BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY OF

EDUCATIONPREPARED BY : AFIFAH CHE AZIZ

AKRAM HAKIMI ROSIDIANIS NURDINIE AZIZAN

FATIN AFIQAH PUAADI

METAPHYSICS

metaphysics is derived from the Greek : Ta Meta ta Physkia which means “the books after the books on nature.”

When a librarian was cataloging Aristotle’s works, he did not have a title for the material he wanted to shelve after the material called “nature” (Physkia) — so he called it “after nature.”

reality, believe in God.concerned with the nature of beingRELEVANCE TO EDUCATION : the school

curriculum is based on what we know of reality

Ontology deals with the study of the nature of reality:

what is it, how many “realities” are there, what are its properties, etc.

The word is derived from the Greek terms on, which means “reality” and logos, which means “study of.”

Theologythe study of gods — does a god exist, what a god is,

what a god wants, etc. Every religion has its own theology because its study of

gods, if it includes any gods, will proceed from specific doctrines and traditions which vary from one religion to the next.

atheists don't accept the existence of any gods, they don't accept that theology is the study of anything real.

At most, it might be the study of what people think is real and atheist involvement in theology proceeds more from the perspective of a critical outsider rather than an involved member.

“universal science”involves the search for “first principles” —

things like the origin of the universe, fundamental laws of logic and reasoning, etc.

For theists, the answer to this is almost always "god" and, moreover, they tend to argue that there can be no other possible answer. Some even go far as to argue that the existence of things like logic and the universe constitute evidence of the existence of their god.

EPISTEMOLOGY

Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies knowledge

• epistemology is the study of the nature, scope, and limits of human knowledge.

• Epistemology investigates the origin, structure, methods, and integrity of knowledge.

Plato's view

• knowledge is merely an awareness of absolute, universal Ideas or Forms, existing independent of any subject trying to apprehend to them

Aristotle’s view

• emphasis on logical and empirical methods for gathering knowledge

• accepts the view that such knowledge is an apprehension of necessary and universal principles.

Two main epistemological positions dominated philosophy: 

empiricism, which sees knowledge as the product of sensory perception, and

rationalism which sees it as the product of rational reflection.

PragmaticThis philosophy still dominates most present work in

cognitive science and artificial intelligence

According to pragmatic epistemology, knowledge consists of models that attempt to represent the environment in such a way as to maximally simplify problem-solving

The model which is to be chosen depends on the problems that are to be solved. 

AXIOLOGY

 derived from two Greek roots 'axios' (worth or value) and 'logos' (logic or theory), means the theory of value.

 science of value originated with early Greek philosophers and culminated in the work of Dr. Robert S. Hartman.

Facing the inhumanity accompanying Hitler's rise to power in pre-war Germany, Hartman envisioned a science which could organize "good" as effectively as the Nazis organized "evil.“

Dr. Hartman dedicated his life to the realization of this vision, and after years of research, created a new mathematical system which successfully orders the values of our everyday experiences

concerned with values, relates to moral values & character development.

RELEVANCE TO EDUCATION : go beyond concerns about the quantity of what is taught to consider the quality of life that becomes possible because of what a person knows

LOGIC

Logic is a study of necessary truths and of systematic methods for expressing and demonstrating such truths.

Deductive- general to specificInductive-specific to general

Basis of Aristotle’s LogicAristotle’s whole system of logic starts from two

premises:Logic is the direction of the act of reasonThe direction of reason is from what is more

universal in predication to what is less so.

Aristotle says the major premise everywhere, and at the slightest provocation; the minor is from St. Thomas, and Aristotle simply assumes it everywhere.

Conclusion : logic is the right order from what is more universal to what is less so.

This is why Aristotle starts his logic with a study of most universal things (the Categories) then shows all the ways that one universal thing can relate to another (On Interpretation)

Then he goes on to speak of arguments as the motion from what is major (or most universal) to what is minor (least universal) through a term of middle universality.

The middle only has a middle universality when we speak in a way that follows what is called “the first figure syllogism”

Aristotle rightly insists that this is the pre-eminent tool for ordering reason, and that all other tools of reasoning are correct so far as they can be reduced to it. 

REFERENCEShttp://atheism.about.com/od/

philosophybranches/p/Metaphysics.htmlhttp://www.valueinsights.com/axiology3.htmlpespmc1.vub.ac.be/epistemi.htmlhttp://thomism.wordpress.com/2010/02/23/

the-basis-of-aristotles-logic