Biology Fall Semester Final Review Sheet Cli 1 Scientific Method

What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory? Which is a simple if (cause) ..... then (effect) statement, which requires many repeatable experimental tests under controlled conditions? What is the difference between a control group, controlled experiment, variable or experimental group? Which is (are) maintained under strict laboratory conditions, which contains one varied factor, which is the basis of comparison and the same as the variable group minus one manipulated factor? What conditions are avoidable and unavoidable sources of error in plant experiments and how does a researcher control for unavoidable error? What are replicate groups and why are they necessary?

What distinguishes living fiom nonliving things? How does homeostasis differ from metabolism (give specific examples)? What specific type of cellular energy is utilized by all living things?

Ch2 Biochemistry What is an enzyme? How does it structure relate to its hnction in the lock and key model? What is a catalyst? What are the major properties of enzymes and what effect does high temperature or the improper pH have on the function of enzymes? What are the four basic types of organic molecules and the basic building block of each? What are the relationships between DNAJRNA, fat and lipid, sugars and glucose, simple sugars and carbohydrates. Know the basic structures of the four organic molecules (lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids) What is the basic structure of the atom and function of the outer electrons in making covalent and ionic bonds? What is pH and how do weak acids & bases differ in pH number from strong acids and bases.

Ch 7 Cell Structures & Function What are the basic tenants of the Cell Theory? ~ r r a n g e levels of an organism in increasing order: systems, cells, DNA, cell parts, tissues, atoms, organs, nucleus, nucleotide, chromosome. What are the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, plants, animal and bacterial cells. Which structures give external structure in each type? What is the function of the nucleus, mitochondria, glogi apparatus, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, cell membrane, ribosomes. Be able to label diagrams.

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Which structures are involved in protein synthesis, sugar (glucose) production, storing genetic information, recycling waste products, packaging and storing proteins. How is the structure of the cell membrane related to its structure and the functions of the polar and non-polar ends? What is osmosis, diffusion, Law of diffusion, and when and where does the law predict movement of materials across hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic membranes?

CII 8&9 Photosvnthesis & Cellular Respiration What is the difference between chloroplasts, chlorophyll, which is the main energy-trapping molecule, and how is energy stored in chemical bonds in the creation of glucose? What are the similarities and differences between cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Be able to supply raw materials and products to box process diagrams for each and write an equations to show each process. Describe what is happening in the Krebs (Citric Acid Cycle)lGlycol sis/Electron Transport System; and the Calvin (light independent) CycleILight Dependent Cycle. Which is involved in photosynthesis, which in cellular respiration. Where are High Energy compounds used, where are they made. Where is pyruvic acid used, where is it made? In what part of the mitochondria or chloroplast does each step of the reactions occur. List the main purpose of each step of Photosynthesis and Respiration. Where does most of the mass of a plant come from? How is this related to photosynthesis?

ChlO Mitosis & Cancer What is meant by surface/volume ratio. How does it change with increasing surface size and mean to the limits of cell size or growth? List all the factors that limit cell size or growth. Be able to list the proper stages of Mitosis. Is Interphase considered a stage of Mitosis? How do parent and daughter cells resemble each other? What is cancer and what two ways can mitosis contribute to this disease?

CII 11-4 Meiosis Sexual Reproduction & Gamete formation What are gametes, when and where are they made, how do they differ or resemble their parent cells, and what is the purpose of chromosome reduction in gametes during meiosis? Given diagrams of parent and daughter cells, be able to recognize each and the contributing chromosomes from mother or father of the homologous pairs. What is Mendel's Law of Segregation and describe how it relates to how many factors (that control each trait) are distributed during meiosis? Compare and contrast the purpose of meiosis and mitosis, the resulting cells, and their functions in terms of growth, genetic variation, crossing-over, and sexual reproduction. Which two processes produce the greatest amount of genetic variation in a functioning individual?

Ch 12 DNAIRNA Structures & Functions What is the difference between the structure and function of DNA, mRNA, tRNA and ribosomal RNA. Where do each occur in the cell. How are each involved in Transcription, Translation, making of mRNA, protein synthesis or DNA Replication. Which process is involved in meiosis and mitosis and at what stage in the cell cycle? What is the difference between a point and frame-shift mutation, which is more harmful? What is an inversion, insert, translocation, deletion, type mutation and which category (point or frame-shift does each belong to). What is the end damage to the nature of the protein being made in each category? What are the base pairing rules for DNA, rnRNA, and tRNA. Which use triplets, which use anticodons, and codons. Which processes match up with each (DNA replication; mRNA Transcripton; tRNA and translation of proteins.

Ch 11.14 Basic Genetics What is a sex linked (X-linked) trait. What contribution does the father make to his male heirs? To his female heirs? What is the difference between the 1-22 and 23rd pair of chromosomes. Which are sex chromosomes, which are autosomes, what is a male set and female set of sex chromosomes. Demonstrate how monohybrid and dihybrid crosses work to give genotypes and phenotypes of different proportions. Which term "shows" in the outward appearance, which is the actual genetic makeup? What is an allele and what does one represent, what are the common designations for dominant, recessive, co-dominant and incomplete dominant alleles? Where do the two different alleles for a single trait come fiom? Diagram two homologous chromoiomes, each one containing two genes (one for dominant brown eyes, another for recessive blue eyes and one for dominant large nose size and one with recessive small nose size. List all the allele combinations that can be found in the gametes produced by meiosis for these chromosomes. Given the multiple allele combinations for the four blood types, solve problems involving paternity rites for babies with different blood types (A, B, AB, or 0)

Ch13 Genetic Enpineerine & Biotechnoloey What are the steps of genetic engineering by recombinant DNA techniques. How are restriction enzymes and ligase involved? What is a bacteria plasmid and how is it used in this process. What is a clone and how is one made? What is a DNA fingerprint and how is one produced by gel electrophoresis? What is the basis of separation of the "junk" (non-identical) fragments on the gel. How do identical twins or clones differ from brothers and sisters, mothers and fathers? What is gene therapy and how does it work? Is it currently a permanent or tempor& procedural "cure"?

Ch 15,16. Darwin & Evolution plus Ch 17 Historv of Life List the basic tenants of Darwin's Theory of Evolution and give an example of each. How does variety fiom the results of sexual reproduction (and meiosis in the formation of gametes) contribute to evolution? List what type of information or characteristic provides the best type of evidence that two organisms are closely (genetically) related. Does habitat provide good evidence and why or why not? What is the difference between homologous and analogous structures and how does each demonstrate a different pathway of evolution? What are the advantages and limits of using fossil records as evidence for evolution. Are they all formed at the same time interval? Is the record complete? Are older or younger fossils found at the bottom or top of the undisturbed beds? Are fossils better preserved in rocky or sedimentary beds?

what is the best definition of natural selection? (Biggest, best, smartest, occupies the largest area, strongest, best adapted for a specific environment, most abundant) What is the difference between convergent and divergent evolution. Which includes animals that are NOT closely related but appear to have similar traits due to sharing the same environment, which are closely related even though their outward appearances may differ, which have the same common underlying structures but live and are adapted to different environments. What is the difference between directional selection, natural selection, disruptive selection, and stabilizing selection? What are the major factors that can change the gene frequency in a given population? What is the difference between emigration, immigration, geographic and reproductive isolation? Does random reproduction lead to genetic drift or stable gene pools over long periods of time? What did Lamark and Darwin have in common about their theories of evolution and in what important points did they differ. When an allele mutates and has a slight advantage what happens to the allele over time? What if the mutation is lethal versus harmful? Which has the greatest selective advantage a dominant or recessive alleles? Given a pedigree chart, label each generation and be able to comment on the genotypes or phenotypes of the various generations.