glass fronted cabinets to protect them from

possible episodes such as vandalism and accidental damage that may deter from the

acceptable use in an emergency. However, these glass fronts are still breakable as they are

designed to be broken during emergency to allow full access of the fire fighters. These

cabinets are generally locked up at all times and marked with the words “Dry Riser Inlet” and

“Dry Riser Outlet”.

48

Legend:

dry riser inlet

dry riser outlet

Diagram 3.7 placements of dry risers

IV. UBBL Requirements for Dry Riser

Law 230: Installation and testing of dry rising system

A hose connection shall be provided in each firefighting access lobby.

Dry risers shall be of minimum “Class C” pipes with fittings and connections of

sufficient strength to withstand 21 bars water pressure.

Dry risers shall be tested hydrostatically to withstand not less than 14 bars of pressure

for two hours in the presence of the Fire Authority before acceptance.

All horizontal runs of the dry rising systems shall be pitched at the rate of 6.35

millimetres in 3.05 metres.

The dry riser shall be not less than 102 millimetres in diameter in buildings in which

the highest outlet is 22.875 metres or less above the fire brigade pumping inlet and not

less than 152.4 millimetres diameter where the highest outlet is higher than 22.875

metres above the pumping inlet.

49

Figure 3.18 typical two-way fire hydrant

D. External Fire Hydrant


An external fire hydrant is intended to provide firemen with water to fight fire in times of

emergency. It provides water to every hydrant outlet by having a system of pipework that is

connected directly to the water supply mains. The water is discharged into the fire engine

from which it is then pumped and sprayed over the fire. Hydrant pumps is provided to

pressurize the fire mains when the water supply is inadequate.

There are generally two types of hydrants:

Dry barrel: the vertical part of the hydrant (barrel) remains dry and devoid of water

until the main valve is opened by means of a long stem that extends up through the

bonnet of the hydrant. It is normally used in cold weather climate to avoid freezing of

water in the barrel which would hinder its operation in times of emergency as the

hydrant will be damaged

Wet barrel: wet barrel hydrants is only intended to be used in warm climates where

the temperature never drops below 0℃ because the barrel will be constantly filled

with water

50

Figure 3.19 requirements for hydrant outlet

wet

barrel

fire

hydrant

Diagram 3.8 location of external fire hydrant

A wet barrel hydrant is proposed to be placed near our building as the existing fire hydrant is

further than 30m away from the breeching inlet for the building, which fails to conform to

one of the requirements as stated below:

Hydrant outlet:

Not less than 6m from the building

Spaced not more than 90m apart along access road

Not more than 30m away from the breeching inlet for the building

Minimum width of access road is 6m

Site plan scale: NTS

site external fire hydrant

width of access

road: 9.5m

distance from fire hydrant to

building: 6.7m

51

Figure 3.20 wet barrel hydrant components

II. Components of external fire hydrant

III. UBBL Requirements for External Fire Hydrants

Law 225 Detecting and extinguishing fire

Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5

meters from the nearest point of fire brigade

Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for fire

appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the Fire

Authority.

52

3.4 Appendix

Spaces

Type of Active Fire Protection System

Smoke

Detector

Heat

Detector

Manual

Pull

Station

Fire

Alarm

Fire

Extinguisher

Fire

Hose

Reel

Dry

Riser

Inlet

Dry

Riser

Outlet

External

Fire

Hydrant

Lobby 1 - X - X - - - -

Staff office 1 - - - - - - - -

Kitchen - X - - X - - - -

Dining

Lounge 1 - X X X - - - -

W/C

(Ground

floor)

- - - - - - - - -

M/E Room 1 - - - X - - - -

Human

Library 2 - X X X - - - -

Theatre 1 - - - - - - - -

Supervisor’s

office 1 - X X X - - - -

Library 4 - X X X X - X -

W/C (2nd

floor) - - - - - - - - -

Open Area - - - - - X X X X

53

4.0 Passive Ventilation


Ventilation of a space is a process by which air is circulated around a space allows fresh air to

enter the space while removing stale air at the same time. It controls the humidity of a certain

space as well as to moderate the internal temperatures. Without proper ventilation within a

space, the space would start to accumulate moisture, dust, carbon dioxide and other pollutants

which can build up if the space heavily used for a long period of time. This tends to lead to a

Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) which causes the user of the space to be unwell. Hence,

ventilation is required for every space to ensure the proper well-being of the users.

Ventilation can come in different ways but passive ventilation is the most sought after as it

does require energy to ensure a comfortable space. Passive ventilation, or also known as

natural ventilation, makes use of natural forces to ventilate a space. One of the most common

ways is to allow cross ventilation within a space. Cross ventilation occurs when air enters a

space from an entrance and exits from another. This allows air to penetrate through the space,

bringing in fresh air and carrying out stale air.

Figure 4.0: Examples of cross ventilation diagrams

54

Another method of passive ventilation is the stack ventilation that is controlled by

temperature and wind speeds. As hot air rises and cool air sinks, the pressure within a space

is different at the top and the bottom. At higher heights, lower pressure exists due to hot air is

able to draw air from below. This is due to the difference in pressure thus, air particles in

higher pressure areas move towards lower pressure areas. Thus by understanding this method,

ventilation is able to take place from a lower area to a higher area.

As such, many designs integrate both methods to allow better passive ventilation within a

building to reduce energy usage on having a flow of fresh air into the building.

Figure 4.1: Examples of stack ventilation diagram

55

4.2 Introduction for Passive Ventilation within the Centre

The elderly care centre building comprises of 3 stories with two adjacent buildings on its east

and west while the main winds originate from the northeast and southwest direction. As such,

the parts of the building are exposed to the prevailing winds while certain areas are wind

shadowed by the adjacent buildings. As such, the building is designed to accommodate an air

well that promotes stack ventilation and the use of cross ventilation throughout the spaces.

This ensures that spaces are well ventilated and provide a suitable temperature for the elderly.

4.3 Openings for Ventilation within Spaces

4.3.1 Rooms within an Elderly Care Centre

As per stated in Section 39, Clause 2 of the Universal Building By Law (UBBL) 1984:

Therefore, each space has to comply with a minimum of 10% of the floor area for means of

providing natural ventilation. The percentage is higher than of residential usage due to the

increased need to provide a constant amount of fresh air for elderly people that are very

sensitive to discomfort.

Openings in Rooms Area of Opening

For Lighting >15% of floor area

For Ventilation >10% of floor area

Every room used for the accommodation of patients in a hospital shall be

provided with natural lighting and natural ventilation by means of one or more

windows having a total area of not less than 15% of the clear floor area of

such room and shall have openings capable of allowing a free uninterrupted

passage of air of not less than 10% of such floor area.

56

A

B

C

Ground Floor Plan

Within the ground floor, 3 main spaces are to

be well ventilated. All spaces are to be

designed to have cross ventilation as they well

exposed to prevailing winds except for Room

A. Thus, Room A adapts the usage of an air-

well that allows stack ventilation of each floor

within that area.

Minimum area of openings for ventilation as

stated by UBBL 1984:

Currently, the design has been altered to adhere

to the law and have succeeded to provide more

than sufficient openings for ventilation:

Figure 4.2: Ground Floor Plan with Highlighted Room Areas

57

First Floor Plan

The first floor consists of only a very small floor

area as compared to the building with only one

space taken into consideration for ventilation as

the other spaces are double volumes of existing

spaces from the ground floor.

Minimum area of openings for ventilation as

stated by UBBL 1984:

Currently, the design has been altered to adhere to

the law and have succeeded to provide more than

sufficient openings for ventilation:

D

Figure 4.3: First Floor Plan with Highlighted Room Areas

58

Second Floor Plan

The second floor consists of a very large floor area

that is mechanically ventilated with an air

conditioner. However, due to the sensitivity of

elderly people, natural ventilation has to be

provided as well to ensure comfort and alternative

ventilation if the mechanical system were to fail.

Minimum area of openings for ventilation as stated

by UBBL 1984:

Currently, the design has been altered to adhere to

the law and have succeeded to provide more than

sufficient openings for ventilation:

E

Figure 4.4: Second Floor Plan with Highlighted Room Areas

59

4.3.2 Washrooms within an Elderly Care Centre

As per stated in Section 39, Clause 4 of the Universal Building By Law (UBBL) 1984:

Therefore, each washroom has to comply with having a 0.2 sqm of opening for ventilation for

each water closet, urinal and bathroom. This ratio is to ensure proper ventilation within each

washroom to allow the removal of stale and unpleasant smell as well as to ensure a dry and

well-kept washroom.

Openings in Water Closet Area of Opening

For Lighting & Ventilation 0.2 sqm per w/c, urinal

Every water-closet, latrine, urinal of bathroom shall be provided with

natural lighting and natural lighting and natural ventilation by means of

one or more openings having a total area of not less than 0.2 square

metre per water-closet, urinal latrine or bathroom and such openings

shall be capable of allowing a free uninterrupted passage of air.

60

Washroom

Throughout the building, there are 2

washrooms with a total of 9 cubicles.

Currently, the design has succeeded to

provide more than sufficient openings for

ventilation:

Figure 4.5: Highlighted location of toilets in ground floor plan (right) and second floor plan (left)

61

4.3.3 Air-Wells within a Building

As per stated in Section 40 of the Universal Building By Law (UBBL) 1984:

Therefore, the air well located within the building of 3 storeys high will have to comply to the

minimum area of 9 sqm. The area increases with the building height as there will be more air

to be channelled upwards for each subsequent floor.

Air-well

Current

Area of air-well = 11.5 sqm

Dimension = 3.3m x 3.4m

Air-well Size Area of Air-well

For buildings up to 4 storeys >9 sqm with min. width of 2.5m

Clause 1(a)

The minimum size of each air-well where provided in all buildings shall

be as follows:

for buildings up to 4 storeys in height, 9 square metres;

Clause 1(b)

The minimum width of such air-wells in any direction shall be 2.5 metres.

Air-well

Currently, the design has succeeded to

provide an air-well larger than the

minimum compliance with:

Area of air-well: 11.5 sqm

Dimension : 3.3m x 3.4m

Figure 4.6: Highlighted location of air-well on ground floor plan

62

4.3.4 Ventilation of Staircase

As per stated in Section 111 of the Universal Building By Law (UBBL) 1984:

All staircases shall be properly lighted and ventilated according to the

requirements of the local authority.

Both landings of the stairs are well ventilated and lighted with the lower landing being

exposed to an open corridor while the upper landing is exposed to a top hung window. A

window is placed above the stairs on the first floor as well to ensure proper lighting.

Figure 4.7:

Highlighted location of window openings that ventilate staircases in ground floor (above) and first floor (below)

63

5.0 Mechanical Ventilation System


5.1.1 Introduction

Mechanical ventilation system is a type of ventilation system which uses the mechanical

devices to keep fresh air circulating in an internal space and also one of the services system

introduced to help in maintaining a certain level of comfort in an internal space. This system

functions incorporating the usage of mechanical devices like the fans and ductwork to

circulate the air throughout a building envelope. Mechanical system does the job of heating,

cooling and maintaining the humidity level of a space. Regular inspection and maintenance is

often needed to keep this system operating well.

Figure 5.0 Diagram above shows one of the components of a typical residential heating and cooling system.

5.1.2 Function of Mechanical Ventilation System

Mechanical Ventilation System functions to remove of pollutants. Ventilation constantly

draws in external air that is less polluted and less vapour into the internal space during the

operation of the system. It functions to ensure a fresh supply of air into the building by

getting rid of the internal stale air through means of mechanical exhaust. It serves to circulate

the air internally by creating difference in pressure of certain areas.

64

5.1.3 Comparison of Supply System, Exhaust System and Balanced System

Ventilation system Advantages Disadvantages

Supply ventilation system

Figure 5.1: Schematic Diagram shows

how the air is drew into the house

through central supply fan. Source: (“whole-House Ventilation/

Department of Energy”, 2016)

- Allows better control of the

air entering the house.

- Minimize outdoor pollutants

in the internal living space

as incoming air can be

filtered.

- Simple and inexpensive to

install

- Can cause moisture

problem in cold area.

- Does not remove

moisture from the

incoming air.

Exhaust ventilation system

Figure 5.2: Schematic Diagram shows the circulation of air in a space with the

application of exhaust ventilation

system. Source: (“whole-House Ventilation/


- Appropriate for cold

climates

- Simple system and easily to

be installed

- Prevents moisture into the

internal spaces.

- Not appropriate for hot

climates

- Can draw in pollutants

into internal space.

- Cause noises

Balanced ventilation

system

Figure 5.3: Schematic Diagram shows

the operation of the balanced

ventilation system in a building. Source: (“whole-House Ventilation/


- No pressurization in internal

space.

- Allows the use of filter to

remove dust and pollen from

outside air.

- Appropriate for all climates

- Expensive installation

as it requires two sets

of ductwork and fans.

- Will not temper and

remove moisture from

incoming air

65

5.2 Operation System of Mechanical Ventilation

5.2.1 Introduction

By using air handler unit in a balanced ventilation system, the ventilation air is constantly

being supplied to all occupied spaces through the supply air stream. Notice that the supply air

is made up of some clean outdoor air and some recirculated air. Recirculated air often makes

up the major portion of the supply air stream. Therefore, the contaminated air is leaving the

through the return air vent. Some portion of this contaminated return air exits the building

through the “relief air vent”. The remainder is being “recirculated” and “diluted by the

outdoor air” entering the air handler from outside.

Figure 5.4 Schematic Diagram above shows the example of the air movement by using air handling unit

Source (“Ventilation, Home Pride Contractors”, 2016)

We are proposing to use individual separate exhaust fan system directly to the outside in the

kitchen and toilet area. Since these areas are a significant potential source of toxic pollutants,

none of dirty air is recirculated. Ideally, an exhaust hood directly above and close to the dirty

air chemicals should be used to trap the pollutants into the exhaust stream and prevent any

pollutants from contaminating the breathing zone of both areas. Mechanical ventilation

supply only locates at the space that does not provide air conditioned. Mechanical and

electrical room is placed a single grille diffuser at the higher part of wall to minimize the

humidity level and heat in the room to reduce the fire hazard.

66

5.2.2 Operation of Central Fan Integrated System and Its Components

5.2.2.1 Air Handler

An air handler, or air handling unit (often abbreviated to AHU), is a device used to regulate

and circulate air as part of a heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system. An air

handler is usually a large metal box containing a blower, heating or cooling

elements filter racks or chambers, sound attenuators, and dampers. Air handlers usually

connect to a ductwork ventilation system that distributes the conditioned air through the

building and returns it to the AHU. Sometimes AHUs discharge (supply) and admit (return)

air directly to and from the space served without ductwork.

Small air handlers, for local use, are called terminal units, and may only include an air filter,

coil, and blower; these simple terminal units are called blower coils or fan coil units. A larger

air handler that conditions 100% outside air, and no recirculated air, is known as a makeup air

unit (MAU). An air handler designed for outdoor use, typically on roofs, is known as

a packaged unit (PU) or rooftop unit (RTU).

Figure 5.5 Diagram above shows the HVAC System example of one type of AHU

Source: (“Air Conditioner System”, 2016)

67

5.2.2.2 Fan

Fan serves the purpose of removing hot, humid and polluted air, it's often used to bring in

outdoor air to encourage ventilation and cool the internal spaces of a building. It's one of the

important component involved in a mechanical ventilation system in order to complete the air

circulation cycle of a system. Besides that, fan helps to keep the fresh air circulating within a

space.

A. Exhaust Fan/ Propeller Fan

Figure 5.6 Picture above shows the example of propeller fan

Source: (“IndiaMART”, 2016)

Propeller fans are usually found in the elevator control, kitchen, fire protection room, water

closet and usually connected to a temperature thermostat. It will be switched on automatically

upon the detection of high temperature in the room. It functions to remove hot air from the

control room to prevent overheating of wires and mechanical components in the room.

The advantage of using propeller fans is that they can be usually used without ducting and it

can remove a large volume of stale air outdoor. Besides, it has low cost and simple

installation.

UBBL Regulations

According to Building By-Laws 1984 Clause 258 THIRD SCHEDULE (By-law 41)

12. Fresh Air Changes

(1) The minimum scale of fresh air ventilation in conjunction with recirclated, filtered

and conditioned air meeting with the requirements of ASHRAE STANDARD 62-73

shall be as follows: Commercial premises 0.14 cm per occupant

68

(2) The minimum scale of fresh air ventilation in conjunction with the mechanical

ventilation systems shall be as follows: Commercial premises (excluding laundry and

boiler houses) 0.28 cm3 per occupant

5.2.2.3 Ductworks

Ductworks serve to channel air into a room or out from a room. It comes in different shapes

and sizes which will also affect the efficiency and sustainability. They are usually made from

aluminum, copper and galvanized materials and often connected to the central supply fan or

central exhaust fan of the mechanical ventilation system.

A. Galvanized-Steel Duct

Figure 5.7 Picture shows the rectangular galvanized steel duct and its turning point connected with curve shaped of steel duct.

Source: (“Leminar Air Conditioning Industries LLC”, 2016)

The galvanized steel ducts are the most common air distribution systems used, where the

ducts are fabricated with galvanized steel metal. Galvanized steel is a steel sheet metal that

has been treated with zinc to form a coating on the surface of the metal. They serve the

purpose of channeling air out from the internal space of each unit.

The connecting part of the turning point usually will manufactured into curve shaped using

the same material, by this way, it can maintain the speed and volume of air channeling and

also most importantly is to reduce the noise when the air passed through.

http://leminarindustries.com/rectangular-duct-system

69

5.2.2.4 Damper

Damper is a valve that serves the purpose of regulating the air flow inside a ducting or other

air handling equipment. It also helps to regulate the internal temperature of a room. The

operation time can be controlled with the use of thermostat system.

A. Fire Damper

Figure 5.8 Picture above shoes the example of fire damper.

Source: (“Actionair”, 2016)

Fire damper can be seen installed at a higher level on the external walls in the stairwell. It is a

passive fire protection products used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)

ducts to prevent the spread of fire inside the ductwork through fire resistance rated walls and

floors.

UBBL Regualtions

According to Building By-Laws 1984 Clause 199 Ventilation of staircase enclosures in

buildings not exceeding 18 metres

Ventilation of staircase enclosures in buildings not exceeding 18 metres. In buildings not

exceeding 18 metres above ground staircase level. enclosures may be unventilated

provided that access to them at all levels except the top floor is through ventilated lobbies

and the staircase enclosures are permanently.

https://www.actionair.co.uk/products/a60-marine-damper

70

5.2.2.5 Diffuser

It is the mechanical devices that usually located at the end of a ductwork system which air is

been released from. It's a typical outlet used for air to release from the connecting ductwork.

They come in different sizes and shapes which serve different functions as well.

A. Square Air Diffuser

Figure 5.9 Picture above shows the example of a square air diffuser.


This particular square air diffuser functions as a medium to supply chilled air into the rooms.

It usually directly connects with the ductwork, locates at the ceiling.

B. Single Grille Air Outlet

Figure 5.10 Picture above shows the example of single grille air outlet.


This serves as an outlet for the hot air drew by the exhaust fan in the utility rooms like the

telecom room, elevator control room, and electrical supply room. It prevents overheating

from damaging the mechanical devices in these rooms. It also acts as outlet for humid air

drew out from the water supply system.

71

5.2.3 Operation of Systems in Plans and Sections

Figure 5.11 Drawing of proposed building with mechanical ventilation diagram (ground floor plan)

72

Figure 5.12 Drawing of proposed building with mechanical ventilation diagram (first floor plan)

73

Figure 5.13 Drawing of proposed building with mechanical ventilation diagram (second floor plan)

74

Figure 5.14 Drawing of proposed building with mechanical ventilation diagram (section), the arrows indicate the direction of the air

movement

5.3 Appendix

Spaces Type of Mechanical Ventilation System (or other system)

Exhaust Fans Single Grille Air Outlet Square Air Diffuser

Lobby - - 2

Staff office - - -

Kitchen 1 - -

Dining Lounge - - -

W/C (Ground floor) 1 - -

M/E Room - 1 -

Human Library - - -

Theatre - - -

Supervisor’s office - - -

Library - - -

W/C (Second floor) 1 - -

75

6.0 Air Conditioning System - Packaged Unit


Packaged unit air conditioning systems are used generally in medium-sized structures such as

commercial lots, restaurants, larger homes and etc. This air conditioning system has a unit

casing that contains all the significant components of an air conditioner such as the

compressor, condenser and condenser coil. It has a cooling capacity range of 3, 5, 7, 10 and

15 tons. It is the intermediate option in between the smaller capacity split air conditioning

system capable of up to only 5 tons and the larger capacity central air conditioning system

capable of extending further than 20 tons.

`

Figure 6.0: Packaged Air Conditioning System Outdoor Unit

There are 2 types of packaged unit systems that use different cooling methods such as the air

cooled systems and water cooled systems. Air cooled systems are more favourable due to the

abundance of atmospheric air as opposed to the lack in supply of water.

This system provides a regular cycle of fresh and clean air to the spaces. As warm air is

transferred back into the return air ducts, it brings along the airborne particles and pollutants

which will be removed through an air filter, thus, cleaning the air which will then be

transferred back to the supply ducts.

The packaged unit system also offers less noise due to the fact that the main unit is

designated to be placed outdoors hence bringing loud operation noise away from the spaces

and its occupants.

76

6.2 Introduction to Packaged Unit System

A packaged unit system was chosen to be used instead of a split system or a central cooling

system because of its intermediate cooling capacity that is suitable for the site which is a

medium sized residential lot with rather large spaces. A split system has a lower cooling

capacity and is more suitable for individualistic residential spaces and smaller sizes while the

central cooling system and its large cooling capacity is more suitable for structures that are

larger and would require more space to contain the units.

An air cooled system was selected instead of the less famous water cooled system due to the

fact that air is more readily available as opposed to water which would require higher costs.

Figure 6.1: Diagram of Packaged Air Conditioning Water Cooled System

6.3 Integration of Packaged Unit System to Site

6.3.1 Integration of Outdoor Unit to Site

The outdoor packaged unit is placed at the back of the lot facing the Northeast direction

which brings a generous supply of prevailing winds. There are also no obstacles in close

proximity of the outdoor unit which would obstruct the blower fan from bringing in air

supply. Other locations around the lot would have structural elements and vegetation that

would cause obstruction to the airflow. The location of the outdoor unit is also far away from

the main circulation so the operation noise would not affect the users who are mainly senior

citizens who are more aurally sensitive.

77

Figure 6.2: Diagram of Outdoor Unit Location on Floor Plan and Prevailing Wind Direction

6.3.2 Operation of Packaged Unit (Air Cooled) System and Components

For this particular system, there are 2 separate units that are designated to be placed both

indoors and outdoors. The outdoor unit contains components such as the compressor,

condenser, condenser coils and the blower fan. This unit is placed at an area with adequate

access to airflow, which is at the back of the lot as stated in the section above. As the name

implies, the airflow is required to cool the condensers inside the outdoor unit. The blower fan

inside the unit absorbs external air and transfers it to the condenser coil to cool it.

Figure 6.3: Cross Section of Packaged Outdoor Unit

Prevailing wind direction

78

The refrigerant piping connects the outdoor unit with the indoor unit which could be placed

either on the ground floor or above the ceiling level. In this case, the indoor unit is placed

above the ceiling which is 11 metres off the ground level. The indoor cooling unit consists of

the expansion valve, evaporator, air handling blower and the filter. The cooled air transferred

from the outdoor unit is released through the connected supply air ducts into the targeted

spaces. Warm air is then received back through the return air ducts back into the packaged

unit to be released or recycled.

Figure 6.4: Axonometric Diagram of Packaged System Air Flow

Figure 6.5: Example of an Indoor Cooling Unit

79

6.3.3 Integration of Cooling Unit and Ducting to Site

The indoor cooling is placed as close as possible to the outdoor unit on the ground floor to

reduce the running length of the refrigerant piping in order to maintain efficiency of the air

conditioning system. Furthermore, since most of the ground floor spaces are double void

volumes, the return and supply air ducts are not located on the ceiling level of the ground

floor but the ceiling level of the first floor instead which is 7 metres off the ground. The only

exception is the ground floor office which is only 4 metres off the ground.

Figure 6.6: Ground Floor Ducting Plan of Site

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Figure 6.7: First Floor Ducting Plan of Site

81

Figure 6.8: Second Floor Ducting Plan of Site

UBBL Requirements or Related Regulations

1) Air shall not be recirculated nor combined with any other air-conditioning or

ventilation system and all air introduced into the enclosure shall be exhausted to the

atmosphere without recirculation.

2) Where room, window or wall air-conditioning units are provided as means of air-

conditioning, such units shall be capable of continuously introducing fresh air.

The packaged unit system provides a regular cycle of fresh air intake to the occupants. Warm

air is drawn out through the return air ducts with the filter removing airborne particles and

pollutants. After that, some of the air will be released out from the outdoor unit while the

remaining portion that are already free of pollutants are mixed with a fresh intake of air to be

distributed through the supply ducts again.

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6.4 Product Specifications

Goodman GPC14H

- 2 to 5 Ton Packaged Air Conditioner

- Up to 14 SEER

Figure 6.9: Image of Goodman GPC14H Model

Figure 6.10: Specifications of Goodman GPC14H Model

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6.5 Appendix

Spaces

Air-Conditioning System

Supply Return Thermostat

Lobby - - -

Staff office X X X

Kitchen - - -

Dining Lounge X X -

W/C (Ground floor) - - -

M/E Room - - -

Human Library - - -

Theatre X X -

Supervisor’s office X X -

Library X X -

W/C (Second floor) - - -

84

7.0 Mechanical Transportation System


The spatial needs and impact of transportation systems have revolutionized building design

and such equipment can only be regarded as an integral part of the normal building service

process. Consequently, requirements and regulations of building services must be anticipated

at an early stage of building design, with heavy consideration of the dependence on other

building services such as mechanical ventilation, air-conditioning system, fire protection

system, means of escape, coordination of installations and long-term maintenance of the

facility. Examples of mechanical transportation include elevators, escalators and travelators.

7.1.1 Elevators

Elevators or lifts are transport devices used to move goods or people, vertically. They are

one of the forms of mechanical transportation which may be found within, around and in

general association with modern buildings and development. Elevators are considered a

requirement in buildings over three storeys, and less if access for the disabled is required in

the design.

An elevator system must provide quick, quiet operation of doors; good floor status and travel

direction indication (both in the cars and at landings); easily operated car and landing call

buttons; smooth, quiet and safe operation of all mechanical equipment under all conditions of

loading; comfortable lighting; reliable emergency and security equipment; and a generally

pleasant car atmosphere.

An ideal performance of an elevator will provide the following:

i. minimum waiting time for a car at any floor level;

ii. comfortable acceleration;

iii. rapid transportation;

iv. smooth, rapid braking;

v. accurate automatic levelling at landings;

vi. rapid loading and unloading at all stop

Apart from passenger-satisfaction service considerations, elevators also have architectural

design impacts which include treating cars and shaftway doors in a manner consistent with

85

the architectural unity of the building. According to Figure 7.0, at least an elevator shall be

provided for non-residential buildings which exceed 4 storeys above or below the main

access level.

Figure 7.0: UBBL By-Law 124. Lifts

Factors affecting installation of elevators include position of the elevators, speeds and

types of elevators. In terms of position or location of elevators, easy means of access should

be provided for all building users – to position lifts in the central lobby with a maximum

walking distance of 45 meters to the lift lobby. Position of elevator should also showcase

useful display of space – advantageous to position the elevator at opposite ends or corners of

building.

Types of elevators include electric lifts, traction elevators, hydraulic elevators, fire-fighting

lifts, observation/panoramic lifts, paternoster and stair lifts, with electric lifts and hydraulic

elevators being the most commonly used. Electric lifts can be categorized into two types –

traction with machine room and machine room-less traction. Traction lifts are raised and

lowered due to friction that transmits force from drive mechanism through cables attached to

or passing under the car which in turn are raised and lowered by a motor-driven traction

sheave.

Figure 7.1: Traction with machine room elevator (left); Machine room-less traction elevator (right)

Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL)

Part VI – Constructional Requirements

124. Lifts

For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift

shall be provided.

86

On the other hand, hydraulic elevators are raised and lowered by means of a movable rod

(plunger) rigidly fixed to the bottom of the car. Hydraulic elevators are powered by a piston

that travels inside a cylinder. An electric motor pumps hydraulic oil into the cylinder to move

the piston which will smoothly lift the elevator car. Electric valves are also used to control

the release of the oil for a gentle descent.

7.2 Findings & Analysis of Elevators

7.2.1 Introduction & Function

Before electricity became widely available, some of the earliest lifts were operated by

hydraulic water power. Later on, experiments proved oil to be a more efficient medium, but

with an overall theoretical maximum travel of 21 meters, therefore they are no threat to

electric lifts for higher-rise buildings.

Hydraulic elevators are raised and lowered by means of a movable rod rigidly fixed to the

bottom of the car. They are typically used for low-rise applications of two to eight storeys

and are suitable for goods lifting, for hospitals as well as for old folks’ homes.

Types of hydraulic elevators include conventional plunger-type hydraulic elevators, hole-

less hydraulic elevators and roped hydraulic elevators. Figure 7.2 shows the advantages and

disadvantages of hydraulic elevators.

Advantages of Hydraulic Elevators Disadvantages of Hydraulic Elevators

Capacity for very heavy loads Limited in speed to about 0.75m/s to

maintain adequate standards of control

and comfort

Accuracy in floor levelling Specialist equipment may be needed

during construction to provide a deep

borehole to accommodate the hydraulic

cylinder (depending on the system used)

Smooth ride characteristics

Low-level plant room

No structural loads from winding gear

Pump room can be located up to 10

meters from the shaft

Figure 7.2: Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydraulic Elevators

87

Figure 7.3: Roped Hydraulic Elevator

For the elderly community center, a roped hydraulic elevator system is proposed. Roped

hydraulic elevator’s arrangement is simpler than a telescoping plunger unit as it uses only a

single moving jack section, compared to two or three in a telescoping unit for the same rise.

This is accomplished by using 2:1 ratio roping, which means that the car travels twice as far

as the piston.

The simplicity and reliability of a single-jack roped arrangement is the most common choice

for low-rise, light- to medium-duty hydraulic elevators.

88

7.2.2 Components of System

The basic elevator components include the car, hoistway, machine or drive system, safety

system and control system.

The arrangement of the roped hydraulic elevator shown in Figure 7.4 uses a single jack

and a cantilevered car and does not need a belowground cylinder. It is also a low-rise

residential-type elevator of the roped hydraulic type.

Figure 7.4: Roped Hydraulic Elevator Components

The power unit – which includes the oil tank, pumps and control, is usually mounted at the

lower level. The control is automatic, including automatic levelling. The car is a 318 to

340kg, 0.15 to 0.18m/s unit (depending upon the specific design), normally with a single-

story rise. The shaftway is 1.5 to 2.4m2, with the larger size used for a car intended to

accommodate a wheelchair.

89

7.2.2.1 Hoistway

Hoistway or shaftway is the space enclosed by fireproof walls and elevator

doors for the travel of one or more elevators. It includes the pit and

terminates at the underside of the overhead machinery space floor or

grating or at the underside of the roof where the hoistway does not

penetrate the roof.

Hoistways are typically equipped with guide rails for the car and

counterweight, counterweight, suspension (hoisting) ropes (cables),

landing (hoistway) doors and buffers in the pit.

7.2.2.2 Cars

An elevator car is the vehicle that travels between the different

elevator stops carrying passengers and/or goods – typically made from

a heavy steel frame. It should be designed to fulfil its basic functions,

consider the needs of the disabled and coordinate with the décor of the

car and corridors. Some of the basic components of an elevator car

include – car sling (metal framework connected to the means of

suspension); elevator car/cabin and mechanical accessories (car door

and door operator, guide shoes and door protective device).

Figure 7.6: MS 1184:2002 – 10. Lifts

Malaysian Standard (MS 1184:2002)

Code of Practice on Access for Disabled Persons to Public Buildings (First Revision)

10. Lifts

10.1 Every lift forming part of vertical access for the disabled persons should have an unobstructed depth in

front of the lift door of not less than 1800mm.

10.2 It should maintain a floor level accuracy within a tolerance of 10mm throughout the range of rated

load.

10.3 The handrail in the lift car should not be less than 600mm long at 1000mm above the finished floor

level and should be fixed adjacent to the control panel.

10.4 At least one lift car, adjacent to a public entrance, that is accessible for disabled persons, should be

designed as a lift for wheelchair users, complying to all the sub-clauses of this clause, and should have

space for a wheelchair to be turned 180° inside the lift in accordance with Figure 8.

Figure 7.5: Perspective of hoistway

Figure 7.5: Perspective of

elevator car

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Figure 7.7: MS 1184:2002 – 10. Lifts Figure 8

Elevator cars can be classified according to the number of entrances and their locations which

include – normal cabin (front access), open through cabin (front and rear access) and

diagonal cabin (front and side access).

Figure 7.8: Type of elevator cars – normal cabin (left); open through cabin (middle); diagonal cabin (right).

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The elevator car size and its available area should be limited and related to the nominal or

rated load of the elevator in order to prevent overloading of the car by persons. The following

figure (Figure 7.9) shows the standard car sizes related to the elevator nominal loads.

Type Capacity (kg) Persons Car Width (mm) Car Depth (mm)

Type (I) 320 4 1000 900

900 1000

400 5 1100 1000

1000 1100

480 6 1200 1100

1100 1200

630 8 1400 1100

1100 1400

1200 1300

750 10 1400 1300

1300 1400

800 10 1400 1350

1350 1400

Type (II) 1000 13 1600 1400

1400 1600

1100 2100

1050 14 1600 1500

1350 18 1600 1800

1600 21 2100 1600

1400 2400

Figure 7.9: Standard car sizes related to the elevator nominal loads

7.2.2.3 Elevator Doors

The choice of a car and hoistway door affects the speed and quality of elevator. Elevator

doors are power-operated and synchronized with the levelling controls so that the doors are

fully opened by the time a car comes to a complete stop at a landing. However, the closing

varies with the type of door and the size of the opening.

The type of elevator door proposed is a two-speed door design as it is suitable where space

conditions dictate or where a wide opening is required, in this case the wide opening is

needed for wheelchair accessibility. Two-speed means that the two halves of the door must

travel at different speeds to complete their travel simultaneously. A typical two-speed

elevator door dimension is 1.06 meters (42 inches) wide.

92

Figure 7.10: Two-speed door – perspective view (left); Two-speed door – plan view (right)

The installation of elevator doors can be equipped with an electronic sensing device that

detects passengers in a wide area in the landing in front of the car door, rather than only

directly in the door’s path. This detection is often accompanied by an audible signal which

causes the car door to remain open for a predetermined length of time. The electronic sensing

device is particularly useful in installations where passengers cannot approach the entrance or

enter the car quickly – for instance elderly in wheelchairs at the elderly community center.

Figure 7.11: MS 1184:2002 – 10. Lifts



10. Lifts

10.5 The lift door installation should provide the following:

a) The lift door should be power operated;

b) Should provide a clear opening of not less than 800mm in accordance with Figure 8;

c) Sensing devices should be provided to ensure that lift car and landing doors will not close while the

opening is obstructed, subject to the nudging provisions which operate if the doors is held open for

more than 20s; and

d) If sensing devices as in c) above are not provided, the dwell time of an automatically closing door

should not be less than 5s and the closing speed should not exceed 0.25m/s.

93

7.2.2.4 Signals and Operating Panels

The call buttons of an elevator should indicate the desired direction of travel and by visual

means confirm that a call has been placed. The hall lantern located at each car entrance must

visually indicate the direction of travel of an arriving elevator and preferably its present

location.

Figure 7.12: MS 1184:2002 – 10. Lifts

An audible signal should announce an elevator car’s arrival. This allows for waiting

passengers to move towards the arriving car (which in turn speeds the service when there are

multiple elevators).

Within the car, travel direction and present location of the car can be indicated either with

separate fixtures or by indicators built into the car panel.

Figure 7.13: MS 1184:2002 – 10. Lifts



10. Lifts

10.6 Lift controls should comply with the following:

a) Controls should be clearly indicated and easily operated in accordance with Clause 27.

b) Call buttons should either project from or be flush with the face of the car-operating panel. The

width or diameter of the button should not be less than 20mm.

c) Floor buttons, alarm buttons or emergency telephone and door control buttons in lift cars and

lobbies should not be higher than 1400mm above finished floor level. The hearing impaired can use

an alarm button and not the emergency telephone. An alarm button should always be provided, and

preferably of a design which lights up and produce sound when pressed to reassure those trapped

inside.

d) All buttons should be so designed that the sight impaired can identify them by touch. Button not

already so designed are best modified, by fixing, embossed or braille numbers or letter, not on the

buttons themselves, but adjacent to them.



10. Lifts

10.7 Lift indicators should be provided in accordance with following:

a) ‘Lift coming’ or ‘Call accepted’ indicators should be provided at each landing.

b) Indicators should be provided in each lift lobby to show the position and direction of the lift car;

alternatively, an audible indicator should be provided to indicate in advance the arrival of the lift

car and its direction of travel.

c) An indicator inside the car should signal clearly the direction of travel and the floor at which the lift

car is situated.

d) Embossed and braille numbering indicating each floor level should be provided beside the outside

call button.

94

7.2.2.5 Safety Devices

Roped hydraulic systems require a governor because the rope is holding the car up, as it still

has a risk when the rope broke.

Figure 7.14: Overspeed governor

A governor, or an overspeed governor, is an elevator device which acts as a stop device in

case the elevator runs beyond the rated speed. A cable, known as the governor rope, is

attached to the safeties on the underside of the car. When over-speeding is detected, the

governor grips the cable which applies the safeties that wedge against the guide rails and

stops the car.

95

1 Governor pulley 10 Safety contact

2 Cam curve 11 Locking plate

3 Base 12 Leaf spring

4 Adjusting bolt 13 Name plate

5 Tension spring 14 Lever

6 Roller 15 Rocker

7 Bolt 16 Pawl

8 Hat-type spring 17 Axel

9 Contact tappet 18 Rope fixing beam

Figure 7.15: Components of overspeed governor

Being a roped unit elevator, it is also equipped with a slack-rope safety in addition to the

other safeties used on direct-connected hydraulic systems.

7.2.3 Operation of System

In the operation of a roped hydraulic elevator system, the cantilevered car is lifted by cables

from the cable crosshead, which is in turn lifted (and lowered) by the single-section

telescoping piston (jack).

The rope is passed over a pulley in the piston crosshead – one end of the rope is attached to a

fixed point in the pit below the car, and the other end is attached to the base of the car. The

piston (plunger, jack) lifts the crosshead, which in turn lifts the car twice as far.

96

7.3 Proposal of Systems

The proposed mechanical transportation system for the elderly community center is the

Schumacher Roped Hydraulic Elevator (Figure 7.17).

Figure 7.16: Floor Plan of Elderly Community Centre

Figure 7.17: Schumacher Roped Hydraulic Elevator

Location of elevator

0

97

The Schumacher Roped Hydraulic Elevator is a less expensive option than a typical traction

elevator and designed for mid-rise buildings having up to 21 meters (70 feet) of rise with

speed up to 200 fpm. The elevator uses a combination of cables and a piston to extend the

rise of a holeless hydraulic elevator by a ratio of 2 to 1. In addition, it is environmentally

friendly since they eliminate jack corrosion and oil leakage through electrolysis.

Other advantages of this elevator are as follows:

- minimal pit and overhead requirements

- less hoistway dimensions needed

- minimizes synchronizing of jacks

- no jack hole required

- eliminates cost of drilling and risk of contamination

The type of Schumacher Roped Hydraulic Elevator proposed is the Standard Single Opening

Roped Hydraulic Elevator. The specifications of the elevator proposed are listed in Figure

7.18.

Capacity Opening Type Hoistway Platform Interior Door Width

Width x Depth Width x Depth Width x Depth

907kg

(2000 lbs)

Two speed 7’8½” x 6’2½” 6’ x 5’2” 5’8” x 4’3” 4’

Figure 7.18: Schumacher Roped Hydraulic Elevator – Hospital Single Opening Specifications

Figure 7.19 and 7.20 shows the plan and section view of the Schumacher Roped Hydraulic

Elevator, respectively.

98

Figure 7.19: Schumacher Roped Hydraulic Elevator Plan View

99

Figure 7.20: Schumacher Roped Hydraulic Elevator Section View

100

8.0 Appendix

8.1 Presentation Slides

105

8.2 Passive Fire Protection System Floor Plan

106

8.3 Active Fire Protection System

8.3.1 Site Plan with Location of Fire Hydrant

107

8.3.2 Floor Plans with Complete Annotation

108

8.4 Mechanical Ventilation System

8.4.1 Section of Mechanical System

109

8.4.2 Floor Plan with Complete Annotation

110

8.5 Air Conditioning Ducting Plan

111

8.6 Mechanical Transport Plan

112

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113

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building services project 2 proposal report

Education