BiochemistryBiochemistry::Chemistry Part 2Chemistry Part 2

The Organic MoleculesThe Organic Molecules

Biochemistry Biochemistry Preview/ReviewPreview/Review

90 naturally occurring elements on Earth’s crust90 naturally occurring elements on Earth’s crust 11 are common to living organisms11 are common to living organisms 20 found in trace amounts20 found in trace amounts 4 elements make up approximately 96.3% of 4 elements make up approximately 96.3% of

the total weight of the human body:the total weight of the human body: nitrogennitrogen carboncarbon oxygenoxygen hydrogenhydrogen

In varying combinations and amounts, these In varying combinations and amounts, these four elements make up mostly all of the four elements make up mostly all of the compounds found in living thingscompounds found in living things

Elements by Mass in the Elements by Mass in the Human BodyHuman Body

Oxygen: 65%Oxygen: 65% Carbon: 18.5%Carbon: 18.5% Hydrogen 9.5%Hydrogen 9.5% Nitrogen: 3.3%Nitrogen: 3.3% Phosphorus: 1.0%Phosphorus: 1.0% Sulfur 0.3%Sulfur 0.3% Sodium: 0.2%Sodium: 0.2% Magnesium: 0.1%Magnesium: 0.1% Silicon: traceSilicon: trace Fluorine: traceFluorine: trace

C.H.N.O.P.

What is polymerization?What is polymerization?

The formation of The formation of larger compounds larger compounds from smaller from smaller compoundscompounds

The bonding processThe bonding process

Polymers formed from monomers via Polymers formed from monomers via dehydration synthesisdehydration synthesis Where water is removed from the two Where water is removed from the two

joined moleculesjoined molecules

Separated via Separated via hydrolysishydrolysis Where water is put back in placeWhere water is put back in place

Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis

A + B + C = ABC + 2 molecules of H2O

H2O H2O

HydrolysisHydrolysis

ABC + 2 molecules of H2O = A + B + C

In order to reverse the previous reaction (dehydration synthesis), we need to add water to the product ‘ABC’.

So:

Example of a Modular Home

(i.e., Macromolecule)

Living RoomBed

Room

Kitchen Bathroom

MonomersMonomers

All of the individual monomers form the single polymer

What is “Biochemistry”?What is “Biochemistry”?

Common Sense: Common Sense: Chemistry of LifeChemistry of Life What does this mean?What does this mean?

The foods you eat.The foods you eat. What those foods contain.What those foods contain. How they affect you based upon the How they affect you based upon the

chemical reactions they cause.chemical reactions they cause.

So what do you eat….So what do you eat….

So What’s In The Foods So What’s In The Foods You Eat?You Eat?

Fats (a.k.a.- Lipids)

Proteins

Carbohydrates

So What Does So What Does “Organic Mean”?“Organic Mean”?

Organic v. Inorganic Organic v. Inorganic Compounds?Compounds?

Contain carbon to hydrogen (C-H) Contain carbon to hydrogen (C-H) bondsbonds

Inorganic compounds = Inorganic compounds = NONO (C-H) (C-H) bondsbonds

“Bucky Ball”

Toughest College Class Toughest College Class EVER!!!!EVER!!!!

Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry DefinitionDefinition: The chemistry of carbon and its : The chemistry of carbon and its 2 2

MILLION compounds!MILLION compounds! CarbonCarbon: Strong & stable covalent bonds:: Strong & stable covalent bonds:

4 valence electrons4 valence electrons Carbon forms bonds w/itself in forms of long chains or Carbon forms bonds w/itself in forms of long chains or

rings called “rings called “carboncarbon backbonesbackbones”” These “backbones” are the basis of all of your These “backbones” are the basis of all of your

foodsfoods and, since you are what you eat, what you and, since you are what you eat, what you are made of!are made of!

This includes This includes CarbohydratesCarbohydrates, , ProteinsProteins, , LipidsLipids, , DNADNA

Compounds of Life: The Compounds of Life: The MacromoleculesMacromolecules

There are four groups of organic There are four groups of organic macromolecules:macromolecules:

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Sugars, StarchesSugars, Starches

LipidsLipids Fats, Waxes, OilsFats, Waxes, Oils

ProteinsProteins Amino acidsAmino acids

Nucleic acidsNucleic acids RNA, DNARNA, DNA

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Commonly referred to as Commonly referred to as sugarssugars and and starchesstarches

Energy stored in the bonds of the Energy stored in the bonds of the carbohydrate moleculecarbohydrate molecule 1 grams = 4 calories (Kilocalorie)1 grams = 4 calories (Kilocalorie)

Bonds easily broken down (water) by Bonds easily broken down (water) by the body so “Carbs” are the body’s the body so “Carbs” are the body’s First Choice of Energy!First Choice of Energy!

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

They consist of Carbon, Hydrogen They consist of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms in a consistent and Oxygen atoms in a consistent ratio of 1:2:1 or Cratio of 1:2:1 or C11HH22OO11

The simplest unit/monomer: The simplest unit/monomer: monosaccharidesmonosaccharides

MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides

Simple SugarsSimple Sugars Some examples are glucose, galactose Some examples are glucose, galactose

and fructoseand fructose

They all have the same chemical They all have the same chemical formula, Cformula, C66HH1212OO66, but they have , but they have different molecular structuresdifferent molecular structures

Called Called IsomersIsomers

Monosaccharide IsomersMonosaccharide Isomers

Glucose- Plant Sugars

O OH H OH OH OH

H C C C C C C H

H OH H H H

Galactose- Milk Sugars

O OH H H OH OH

H C C C C C C H

H OH OH H H

Fructose- Fruit Sugars

OH O H OH OH OH

H C C C C C C H

H OH H H H

Monosaccharide IsomersMonosaccharide Isomers

Forming Carbohydrate Forming Carbohydrate PolymersPolymers

Two Two monosaccharides:monosaccharides: glucose & glucose & fructosefructose Form a Form a disaccharide:disaccharide: Sucrose (Table Sucrose (Table

Sugar)Sugar) Put table sugar in a pan and turn on Put table sugar in a pan and turn on

the heat…what happens?the heat…what happens?

Disaccharide formationDisaccharide formation

Glucose Fructose

C6H12O6 C6H12O6

+OH OH O

+ H2O

Sucrose

C12H22O11

Water formed from bond between two -OH structures with an ‘O’, remaining at bond

DisaccharidesDisaccharides

Other disaccharides are:Other disaccharides are: Maltose (malt sugars) Maltose (malt sugars) Lactose (milk sugars)Lactose (milk sugars)

““Di-” & “Poly-” are “Di-” & “Poly-” are “complex carbscomplex carbs” ” ““Mono-” are “Mono-” are “simple sugarssimple sugars””

Reversing Disaccharide Reversing Disaccharide formation with Hydrolysisformation with Hydrolysis

O

Sucrose

C12H22O11

+ H2O

OH OH

Glucose Fructose

C6H12O6 C6H12O6

Add Water to Reaction

Function of PolysaccharidesFunction of Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are many (3 or Polysaccharides are many (3 or more) monosaccharides joined more) monosaccharides joined togethertogether

This is the form of sugar that is This is the form of sugar that is stored in living thingsstored in living things

Storage forms of Storage forms of PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides

•Glycogen is the animal form of stored sugar

•It can be hundreds to thousands of glucose molecules long

•It also shows a distinctive “branching” pattern

•Starch is the plant form of stored sugar

•It can be hundreds to thousands of glucose molecules long

•It does not “branch” like glycogen

Starches continuedStarches continued

CelluloseCellulose is a type of starch that plants synthesize is a type of starch that plants synthesize

It is the principal component of wood, or the cell It is the principal component of wood, or the cell walls of plantswalls of plants

The human appendix is believed to have been used The human appendix is believed to have been used to break down cellulose tens of thousands of years to break down cellulose tens of thousands of years agoago

Humans, as a whole, can no longer break down Humans, as a whole, can no longer break down cellulose and so it is now considered cellulose and so it is now considered fiberfiber in our in our dietsdiets

LipidsLipids Lipids includeLipids include

fats, fats, oilsoils waxeswaxes

**(Fats and waxes are solids at room temperature while oils are **(Fats and waxes are solids at room temperature while oils are not)not)

Lipids have three main functions:Lipids have three main functions:

Energy storageEnergy storage Forming biological membranes (cell membranes)Forming biological membranes (cell membranes) Chemical messengers in the bodyChemical messengers in the body

LipidsLipids

Energy StorageEnergy Storage: Potential Energy: Potential Energy

LipidsLipids

Biological Membranes:Biological Membranes: Cell Cell MembranesMembranes

LipidsLipids

Chemical Messengers:Chemical Messengers: i.e., Steroids i.e., Steroids

LipidsLipids

Cholesterol…Good or Bad?

Polymerization of a LipidPolymerization of a Lipid

H H H H H H

C C C C C C H

H H H H H H

O

OH C

H

H C OH

H C OH

H C OH

H

+ H2O

Glycerol

Fatty Acid Chain

Carboxyl

Saturated v. Unsaturated Saturated v. Unsaturated FatsFats

H H H H H H

C C C C C C H

H H H H H H

H H H H H

C C C C C C H

H H H H H

Saturated Fats: No openings; Hydrogen bonded to every Carbon.

Strong, hard to break bonds.

LARD or CRISCO!

Unsaturated Fats: Openings via Carbon to Carbon double bonds

Bonds now easier to metabolize.

CANOLA OIL, FISH OIL, ETC.

ProteinsProteins

Proteins contain N, O, H and CProteins contain N, O, H and C Proteins are made from long “chains” of Proteins are made from long “chains” of

amino acidsamino acids Bonds between amino acids called Bonds between amino acids called

peptidepeptide bondsbonds.. Proteins also called Proteins also called polypeptidespolypeptides..

Amino acids have the same basic structure Amino acids have the same basic structure with the exception of the “R” group: LEGO!with the exception of the “R” group: LEGO!

Amino Acid UsesAmino Acid Uses Proteins used for building and Proteins used for building and

maintenance of tissues: i.e., musclemaintenance of tissues: i.e., muscle

Not natural

Natural

Amino Acid UsesAmino Acid Uses

Proteins (amino acid chains) are your Proteins (amino acid chains) are your last resort as a food source because last resort as a food source because they are difficult to metabolizethey are difficult to metabolize

Amino Acid StructureAmino Acid Structure

H H O

N C C

H R OH

Carboxyl Group

Carbon Backbone w/”R” group

Amino Group

Forming a Polypeptide through Forming a Polypeptide through Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis

H H O

N C C

H R OH

H H O

N C C

H R OH

H2O

Forming a Polypeptide through Forming a Polypeptide through Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis

H H O

N C C

H R

H H O

N C C

R OH

The result of taking water from the two amino acids is a polymer, or protein, that has two

monomers connected at a Carbon and a Nitrogen

+ H2O

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

2 different nucleic acids:2 different nucleic acids: RNA-Ribonucleic acidRNA-Ribonucleic acid DNA-Deoxyribonucleic acidDNA-Deoxyribonucleic acid

Both are composed of:Both are composed of: CarbonCarbon HydrogenHydrogen OxygenOxygen NitrogenNitrogen PhosphorusPhosphorus

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Monomers of nucleic acids are called Monomers of nucleic acids are called nucleotidesnucleotides

Nucleotides have three basic parts:Nucleotides have three basic parts:

A special A special 5-carbon sugar5-carbon sugar

A A phosphate groupphosphate group

A A nitrogenous basenitrogenous base

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

The nitrogenous bases contain nitrogenThe nitrogenous bases contain nitrogen A nucleotide, depending upon DNA on A nucleotide, depending upon DNA on

RNA, will have one of the following RNA, will have one of the following nitrogenous bases:nitrogenous bases: Adenine (A)Adenine (A) Thymine (T)Thymine (T) Guanine (G)Guanine (G) Cytosine (C)Cytosine (C) Uracil (U)Uracil (U)

Diagram of a NucleotideDiagram of a Nucleotide

Phosphate Group

5-Carbon Sugar

Nitrogenous Base