building construction ii report

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGNBachelor of Science (Hons) in Architecture

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1 (BLD 60303)Assignment 1 : Experiencing, documenting and analysing the Construction Process

Submitted by: Caleb Soh Er Wen 0320292 Chong Jia Yi 0320869 Ee Yun Shan 0319990 Lee Ning 0320125 Loong Bo Lin 0321469

Muhd Anwar bin Fauzi 0320213Oscar Wong Zheng Yang 0319874

0.0 TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0 Introduction 1.1 Introduction to Site 3

2.0 Site and Safety (Oscar Wong) 62.1 Plants & Machineries (Caleb Soh Er Wen) 11

3.0 External Work (Caleb Soh Er Wen) 163.1 Setting Out & Earthwork

4.0 Foundation (Chong Jia Yi) 204.1 Shallow Foundation 204.2 Deep Foundation 24

5.0 Superstructure (Lee Ning) 295.1 Beam & Column 305.2 Slab 405.3 Wall 515.4 Staircase (Mohd Anwar) 57

6.0 Door & Window (Ee Yun Shan) 636.1 Door 636.2 Window 67

7.0 Roof (Loong Bo Lin) 717.1 Roof type and construction

8.0 References 75

Form work

TOPIC PAGES

1.0 INTRODUCTION Caleb Soh Er Wen 0320292 1.1 Introduction to Site

Site 1 - Seksyen 2A, Antara Gapi, SerendahAntara Gapi is town sited in Serendah, Selangor, which is located approximately about 50km from Kuala Lumpur and 7km from Rawang. It is near to Erina Heights, Hulu Yam Baru and Hulu Yam Lama. Homes at Antara Gapi feature attractive facades and quality finishing coupled with its affordable price offerings.

The development in Antara Gapi comprises of leasehold single, and double-storey terrace houses, double-storey shop-offices and residential bungalow lands.

FEATURES

- Leasehold land for 99 years, expiring on 20th February 2103 - Comprise of 54 units, of two different layouts - Floor area 2375 square feet- Land area 3250 square feet - Five bedrooms and five bathrooms

LOCATION MAP

Steel reinforcement


Site 1 - Seksyen 2A, Antara Gapi, Serendah

Steel reinforcement

Project Team Information

Developer : Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Selangor (PKNS)

Architect : Zain Hamzah Architect

Civil & Structural Engineer : Wawasan Bersatu SDN BHD

Infrastructure Engineer : Wawasan Bersatu SDN BHD

Mechanical & Electrical Engineer : ZNVA & Associated

Quantity Surveyor : MCM Associates

Contractors : AJ-Corp SDN BHD


Site 1 - Seksyen 2A, Antara Gapi, Serendah

Steel reinforcement

Architectural Drawings Type A Type B

2.1 PLANTS & MACHINERY Caleb Soh Er Wen 0320292 2.1.1 Concrete Mixing Transport Truck

Used to transport and mix concrete to the construction Used the rotation of the drum to agitate the concrete to maintain its liquid state until needed at the site

Components

Steel reinforcement

Form work

Method of Use a) Loading - Loaded with dry materials and water and mixing happens

along the way b) Transport - Uses the rotation of the drum to agitate the concrete to

maintain its liquid state until needed at the site c) Unloading - The rotation of the drum and conversely the spiral blade

is reversed to discharge the concrete out of the drum

1. Chassis 2. Hydraulic system3. Water supply system 4. Mixing drum

5. Ladder 6. Inlet and outlet 7. Control system

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2.1 PLANTS & MACHINERY Caleb Soh Er Wen 0320292 2.1.2 Telescopic Mobile Crane

Fitted with wheels to ease movement around the site. It is used primarily to hoist and lift heavy objects at the site. It’s function may vary depending on the attachment at the end of the boom.

- Crane consist of a series of tubes fitted inside on another - It extends and retracts its tube using a hydraulic mechanism to increase or decrease

the reach of the boom

Form workComponents

1. Hook block2. Jib3. Luffing cylinder 4. Operating cabin

5. Counterweight6. Hoist 7. Outrigger beam8. Outrigger plate

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2.0 PLANTS & MACHINERY Caleb Soh Er Wen 0320292

2.1.2 Telescopic Mobile Crane

Concrete Bucket

Deployment

Steel reinforcement

Form work

a) When it reaches the designated site, it increases its base area by extending four hydraulics outriggers outwards

b) The four outriggers also extend downwards to level and stabilize the crane during use

Attachments

Hook Blocks Plain Hook


2.1.3 Backhoe Loader

Versatile construction machinery, capable of a wide variety of functions, which includes, construction, light transportation of materials, powerhouse for other equipments, excavation and digging holes.

Components

Steel reinforcement

Form work

1. Bucket2. Loader Boom 3. Steering Cylinder 4. Cab5. Arm Cylinder

6. Bucket Arm7. Excavating Bucket 8. Boom9. Support Leg

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2.1.4 Excavators

Fitted with wheels to ease movement around the site. It is used primarily to hoist and lift heavy objects at the site. It’s function may vary depending on the attachment at the end of the boom.

- Crane consist of a series of tubes fitted inside on another

- It extends and retracts its tube using a hydraulic mechanism to increase or decrease the reach of the boom

Steel reinforcement

Form workComponents

1. Boom2. Dipper3. Bucket

4. Cabin5. Engine / Counterweight6. Tracks

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3.0 EXTERNAL WORKS Caleb Soh Er Wen 0320292

3.0.1 Site Clearance

This process usually involves two stages:- Stage one : The removal of vegetation, plants,

Stumps, rubble, trash. : Also known as grubbing

- Stage two : The removal of the surface level soil : Top 300mm of the ground

It is done to ensure a conducive environment for the commencement of all construction work.

Steel reinforcement

Form work


3.0.2 Setting Out Building Outline

The responsibility of a licensed land surveyor.

STEPS1. The first step is to establish a baseline to which all subsequent setting out will

be related.2. The next would be to mark out the main building points by using wooden

posts with nails driven through the center. 3. A cord would be tied from one post to the other forming the building line- This serves as a boundary on which the building should not exceed- This is an important stage of the construction process and such the setting out

lines would always be checked by second personnel using a site square. Baseline

Site Boundary

Footpath

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Corner posts

Building Line

Cement Powder


3.0.3 Setting Out Trenches

Serves two purposes:i) Establish the excavation size, shape and orientation ii) Establish the width and position of the walls

STEPS1. Based on the setting out lines marked previously, profile boards are used to

indicate the position, width and depth of the proposed trench2. The width of trench is marked on the profile board by sawing cuts and painting

a band on it. 3. The size of the excavation work is marked on the ground with cement powder

Using the width markings on the profile board, a traveller is used to mark out the centre line of trench.An excavator then uses a trench width bucket to excavate the trench along this line

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Saw marks on the profile board

Concrete Powder

3.0 EXTERNAL WORKS 3.0.4 Excavation Work 3.0.5 Cantilever Reinforced Concrete Wall

STEPSExcavation work is done based on the concrete powder marks on the ground using an excavator.The excavation is done to the required depth and plan dimensions

Steel reinforcement

Form work

Function : - Retaining soils at an angle excess of the soil’s natural angle of

repose.- Achieved utilizing the principle of leverage - Stem designed as a cantilever fixed at the base- Based designed as a cantilever fixed at the stem.- Beam is placed below the base to increase the total passive

resistance to sliding.

Components

1. Front Face 2. Sloping Face 3. Toe 4. Base

5. Heel 6. Stem7. Rear face8. Angle of repose

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FOUNDATION4.1.1 SHALLOW FOUNDATION (Reference)

Spread footing A spread footing is an enlargement at the bottom of a column or bearing wall that spreads the applied structural loads over a sufficiently large soil area. Typically, each column and each bearing wall has its own spread footing, so each structure may include dozens of in individual footings.

● consists of a number of courses of bricks, the lowest being usually twice the thickness of wall above.

● The base width of the wall is increased by providing 5cm on either side of the wall. The depth of each course is usually 10 cm.

● In some cases, however, the bottom course is made 20cm deep. In the case of footing for store walls, the size of offset is slightly more than that of the brick wall footing.

● Cheapest type of foundations and is widely used for walls of common buildings.

Advantages of spread footing:● Low cost and ease of construction● Small or medium size structure with good soil condition● Lower risk of failure● Easier to build basement

4.1 CHONG JIA YI (0320869)

Elements of spread footing

4.1.2 SHALLOW FOUNDATION (On site)

Spread footing

Formwork

● To support structure and mould to create structure out of concrete

● Plywood are used for the site

● Can be reuse if stored carefully

● Install and built on site

Steel reinforcement in footing

● To strengthen the foundation● Place before pouring concrete● Dowel is built out of footing to connect with

the column of superstructure

Excavation

● Lower the floor level for the footing

● Must done before foundation started

Steel reinforcement bar

FOUNDATION4.1 CHONG JIA YI (0320869)


Construction procedure

1. Backhoe is used to excavate spread footing, handwork is necessary to produce clean excavation. Recheck soil condition of the site.

2. Procedure of pouring the concrete directly against the soil is called neat footing.

3. To make sure the top of the footing is at the proper elevation, shallow wooden forms placed above excavation. Make a larger excavation and build a full-depth wooden form of the soil (formed footing)

Lean concrete

Worker building formwork

Formwork done

Plywood formwork

Place to build spread footing




4. Place rebar spacer to secure the reinforcing steel or "rebar" in reinforced concrete structures as the rebar is assembled in place prior to the final concrete pour. The spacers are left in place for the pour to keep the reinforcing in place, and become a permanent part of the structure.

5. Reinforcing steel placed after excavation and placing the form. Threaded anchor bolts and steel brackets are embedded into the concrete if the footings have to support a wood or steel structure.

6. Short steel rebar (dowel) are placed such that they extend above the complete footing for concrete and masonry structure.Then, the concrete is placed.

Rebar spacerReinforcement steel

Dowel

ConcreteAfter concrete cured, remove the formwork

Before pouring concrete


4.2.1 DEEP FOUNDATION (reference)

Piling foundation

There are 2 types of piles:

1) Load bearing pile foundation- In end bearing piles, the bottom end of the pile rests on a layer of especially strong soil or rock.-The bottom end rests on the surface which is the intersection of a weak and strong layer.-The load therefore bypasses the weak layer and transferred to the strong layer.

2) Friction Pile- The pile transfers the load of the building to the soil by fiction across the full height of the pile.- The amount of load a pile can support is directly proportionate to its length.

Piling is a type of ground treatment which is driving a pile into the ground below ground level. Except sheet pile, other piles like concrete pile, timber pile, steel pile, bored pile are used to transfer the building load to the ground. It’s used to strengthen the soil so that the ground able to support the load of the building. While sheet pile is usually used to support lateral load and act as a supporting wall.

Construction method1. Driven piles- made from concrete, steel or timber.-piles are prefabricated- When these piles are driven into the granular soils, they displace the equal volume of soil. This helps in compaction of soil around the sides of piles and results in the densification of soil.- compact the soil adjacent to it is also called as compaction pile. This compaction of soil increases its bearing capacity.

Friction

Hard soil

Soft soil



Construction method

2. Cast-in-situ piles- concrete pile.- constructed by drilling holes in the ground to the required depth and then filling the hole with concrete.- small diameter compared to drilled piers.- straight bored piles or with one or more bulbs at intervals are casted- with one or more bulbs are called as under-reamed piles.

3. Driven and cast-in-situ piles.- have the advantages of both driven and cast-in-situ piles.- The construction process that show it is both drive and cast-in-situ:

Pile load test Load tests on piles are conducted on completion of 28 days after casting of piles. Two types of tests namely initial and routine tests, for each type of loading viz. vertical, horizontal (lateral) pull out, are performed on piles. It aim to ensure the safe load capacity of piles and to detect any unusual performance contrary to the findings of the Initial Test

Kentledge shall be suitably designed to get the desired reaction on the piles. Anchor piles (if required) shall be placed at a centre to centre distance of 3 times the pile diameter subject to a minimum distance of 2 M.



Reinforced concrete pile (used for the site)

● Precast, prestressed, cast in place, or of composite construction● Precast concrete piles made using ordinary reinforcement or

prestressed.● Ordinary reinforcement pile are designed to resist bending

stresses during picking up & transport to the site & bending moments from lateral loads and to provide sufficient resistance to vertical loads and any tension forces developed during driving.

● Prestressed piles are formed by tensioning high strength steel prestress cables, and casting the concrete about the cable. When the concrete hardens, the prestress cables are cut, with the tension force in the cables now producing compressive stress in the concrete pile. It is common to higher-strength concrete (35 to 55 MPa) in prestressed piles because of the large initial compressive stresses from prestressing. Prestressing the piles, tend to counteract any tension stresses during either handling or driving.

● Max length: 10 - 15 m for precast, 20 - 30 m for prestressed● Optimum length 10 - 12 m for precast. 18 - 25m prestressed● Loads for usual conditions 900kN for precast. 8500 kN for

prestressed● Optimum load range: 350 - 3500 kN

Advantages of reinforced concrete pile:

1. High load capacities, corrosion resistance can be attained, hard driving possible2. Cylinder piles in particular are suited for bending resistance.3. Cast in place concrete piles are formed by drilling a hole in the ground & filling it with concrete. The hole may be drilled or formed by driving a shell or casing into the ground.

Driving shoe

Precast reinforcement concrete piles


4.2.2 DEEP FOUNDATION (site visit)

Construction procedure1. Excavation, The subsoil of the site are excavated to

reduce the level for construction of pile cap. The excavated materials are disposed off-site by the lorry.

2. The pile is tied on its lifting lug. Lift the pile and straighten it to ready for hammering.

3. The pile driven through the ground using drop hammer. The subsoil around the pile is displaced. The pile is driven to the grough until it couldn’t be driven into the soil any further.

4. Cutting off the pile. The concrete is crushed by the pneumatic hammer. The reinforcement in the pile is cut manually. The cutted pile is lift and disposed.


4.2.2 DEEP FOUNDATION (site visit)


5. The end of the pile is not structurally connect to the footing which connect the column to the base. Therefore, pile cap constructed. The superstructure can start to build once pile cap constructed.

Pile cap construction

1. Pilings are first trimmed to ensure that the individual columns are all the same length and their tops are flush.

2. An area around the piling group is excavated to accommodate the timberwork that will form the boxing or mold for the concrete.

3. The reinforcement for the slap will typically be built in the form of a steel cage that is then inserted into the cast box and fasten to the piling group, typically with a timber frame or cross member.

4. The concrete can be poured into the mold and allowed to cure. Once the concrete has cured correctly, remove framework, leaving a slab of reinforced concrete joining the pilings. Now the superstructural work can be started.

A thick concrete mat that rests on concrete or timber piles that have been driven into soft or unstable ground in order to provide a suitable stable foundation.

Reinforcement work of pile cap before pouring concrete

Pile cap disperse the load equally to pile

FOUNDATION4.2 BY: CHONG JIA YI (0320869)

http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-timber.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete

SUPERSTRUCTURE

Superstructure is an upward extension of an existing structure above a baseline. In a building construction site, superstructure included the beam and column, slab, wall and staircase.

Beam and Column

Suspended Slab

Slab on Grade

Wall

Beam

Column

Slab on Grade

Suspended Slab

Staircase

Wall

Staircase

5.0 BEAM AND COLUMN, SLAB, WALL AND STAIRCASE5.0 BY: LEE NING 0320125

INTRODUCTIONBeam is a structural member which is normally placed horizontally. It provides resistance to bending when loads are applied on it.

DIAGRAM 5.1.1 Section showing beams

TYPE OF BEAMRCC Beams- Ground Beam Continuous Suspended Beam

SUPERSTRUCTURE5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN

5.1 BY: LEE NING 0320125

PICTURE 5.1.1 Ground beam formwork on site

WEAK POINT SOLUTIONTIZ S-bar to connect the pile caps with ground beams.

PICTURE 5.1.2 & 5.1.3 Reinforcement Steel Bar Cage (Rebar cage) installation on site

DIAGRAM 5.1.1 Ground beam weak point connection

GROUND BEAMTransmit loads on the ground level


5.1 BY: LEE NING 0320125

DRAWING 5.1.2 Section of ground beam

The ground is cleared

Formworks are set at the surrounding of the reinforcements

Reinforcement of beams are tied to the pile cap to hold them in the position

Blinding layer is placed on the top of ground to prevent the concrete from losing moisture

Concrete Grade M30 is poured and the formwork is removed after 7 days

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF GROUND BEAM


5.1 BY: LEE NING 0320125

SUPPORT OF BEAM FORMWORK

Acrow T-shores are used to support ledgers which support the joist of the

formwork.

The distance between the rebar cage and the diameter of the rebar used is determined by the load that have to supported by the beam

PICTURE 5.1.4 Acrow V-shores are used to support the ledgersDIAGRAM 5.1.2 Formwork and reinforcement of suspended beam

DRAWING 5.1.3 Section showing reinforcement of beam

DRAWING 5.1.4 Section showing size of beam

FLOOR BEAM Placed on the columns and build up the levels to support the slabs.


5.1 BY: LEE NING 0320125

Column with starter bar Install Reinforcement Steel Bar (Rebar) cage

Build up the beam formwork with props to support the ledgers as supporting system for beams

Pour machine mixed concrete (Grade M30) into the formwork and leave it to dry for 7 days

Remove the formwork, the reinforced concrete beam is done

DRAWING 5.1.5 Section of suspended beam

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF FLOOR BEAM


5.1 BY: LEE NING 0320125

INTRODUCTIONVertical structures that built above ground-level and are considered as the part of the superstructure.

TYPES OF COLUMNReinforce Cement Concrete (RCC) column transfer loads from slab and beam directly to subsequent soil.


5.1 BY: LEE NING 0320125

DRAWING 5.1.6 & 5.1.7 Sizes of columns used in site

PICTURE 5.1.5 Reinforcement of columns

Number of reinforcement bar:Determined by the load it will have to withstand.

Different sizes of columns used in ground floor and first floor.

The ground floor columns have to withstand more loads. For example, the ground floor columns have to take the load on the first floor, the roof and the life load.

Whereas, the first floor columns only need to support the weight of the ceiling and roofing.DIAGRAM 5.1.3 Section of column

showing reinforcement

DIAGRAM 5.1.4 Section showing sizes of columns in different floor level


5.1 BY: LEE NING 0320125

Pile cap with starter bar

Rebar cage is tied to the starter bar for reinforcement

Install formwork for the column

Formwork is left for 7 days for the concrete to dry

Pour machine mixed concrete (Grade M30) into the formwork

Remove the formworkThe RCC column is done

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF COLUMN


5.1 BY: LEE NING 0320125

PICTURE 5.1.6 Formwork connection between columns and suspended beams

CONNECTION Dowels Placed in the columns to act as a starter bar to support the beams. TieD with the rebar and rebar cage to reinforce the strength of the connection between beams and columns.DRAWING 5.1.8 Section of column and beam showing the

connection


5.1 BY: LEE NING 0320125

MATERIALS OF BEAM AND COLUMN

Reinforcement steel bar (Rebar)

Tied Rebar Machine mixed Concrete grade M30

Rebar cage

Timber plank for formwork

Timber bar for formwork

PICTURE 5.1.7-5.1.12 On site pictures on materiality


5.1 BY: LEE NING 0320125

INTRODUCTIONSlab is a plate structure that is reinforced to span either one or both directions of a structural bay. It consult a structural engineering and the building code for the required size, spacing and placement of all reinforcement.

LEGEND

SLABE ON GRADE

SUSPENDED SLAB

TYPE OF SLAB

SLAB ON GRADESUSPENDED SLAB- two way slab.

DRAWING 5.2.1 Section of showing slab

SUPERSTRUCTURE5.2 Slab

5.2 BY: LEE NING 0320125

Two-way slabs are dived into columns and middle strips to simplify the placement of reinforcing steel

Openings of slabs are determined before the construction of slabs to save the cost of drilling holes on slabs

DRAWING 5.2.2 Section of suspended slab

200mm thickened edge slab

DIAGRAM 5.2.1 Slab on grade

SLAB ON GRADE

has a thickened edge slabload is transferred from the slab directly to the ground and ground beam

TWO WAY SLAB

Has uniform thickness Reinforced in two directionsCast integrally with supporting Beams and columns on four sides of square or nearly square bays Effective for medium span and heavy loadsRequired a high resistance to lateral force.

DIAGRAM 5.2.4 Two way slab

DIAGRAM 5.2.3 Slab reinforcement

DIAGRAM 5.2.2 Opening of slab


5.2 BY: LEE NING 0320125

One of the end of the BRC wire mesh is bent down to have a connection with the ground beam.

A layer of 50mm lean concrete is poured into the slab on grade.

PICTURE 5.2.1 BRC mesh installation

PICTURE 5.2.2 Completed ground slab

DIAGRAM 5.2.5 Section of ground slab

DRAWING 5.2.3 Section of showing ground slab

DRAWING 5.2.3 Ground floor plan of showing ground slab


5.2 BY: LEE NING 0320125

Well-compacted sub-base is filled

Formwork of ground beam is removed

Installing BRC mesh and supporting it by spacer blocks.

Sewer pipes are installed

50mm thick lean concrete is poured in to the slab

Concrete is poured into the slab and wait for 21 days to dry throughly

Pre-treat the fill and subgrade for insects using termiticide.

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF SLAB ON GRADE


5.2 BY: LEE NING 0320125

JOIST

Props Acrow V-shores are used to support the frames.

The head screw jacks are used to hold the bearers and joists.

CONNECTION Overlapping of slab BRC & rebar arrangementBRC bottom layer of slab is extended into the rebar of beamSlab top bar is not tie to the beam main barAfter the slab BRC & rebar arrangement and formwork for suspended slab and beam is done, casting for slab and beam is then start together.

DIAGRAM 5.2.7 Props erected

DIAGRAM 5.2.6 Section showing connection of reinforcement between slab and beam

DRAWING 5.2.4 Section of suspended slab

DRAWING 5.2.5 Floor plan showing suspended slab


5.2 BY: LEE NING 0320125

Props for slab are erected to support the joist of bearers after the formwork of beam is done

Concreate is poured in to the formwork after the cleaning process

The formwork of slab is installedPlywood is then decked

on the bearers

Installing BRC mesh and supporting it by spacer blocks.

The formwork is removed after 7 days and the slab is done for finishing

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF SUSPENDED SLAB


5.2 BY: LEE NING 0320125

Timber plank

Timber barMachine mixed Concrete Grade M30BRC

Bricks Plywood

MATERIALS OF SLAB



5.2 BY: LEE NING 0320125

TYPES OF FLOORINGCERAMIC TILES FLOORING- used in the bathrooms and ground level

PERGO FLOORING- used in the first floor except for the bathrooms.

LEGEND

CERAMIC TILES FLOORING

PERGO FLOORING

Characteristics Ceramic tiles Pergo flooring

Water absorption Lower Higher

Durability Higher Lower

Density Higher Lower

Conformability Lower Higher

DRAWING 5.2.5 Floor plan showing types of flooring


5.2 BY: LEE NING 0320125

Centre point of the room is determined and snapped with two chalk lines

Layout strategy is tested by laying a single half row of tiles in both directions without mortar

Thin-set is mixed and spread evenly. The notched edge is used to make a raking motion

First tile is set in place at the corner lines made by the centre

Tile spacer is set and more tiles are installed

Level is used to determine the degree of tiles level during the installation

The adhesive is left to dry for at least one day.

Press grout into the joints to an even level with the tile in a diagonal direction

INSTALLATION PROCESS OF CERAMIC TILES FLOORING

PICTURE 5.1.9 Ceramic tiles flooring


5.2 BY: LEE NING 0320125

The slab is ready for finishing after 21 days of drying and been smoothen

The vapour barrier is installed

Layer of the polyurethane sheet is installed

Pergo is installed start from the corner , followed by the side then continued row by row

After the pergo flooring is done, baseboard is nailed by using a stud finder

Install the shoe and cap molding and apply caulking after finishing to prevent spilling or dripping

PICTURE 5.2.10 Pergo flooring and molding

INSTALLATION PROCESS OF PERGO FLOORING


5.2 BY: LEE NING 0320125

CONNECTION OF CEILING

CONNECTION OF FLOORING


5.2 BY: LEE NING 0320125

LEGEND

Masonry Wall

Party Wall

SUPERSTRUCTURE5.3WALL

BY: LEE NING 0320125

DRAWING 5.3.1 Floor plan showing types of walls

INTRODUCTIONWall is a vertical constructions of a building that enclose, separate and protect its interior spaces.

TYPE OF WALLNON LOAD BEARING WALLLoad is transferred to the columns Strong in compression, required reinforcing to handle tensile stressesHeight to width ratio, provisions for lateral stabilityWall must be furnished

Characteristics Masonry Wall

Party Wall

Materiality Concrete bricks

Clay Brick

Durability Lower Higher

Heat Ventilation Lower Higher

Sound ventilation Lower Higher



TYPES OF BONDING

FLEMISH BONDUse for cavity and veneer wallComposed of overlapping structure

RUNNING BONDAlternating headers and stretchers at each courseHeaders are placed below and upper of a stretcherFlare headers with darker ends are often exposed as patterned brickworkDIAGRAM 5.3.2 Running bond wallDIAGRAM 5.3.1 Flemish bond wall

PICTURE 5.3.1 Flemish bond wall PICTURE 5.3.2 Running bond wall



The strings are tied to the nails to act as a guideline on the construction of wall

Bricks are laid according to the strings guideline and the types of bonding

Mortar is applied to the surfaces of header and stretcher

Brick is placed firmly to the wall

Brick is hit to improve the bonding between the bricks

Level is used to ensure the correct levelling of the bricks

Pegs are use to make sure the wall is built upright

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF BRICKS WALL

Machine mixed ConcreteConcrete Bricks

PlywoodPlaster

Timber bar



MATERIALS OF WALL


Concrete Bricks



DIAGRAM 5.3.3 Showing different layers of finishing wall

PICTURE 5.3.3 Bare concrete brick wall

PICTURE 5.3.4 Different progress of finishing wall

Plastering

CoatingSkim Coat

Finishing- Paint

PICTURE 5.3.4 Tile wall

TYPES OF FINISHING WALL

PAINTUse for most of the masonry wall

TILE WALLUse for part of the kitchen wall and bathrooms



Mortar is mix and spread on the wall

Tiles is place from the bottom of the wall

The spacer id placed in between the tiles and the tiles are then placed continuously

The wall is fully placed with tiles, additional part of tiles will be cut off

Press grout into the joints to an even level with the tile in a diagonal direction

The extra grout on the tiles is removed and the tiles wall is done

INSTALLATION PROCESS OF CERAMIC TILES WALL

DOOR AND WINDOW6.1 DOOR

BY: EE YUN SHAN 0319990

A door can be defined as “an openable barrier or as a framework of wood, steel, aluminium, glass or combination of these materials secured in a wall opening”.

Function of door:

∙ It is provide to give access to the inside of a room of building.∙ It serve as a connecting link between the various internal

portion of building.∙ Controls the physical atmosphere within a space by enclosing

it,excluding air drafts, so that interiors may be more effectively heated or cooled

∙ Used to screen areas of a building for aesthetic purposes, keeping formail and utility areas separate.

6.0

∙ Door Frame A door frame is an assembly of horizontal(head) and vertical members(jambs or posts} forming an enclosure to which door shutters are fixed. Materials of the frames are , aluminum, concrete, timber, steel, and stone.

Components of door:

∙ Door Shutter A roller shutter, roller door or sectional overheaddoor is a type of door or window shutter consisting of many horizontal slats hinged together. The door is raised to open it and lowered to close it.Materials of the door shutter are timber, plywood, glass and block.


BY: EE YUN SHAN 03199906.0

Types of Doors∙ Hinged doors∙ Revolving doors ∙ Sliding Doors∙ Swing doors ∙ Folded door ∙ Collapsible doors ∙ Rolling shutter ∙ Battened type ∙ Framed and paneled ∙ Flushed ∙ Louvered ∙ Wire gauged doors ∙ Metal Covered Plywood Door

Site had a variety of doors used throughout construction.The following type of doors used .∙ Main Entrance (Timber door with timber flame)∙ Bedroom and store room (timber flush door with metal flame)∙ Toilet (clear glass door with aluminium flame)

Double Swing door∙ A pair of doors in which the door(s) is able to swing in same directions to in or

out.Site had a variety of doors used throughout construction.The following type of doors used .

∙ Main Entrance (Timber door with timber flame)∙ Bedroom and store room (timber flush door with metal flame)∙ Toilet (clear glass door with aluminium flame)

Timber door∙ Door that made by wooden

Clear Glass door ∙ Door that made by transparent clear glass

Flush door∙ A flush door is a completely smooth door, having plywood or MDF fixed over a

light timber frame, the hollow parts of which are often filled with a cardboard core material

Door(on site)



Door lintel and flame (on site) Framing construction process



A window is an opening in a wall, door, roof or vehicle that allows the passage of light and, if not closed or sealed, air and sound.

Types of windows

∙ Pivoted Windows ∙ Double-Hung Windows ∙ Sliding Window ∙ Casement Windows ∙ Glazed Windows ∙ Louvered Windows ∙ Metal Windows ∙ Bay Windows∙ Clerestory Windows ∙ Corner Windows ∙ Dormer Windows ∙ Awning Windows ∙ Skylight

DOOR AND WINDOW6.1 WINDOW


Folded window∙ window that open with folded together

Casement window∙ A casement is a window that is attached to its frame by one or more hinges.

Casement windows are hinged at the side.

Corner window∙ Two windows that meet at a corner edge of a structure.

Awning window∙ a window consisting of several top-hinged sections arranged in a vertical

series, operated by one or more control devices that swing the bottom edges of the sections outward

Window (on site)



Both side uses precast concrete lintel which are placed above the window openings. Lintel is used as a support beam and transfers the load to the wall either side of the window. This can prevent the framework of the window from bending due to the weight of the wall, floor and roof produce above the window opening.

window flame (on site)



Window construction process Hinge(on site)

Lever handle(on site)



There are numerous roof types and covering available. Shown and illustrated are the roof types:

Material used

● No tiles are used for the roof covering. Zinculum is used because of its durability and strength. It is also thermal efficent which is suitable for the warm local climate.

● Rockwool is layered because of its ability to provide thermal and sound protection for the roof. It’s also act as a fire barrier.

● Aluminum foil is then placed because it reflects thermal radiation very well and emits very little heat.

● Steel trusses and rafters act the base of the roof covering.

Roof installation

1. A support brace is installed on the top plate of the wall bracing.

2. A ridge beam is added to the support brace. Struts are then added to the ridge beam to create a higher end of the slope.

3. Rafters are added to the structure to allow roof covering to be placed on later. After that, the outrigger and purlin will be attached to the structure.

4. The trusses are then added to increase the strength of the mono-pitched roof.

Diagram 7.9 Mono-pitched oof installation

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building construction ii report

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