2.3 carbon-based molecules biochemistry- carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life. carbon...
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2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
Biochemistry- Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life. Carbon is the main ingredient of Organic Molecules
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2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
Key prefixes and sufixes
• Carbo—coal ase-enzyme• Mono-one hydrate-water• Di-two ose-full of• Poly-many philic-loving• Hydro-water phobic-fearing• De-remove lysis-breakdown
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13.1 Ecologists Study Relationships
Fructose Galactose
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2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.
• Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms.
• Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures.
– straight chain– branched chain– ring
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2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
• Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together.
– Monomers are the individual subunits.– Polymers are made of many monomers.
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2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.
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2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
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2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.
1. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
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2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.
• Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
– Carbohydrates include sugars and starches. Monosaccharides are simple sugars.
– Disaccharides- table sugar two monomers
Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen.
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2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
• Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells.
• Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.
Polymer (starch)
Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.
Polymer (cellulose)
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure
monomer
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2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
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2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
– Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids.– Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol.
2. Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol.
Triglyceride
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2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
• Lipids have several different functions.
– broken down as a source of energy – make up cell membranes– used to make hormones
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2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
• Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids.
– saturated fatty acids– unsaturated fatty acids
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2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
• Phospholipids make up all cell membranes.
– Polar phosphate “head”– Nonpolar fatty acid “tails”
Phospholipid
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2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
3. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
– Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
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2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
– Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.
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2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
– Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.
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2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
• Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids.
– Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape.
– Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function.
hydrogen bond
Hemoglobin
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2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
4. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.
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2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
– Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
A phosphate group nitrogen-containing molecule,called a base
deoxyribose (sugar)
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2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
– Functions:
– DNA stores genetic information.
– Controls cell functions
– RNA builds proteins.
DNA
RNA