Biochemistry :An Introduction to the Basic

Molecules of Life

Biochemistry :An Introduction to the Basic

Molecules of Life

“The fragrance of the rose always stays in the hand of the giver”

“The fragrance of the rose always stays in the hand of the giver”

2-1 Basics of Chemistry2-1 Basics of Chemistry

Element--substance that can’t be broken down by chemical processes into simpler substance (like letters of alphabet

Compound--two or more elements combined chemically Properties of the elements change once combined

Organic compounds Molecules of life (carbos, protein, lipids, nucleic

acids) Contain the element carbon,Hydrogen

Element--substance that can’t be broken down by chemical processes into simpler substance (like letters of alphabet

Compound--two or more elements combined chemically Properties of the elements change once combined

Organic compounds Molecules of life (carbos, protein, lipids, nucleic

acids) Contain the element carbon,Hydrogen

Chemical bondsChemical bonds Chemical bonds hold atoms together in

compound Energy absorbed or released when bonds

break or are formed Ionic bonds

Covalent bonds

Chemical bonds hold atoms together in compound

Energy absorbed or released when bonds break or are formed

Ionic bonds

Covalent bonds

Chemicals at workChemicals at work

Chemical reactions--atoms/molecules are rearranged into new combinations Rusting Burning Digesting/breaking down food

Energy can either be absorbed or given off by a reaction

No matter or energy is created in a reaction, it’s just rearranged

Chemical reactions--atoms/molecules are rearranged into new combinations Rusting Burning Digesting/breaking down food

Energy can either be absorbed or given off by a reaction

No matter or energy is created in a reaction, it’s just rearranged

Carbohydrates Function in Cells

Carbohydrates Function in Cells

1.

2.

1.

2.

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Include sugars, starches, cellulose Contains carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and

oxygen (O)

Provide 4 Calories of energy per gram

Called monomers Also micromolecules-small molecules

Include sugars, starches, cellulose Contains carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and

oxygen (O)

Provide 4 Calories of energy per gram

Called monomers Also micromolecules-small molecules

MONOSACCHARIDESMONOSACCHARIDES Monosaccharide—

Building blocks of larger more complex carbohydrates(MACROMOLECULES)

Glucose(Major source of cellular energy) ,fructose Formula- C6H12O6

Sources?

Quick energy- 20 min

Monosaccharide—

Building blocks of larger more complex carbohydrates(MACROMOLECULES)

Glucose(Major source of cellular energy) ,fructose Formula- C6H12O6

Sources?

Quick energy- 20 min

Production of compoundsProduction of compounds Hydro = Hydrate vs. dehydrate Synthesis--put together Lysis- Dehydration synthesis

A + B ---> AB + water Removal of water to make organic compounds

HYDROLYSIS Water + AB ---> A + B Add water to break up organic compounds-

Hydro = Hydrate vs. dehydrate Synthesis--put together Lysis- Dehydration synthesis

A + B ---> AB + water Removal of water to make organic compounds

HYDROLYSIS Water + AB ---> A + B Add water to break up organic compounds-

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESISDEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

http://science.nhmccd.edu/BIOL/dehydrat/dehydrat.html

DISACCHARIDESDISACCHARIDESComposed

Formula-

Sources?

sucrose,lactose, maltose-1hr

Composed

Formula-

Sources?

sucrose,lactose, maltose-1hr

POLYSACCHARIDESPOLYSACCHARIDESComposed of

Formula- C60+H110+O55+

How are they made?

How are they broken down?

Composed of

Formula- C60+H110+O55+

How are they made?

How are they broken down?

CELLULOSE-Type of polysaccharide

CELLULOSE-Type of polysaccharide

Also called fiber or roughage Indigestible by humansForms cell walls in plant cells

Also called fiber or roughage Indigestible by humansForms cell walls in plant cells

STARCH-Type of polysaccharide

STARCH-Type of polysaccharide

Stored polysaccharide in plantsStored in roots and stems

Stored polysaccharide in plantsStored in roots and stems

GLYCOGEN- Type of polysaccharide

GLYCOGEN- Type of polysaccharide

Made in animal cellsMade for the purpose of short term

energy storageStored in liver and muscles

Made in animal cellsMade for the purpose of short term

energy storageStored in liver and muscles

CHITIN- Type of polysaccharideCHITIN- Type of polysaccharide

Forms exoskeleton of arthropodsLobsters, insects, crabs

Forms exoskeleton of arthropodsLobsters, insects, crabs

Key Components of Lipids

Key Components of Lipids

3 Fatty acids are key components of many lipids

GlycerolLooks like and E

3 Fatty acids are key components of many lipids

GlycerolLooks like and E

LipidsLipids

Includes fats, oils, waxes, and steroids Provide:

Long-term energy storage (fat, oil)

Protection from water/waterproofing (wax)

Structure for cells (phospholipids)

Fats have most energy per gram (9 Cal/gram)

Includes fats, oils, waxes, and steroids Provide:

Long-term energy storage (fat, oil)

Protection from water/waterproofing (wax)

Structure for cells (phospholipids)

Fats have most energy per gram (9 Cal/gram)

Saturated and unsaturated fat

Saturated and unsaturated fatunsaturated fatty

acids are liquid at room temperature - carbon chains have double bondssaturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature and carbon chains contain only single bonds

Fats of a cell membraneFats of a cell membraneCalled phospholipids Important to control what enters and

leaves the cell

Called phospholipids Important to control what enters and

leaves the cell

Dehydration synthesis of lipid

Dehydration synthesis of lipid

ProteinsProteins

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

20 amino acids hooked together by special bonds called PEPTIDE BONDS

Found in foods (meat, poultry, fish), produced in body from amino acids

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

20 amino acids hooked together by special bonds called PEPTIDE BONDS

Found in foods (meat, poultry, fish), produced in body from amino acids

Protein structureProtein structure

Produced by dehydration synthesis

Produced by dehydration synthesis

ClassifiedClassifiedNumber of amino acids(20 different)Order of the amino acidsShape of the amino acids

Number of amino acids(20 different)Order of the amino acidsShape of the amino acids

FunctionsFunctionsProvide:

Movement (muscles)

Regulation (enzymes)

Transport (hemoglobin in RBC’s)

Provide:Movement (muscles)

Regulation (enzymes)

Transport (hemoglobin in RBC’s)

Nucleic AcidsNucleic AcidsControl inherited characteristics

DNA--genetic blueprintRNA--carries out instructions for protein

production

Control inherited characteristicsDNA--genetic blueprintRNA--carries out instructions for protein

production

ATPATP

Adenosine triphosphateFood energy must be converted to ATP

to power cell functionsProduced by cellular respiration

Adenosine triphosphateFood energy must be converted to ATP

to power cell functionsProduced by cellular respiration

Chemical ReactionsChemical ReactionsChemical changes

- making or breaking chemical bonds that link atoms- involve energy

Activation energy-

Chemical changes- making or breaking chemical bonds that link atoms- involve energy

Activation energy-

Chemical ReactionsChemical ReactionsActivation energy

- too high for living cells- cellular reactions must occur quickly and at low temperatures

Activation energy- too high for living cells- cellular reactions must occur quickly and at low temperatures

Chemical ReactionsChemical ReactionsCatalysts

- lower the activation energy- speed up a reaction- are not used up

Catalysts- lower the activation energy- speed up a reaction- are not used up

Enzymes-organic catalystsEnzymes-organic catalysts Made of protein to assist reactions in body

Recyclable

Enzymes can be denatured (structurally changed and made inactive) by adverse conditions (e.g. high temperature, pH)

Made of protein to assist reactions in body

Recyclable

Enzymes can be denatured (structurally changed and made inactive) by adverse conditions (e.g. high temperature, pH)

Enzyme makeupEnzyme makeup

Substrate- the macromolecule on which an enzyme acts

Active site- binds to the substrate- different shape

Substrate- the macromolecule on which an enzyme acts

Active site- binds to the substrate- different shape

Enzyme/substrate complexEnzyme/substrate complex

Enzyme-substrate complex formed (lock/key)(induced fit)

Naming enzymes: Usually end in -ase or in Usually include the substrate Ex.”

Enzyme-substrate complex formed (lock/key)(induced fit)

Naming enzymes: Usually end in -ase or in Usually include the substrate Ex.”

Enzyme activityEnzyme activity

Enzymes & activation energy

Enzymes & activation energy

Enzymes lower the reaction’s activation energy.

Enzymes lower the reaction’s activation energy.

EnzymesEnzymes

Temperature

pH (acidity)

Enzyme concentration

Substrate concentration

Surface area

Temperature

pH (acidity)

Enzyme concentration

Substrate concentration

Surface area

Factors influencing enzymesFactors influencing enzymes

EnzymesEnzymes

TemperatureTemperatureFactors influencing enzymesFactors influencing enzymes

Rate ofenzymeaction

temperature ˚C

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

EnzymesEnzymes

pHpHFactors influencing enzymesFactors influencing enzymes

Rate ofenzymeaction

pH

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

EnzymesEnzymes

Enzyme concentrationEnzyme concentrationFactors influencing enzymesFactors influencing enzymes

Rate ofenzymeaction

Increasing Enzyme Concentration

EnzymesEnzymes

Substrate concentrationSubstrate concentrationFactors influencing enzymesFactors influencing enzymes

Rate ofenzymeaction

Increasing Substrate Concentration

Chemistry in life processesChemistry in life processes

Metabolism is the combination of chemical changes that take place in organism

Anabolic reactions Reactions that BUILD DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS INVOLVED PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Catabolic reaction Reactions that BREAK UP HYDROLYSIS INVOLVED DIGESTION, CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Metabolism is the combination of chemical changes that take place in organism

Anabolic reactions Reactions that BUILD DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS INVOLVED PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Catabolic reaction Reactions that BREAK UP HYDROLYSIS INVOLVED DIGESTION, CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Reading QuizReading Quiz

1. What group of proteins function as biological catalysts in our bodies?

2. What type of molecule is formed when there is an uneven sharing of electrons in a covalent bond (water was the example given)?

3. What are the building blocks of protein?4. An attraction between substances of the same kind is called

________________.5. What term refers to the “energy needed to start a chemical

reaction?6. From the reading, what substance was described as changing

temperature very slowly, thus helping to maintain homeostasis?

7. What 2 factors were noted to affect enzyme function?

1. What group of proteins function as biological catalysts in our bodies?

2. What type of molecule is formed when there is an uneven sharing of electrons in a covalent bond (water was the example given)?

3. What are the building blocks of protein?4. An attraction between substances of the same kind is called

________________.5. What term refers to the “energy needed to start a chemical

reaction?6. From the reading, what substance was described as changing

temperature very slowly, thus helping to maintain homeostasis?

7. What 2 factors were noted to affect enzyme function?

Chemical ReactionsChemical ReactionsExergonic (Exothermic)

release of energyIn form of heat light ect

Endergonic (Endothermic)- input of energy- endothermic draws in heat ect

Exergonic (Exothermic)release of energyIn form of heat light ect

Endergonic (Endothermic)- input of energy- endothermic draws in heat ect

Enzymes and inhibitionEnzymes and inhibition Enzymes may be inhibited in many ways Enzymes have specific:

Substrate Temperature-Optimal Temperature pH- Optimal pH

High temperatures or changes in pH can cause an enzyme to lose its normal 3-D shape ( denature )

Low temperatures slow reaction down Incorrect pH will slow reaction down or stop it this denature causes the enzyme to lose its

normal functioning and to be structurally changed and made inactive

Enzymes may be inhibited in many ways Enzymes have specific:

Substrate Temperature-Optimal Temperature pH- Optimal pH

High temperatures or changes in pH can cause an enzyme to lose its normal 3-D shape ( denature )

Low temperatures slow reaction down Incorrect pH will slow reaction down or stop it this denature causes the enzyme to lose its

normal functioning and to be structurally changed and made inactive

WATERWATER

70% of our body is made of water Why does it do so many cool things?

Storage of heat--resists quick temp change and helps maintain homeostasis

Cohesion and adhesion Cohesion--water sticks to other water molecules;

surface tension forms drops Adhesion--water sticks to other things; allows water

to move through plants

70% of our body is made of water Why does it do so many cool things?

Storage of heat--resists quick temp change and helps maintain homeostasis

Cohesion and adhesion Cohesion--water sticks to other water molecules;

surface tension forms drops Adhesion--water sticks to other things; allows water

to move through plants