building construction-ii

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IISKELETAL CONSTRUCTION : TEMPORARY BUS SHELTER

LIEW JIN

NATALIE KI XIAO XUAN

RYAN KERRY JEE JIN YIING

SHARON LIM YU JUNG

SONIA MANCXIA

TANG PEI KEI

TUTOR : AR CHIN TUCK HENG

| DESIGN DERIVATIVE |

| PRECEDENT STUDIESKengo Kuma’s Prostho Museum

A soft filter of light to provide shade and allow ample of light to diffuse in.

Good natural ventilationas air flows into the space.

Lattice can use for hanging/ installation/ trellis for plants.

Austrian Bus Stop by 7 famous architects

Typical Austrian bus stop with vernacular wooden structure.

Linear seating with view framing.

Wang Shu + Amateur Studio

Air flow throughout the space.

Good human interaction as the seats are on opposite sides.

Visually unobstructed.

The Healing Space Bus Shelter

Cleared pathway for boarding.

Non-obstructed views of approaching buses.

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II / DESIGN DERIVATIVE

Calatrava’s Organic Concepts


| DESIGN INSPIRATION & CONCEPT

The design inspiration came from the lily plant. The stigma of the lily branches out from the style which creates an interesting organic form. The organic form is then deduced as part of the design and the structural component of the bus shelter. The bus shelter comprises of 2 geometrical shapes which is a cylinder and an upside down square base pyramid. The curved element of the cylinder is used to give the curved shape roof while the structural skeleton is formed by two square based pyramid.


| WEATHER RESISTANCE & TEMPORALITY

The materials and type of construction used are able to withstand the uplift of the strong winds. The structure of the roof extends to the point where the rainwater can fall outwards rather than into the shelter. A curved roof is used to allow the rain to run smoothly down the roof. This keeps the shelter from being wet. The structure is designed to last for an approximate span of 4-5 years and hence making its presence temporary.

Rainwater that falls on the roof will slide along the sides of the roof. The deep overhangs of the roof will lead the rainwater to flow outwards.

The roof is pinned on at several points to make sure it stays when lateral forces ac


| ACCESS

The bus shelter is designed in a way that there are no obstruction during the process of boarding. The users can enter through all sides of the bus shelter. This helps in the efficiency of the bus shelter. As the obstructions are minimized, the users have a non-obstructed views of approaching buses in which promotes safety.

Free, unobstructed access to the seating.

Supporting system blocks the access of the bus shelter.

Arrangement of the support system minimizes the visibility of the approaching buses.


| CONSTRUCTION |

| TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II / CONSTRUCTION

PLAN

SIDE ELEVATION

FRONT ELEVATION

| COMPONENTS


LATITUDINAL ROOFING RAFTERS

TIMBER TRELLIS SEATINGS

FLOORING JOISTS

TIMBER DECKING FLOOR

STRUCTURAL COLUMN STUMP

ROOFING

LONGITUDINAL ROOFING RAFTERS

SKELETAL STRUCTURAL COLUMN

METAL FLANGE CONNECTOR

BENCH SEATING JOISTS

MILD STEEL PLATE ANGLE CONNECTOR

STRUCTURAL COLUMN CAPITAL

The entire build up structure consists of mainly the roofing and the roofing’s support system, the column which in this sense is depicted as the glulam skeletal structure and also the PVC concrete-infilled column stump and last but no least the flooring which is constructed as a basic timber joist flooring system. The sub components also include the seating which allows the build up structure to function as a bus shelter, and also the joinery components which connects all component of the build up structure entirely.

| MATERIALITY


6mm THK STAINLESS STEEL FLANGE

50mm THK GLULAM SKELETAL STRUCTURAL COLUMNS

80mm THK SEMI-CIRCULAR GLULAM ROOF RAFTERS

75mm THK TIMBER SEATING TRELLISES

50mm THK TIMBER DECKING TRELLISES

50mm PVC PIPE COLUMN STUMP INFILLED W/ CONCRETE

50 mm THK STAINLESS STEEL C- CHANNEL PURLINS SUPPORTING ROOFING SHEET

5mm THK TRANSPARENT POLYCARBONATE CORRUGATED ROOFING SHEET

100mm THK TIMBER BENCH JOIST

10mm THK MILD STEEL PLATE ANGLE

STAINLESS STEEL COLUMN CAPITAL CONNECTOR BOLTED INTO CASTED CONCRETE

In order to enhance the reusability of the materials, most of the structure build-up is been constructed using recyclable materials. These comprises mainly of glulam skeletal structures, polycarbonate corrugated roofing sheets and also reused PVC pipe infilled with concrete. Besides, in order to enhance the coherence of materiality, timber is mainly used throughout the entire structure which includes the skeletal structure itself and also the timber flooring decking.

50mm THK TIMBER DECKING JOISTS

50mm LONGITUDINAL TIMBER RAFTERS

| JOINTS & DETAILS


Mild steel angle plate connectors which are connectors that holds and positions the timber joists of the seating which also connects all timber trellises together.

Bolts and nuts which are utilized to assemble and join the glulam pieces of the build up structure to form the main glulam skeletal structure.

Tongue and grooves connections which are reinforced using timber ties pieces are utilized as to sooth the fittings of the timber pieces and by which provides a better and comfortable fit. Timber ties pieces which is conjoining

with each other which serves to position and bolt the two longitudinal roof rafters together.

Metal flanges connectors assemblage which serves to hold and conjoin all bolted glulam skeletal structure

Timber joists and timber trellises decking are connected via screws that holds the floor joist assemblage together while allowing it to act as a platform to connect all trellises repetitively to form a complete timber trellis floor deck.

| PROCESS


White concrete is premixed with suitable substance to solvent ratio to form a molten concrete.

The premixed concrete is then casted and layered off into a self-made concrete mold in order to make the foundation which is then left off to be dried.

The trellises for the timber floor decking is assembled onto the floor joists which are both bolted together.

A countersunk screw is drilled through the MDF board to resemble a rebar piercing through the ground at which the column is to be casted upon.

The PVC pipes are placed and positioned into the ground at the position which the countersunk screw was drilled through before casting the premixed concrete to form the column stumps.

One section of the complete assembled and bolted timber skeletal structure which is conjoined also using bolt and nuts.

The glulam skeletal structure which is represented using precut plywood is bolted and assembled into the intended form using bolts and nuts.

The joist assemblage of the floor decking is assembled and bolted together where two center squares are form in order to give wat to the concrete column stump.

The completed timber floor decking which entirely conjoined using bolts and nuts with a vacant space of two squares to accommodate the column stumps.


The assembled and bolted glulam skeletal structure is once again bolted against together which are held together by bolt, nuts and metal flanges.

Bolts are positioned into the precut holes of the structural column’s capital before bolting the entire assemblage to be embedded into the casted concrete of the column stump.

Timber ties are added he premixed concrete is then casted and layered off into a self-made concrete mold in order to make the foundation which is then left off to be dried.

The structural column’s capital is then bolted into the casted concrete infill of the column while conjoining itself with the metal plate which later on is connected to the glulam skeletal structure.

The main glulam skeletal structure is assembled and bolted together with the skeletal structure of the roof.

The roofing sheets which are represented by acetate sheets are then added onto the semicircular roof rafters.

Mild steel plate angled connectors are bolted into the concrete stump to serve as a main supporter to withstand the structure of the timber trellis seating. The mild steel plate angled connector acts to hold the timber seating joists while it indirectly serves as support for the timber trellises.

The assemblage f the timber trellises and the timber joist along with the bolted mild steel plate angle which serves as the main build up structure’s seating as a whole.

Segments of the mild steel plate angled connectors are bolted into the timber joist of the seating before bolting into the concrete column stump.

| TEST RESULTS |

| FORCES STUDIES & STRUCTURAL MOVEMENT

LOADINGS

Supporting columns were fixed at the two ends of the roof.

Dead load and live loads act upon the roof causing the midpoint of the roof to carry most of the load. This might cause the roof to collapse in the center.

The structure has a tendency to slant towards the sides.

SIMPLY SUPPORTED STRUCTURE

LATERAL LOADING

LATERAL LOADING

CANTILEVER CANTILEVERMINIMIZE SPAN

To reduce the load acting on the midpoint of the roof, the span of the roof is minimized by pushing the two supporting columns inwards. This produces overhangs on both sides of the roof.

BENDING MOVEMENT

STRESS

A more uniform weight distribution is achieved with brace joints.

BRACE JOINT

STRESS

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II / TEST RESULTS

The span is being reduced by half and bracings were extended wider to give more support to the roof. The bottom part of the columns are being stressed.

REDUCED

Bracings were eliminated entirely which allows all the weight to be transferred to separate structures and finally to the ground.

TURN UP

TURN DOWN

The supporting columns are pushed to one side to reduce the obstruction but the structure is now imbalance. The roof would topple over.

The supporting columns are moved to the center of the entire bus shelter. The weight on the roof is distributed evenly to both sides of the roof. The roof is further curved to allow the weight to be transferred closer to the ground.

PROP(BRACING)

ANCHOR

Forces are distributed to the bracing which causes a pulling force that equalizes the weight of the overall structure.


| ANALYSIS & CONCLUSION

Based on test results, the final bus shelter design uses a wide supporting structure with a concrete column at the base. The multiple structure allows the load to be evenly transferred from the roof the columns.

Since the span between the columns is short, bending movement is prevented. The base still bares most of the weight but strong enough to support due to the materials and the size used.

LIVE AND DEAD LOADS

The concrete stump is able to bare the load of the glulam structure above as concrete can withstand the compression.

Rigid joint to connect all of the pieces together to the stump.


APPENDICES

building construction-ii

Design