As the World Shrinks: As the World Shrinks: South AsiaSouth Asia Ming China Ming China The voyages of Zheng HeThe voyages of Zheng He Qing ChinaQing China Tokugawa JapanTokugawa Japan The Yi dynasty in KoreaThe Yi dynasty in Korea

Chapter 22 – Asian Transitions in an Age of Global Change

Ming DynastyMing Dynasty

Chinese civilization flourished culturally, agriculturally and commercially. Provide stability for over 300 years

Doing Things RightDoing Things Right

Strengthening the Great Wall – Strengthening the Great Wall – Kept the Mongols outKept the Mongols out

Restored civil service examsRestored civil service exams Nationwide school systemNationwide school system Completion of he Grand CanalCompletion of he Grand Canal Commerce and trade received Commerce and trade received

much-needed boostmuch-needed boost

Zheng he and Chinese Zheng he and Chinese ExplorationExploration

•“Almost” turning point in history

•Explored Indian Ocean and the East coast of Africa (aided by the Chinese invention of the compass)

•Returned with giraffes, ostriches and zebras

•Confucian scholars were resistant to change (Not impressed with outside world)

•Zheng He died, explorations ended with a big “what if.”

•Hongwu – First Ming emperor 1368-1403 – drove out Mongols; reinstated and expanded the civil service examination and Confucian ideas, Ming rulers were embracing the Han dynasty

•50 years after last of the Zhenghe expeditions, China developed a policy of isolation, trading and navy allowed to decline

•Macao and Canton – only two ports in Ming china where European were allowed to trade

The Fall of MingThe Fall of Ming

Plagued with weal rulers and Plagued with weal rulers and corruptioncorruption

High taxes on the people led to High taxes on the people led to peasant unrestpeasant unrest

Bad harvestBad harvest The last Ming emperor hung The last Ming emperor hung

himself to a tree in the palace himself to a tree in the palace gardensgardens

The Rise of the QingThe Rise of the Qing

•The Manchu from Manchuria overthrow the Ming dynasty and ruled China for 300 years (1644-1911)

•The Manchu forced all the Chinese men to adopt the Mnachu style of dress and culture. This included shaved foreheads and braided pigtails called queues

The Great KangxiThe Great Kangxi

•Stabilized the frontiers

•He was tolerant of the new Christian missionaries; over 300,000 Chinese converted

•After his death the policy changed into suppression

Those Sneaky EuropeansThose Sneaky Europeans

(1736-1797) European powers were able (1736-1797) European powers were able to make a significant impact on Chineseto make a significant impact on Chinese

Peasants rebellion – White Lotus Peasants rebellion – White Lotus Rebellion – weaken governmentRebellion – weaken government

Europeans push for trading privilegesEuropeans push for trading privileges

Matteo RicciMatteo Ricci

•The most famous Jesuit The most famous Jesuit missionary to China was Matteo missionary to China was Matteo Ricci. He and fellow Jesuits were Ricci. He and fellow Jesuits were respected by the Chinese because respected by the Chinese because of their ability to use the Chinese of their ability to use the Chinese language and respect for language and respect for Confucianism.Confucianism.

•Founder of the Chinese Christian Founder of the Chinese Christian ChurchChurch

Chinese Society and CultureChinese Society and Culture

Based on Confucian principles, worked to Based on Confucian principles, worked to benefits all members of the family with wealthier benefits all members of the family with wealthier families helping poorer familiesfamilies helping poorer familiesOrganized around the familyOrganized around the familyRespect for eldersRespect for eldersTo this day in China the family is more important To this day in China the family is more important than the individual. An example of this comes than the individual. An example of this comes from the way food is ordered. In America, from the way food is ordered. In America, everyone orders individually, but in China, one everyone orders individually, but in China, one order is placed for the whole familyorder is placed for the whole family

Women in ChinaWomen in China

Still regarded as inferior to menStill regarded as inferior to menOnly men could obtain a formal education Only men could obtain a formal education and careerand careerWomen could not divorce their husbands Women could not divorce their husbands or inherit propertyor inherit propertyBinding women’s feet continued through Binding women’s feet continued through the Qing periodthe Qing periodWomen were still at the bottom of Chinese Women were still at the bottom of Chinese societysociety

•The first Portuguese arriving in India discovered that their products, apart from bullion, were too primitive for profitable exchange for Asian goods

•Muslim traders dominated Indian Ocean and Islam blocked the spread of Catholic Christianity

•Political divisions divided Asians who did not understand the threat posed by the new intruders

•Since they did not have sufficient acceptable commodities for profitable trade to Asia, the Portuguese used force to enter the network

•Portuguese aimed to establish a monopoly over the spice trade and to license all vessels trading between Malacca and Ormuz

•Portuguese won supremacy on the African and Indian coasts

•They built forts at Goa – western India and Malacca on the Malayan peninsula in 1511

•Objective to control the spice trade

•Rise of the Dutch and English

•Dutch control the spice Island – captured Malacca, better ships

•English control India after the 7 years war

•Europeans were able to control Asian seas but not inland territories. The Europeans were forced to accept the power of Asian rulers in return for permission to trade

•European established tribute regimes resembling the Spanish system in the New World

•Indigenous people lived under their own leaders and paid tribute in products produce by coerced labor under the direction of local elites - tribute system

Asian sea trading network – Divided, from West to East, into three zones prior to the European arrival, an Arab zone based on glass, carpets, and tapestries; an Indian zone, with cotton textiles; and a Chinese zone, with paper, porcelain, and silks

•English and Dutch were not interest in winning converts to their religion.

•Portugal and Spain were, but success in Asia was minimal except in northern Philippines

Goa – Indian city developed by the Portuguese and a major Indian Ocean base; developed an important Indo-European population

Malacca – City on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; a center for trade to the southeastern Asian islands; became a major Portuguese trading Base

Japan and the Great UnifiersJapan and the Great Unifiers

After collapse of Shogunate power in early After collapse of Shogunate power in early 1515thth century, chaos as daimyo fought for century, chaos as daimyo fought for powerpower

Mid - 16Mid - 16thth century – three men fought for century – three men fought for powerpower

Oda NobungaOda Nobunga

Toyotomi HideyoshiToyotomi Hideyoshi

Tokugawa Ieyasu - took title ShogunTokugawa Ieyasu - took title Shogun

Japanese History under Tokugawa

•Edo – capital city, modern-day Tokyo; center of Tokugawa Shogunate

•Deshima – Island port in Nagasaki Bay; the only port open to foreigners, the Dutch, after the 1640s

Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582)

Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582)

Banishes the last Ashikaga shogun.

Unifies a large part of Japan.

Banishes the last Ashikaga shogun.

Unifies a large part of Japan.

•First daimyo to make extensive use of firearms

•Died 1582 – assassinated by one of his own followers

Toyotomi Hideyoshi(1536-1598)

Toyotomi Hideyoshi(1536-1598)

Becomes suspicious of European territorial ambitions.

Orders all European missionaries expelled from Japan. Tries to invade Korea, but fails.

General under Nobunaga; succeeded as power in central Japan

Tokugawa Ieyasu Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-(1543-1616)1616)

Tokugawa Ieyasu Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-(1543-1616)1616) Appointed shogun Appointed shogun

by by the Emperor. the Emperor.

Four-class system Four-class system laid down with laid down with marriage marriage restrictedrestricted to members of the to members of the same class! same class!

Warriors.Warriors.

Farmers.Farmers.

Artisans.Artisans.

Merchants.Merchants.

•Granted title of shogun

•Consolidation of power instead of seeking overseas expansion

Tokugawa Shogunate Period

Tokugawa Shogunate Period Japan closed off to all trade

[except to the Dutch and Chinese]. The Dutch were restricted to a small island in Nagasaki harbor.

Japanese Christians persecuted and Christianity is forbidden. The government is centralized with all power in the hands of the shogun. Domestic trade flourishes. Towns, esp. castle towns, increase. Merchant class becomes rich! New art forms haiku poetry, kabuki theater.

Social Changes/CultureSocial Changes/CultureTrade and industry flourished (stability)Trade and industry flourished (stability)Banking and paper money also helpedBanking and paper money also helpedSocial classes – emperor – shogun – Social classes – emperor – shogun – daimyo – samurai – peasants – artisan – daimyo – samurai – peasants – artisan – merchants than eta – social outcastsmerchants than eta – social outcastsCulture thrived – fiction novel, poetry, Culture thrived – fiction novel, poetry, Kabuki theater, action, music and dramatic Kabuki theater, action, music and dramatic gestures abut life in teahousesgestures abut life in teahousesArt and architecture prosperedArt and architecture prospered

Catholic Jesuits in JapanCatholic Jesuits in JapanCatholic Jesuits in JapanCatholic Jesuits in Japan

St. Francis Xavier[First Catholic Missionaries in [First Catholic Missionaries in

Asia]Asia]

St. Francis Xavier[First Catholic Missionaries in [First Catholic Missionaries in

Asia]Asia]

•New converts were not tolerant of other religious traditions and destroyed some Buddhist shrines

•Toyotomi expelled all Jesuit missionaries and persecuted Japanese Christians

•Finally all European merchants were expelled from Japan with one exception of the Dutch that remained in Nagasaki

First Christian Martyrs First Christian Martyrs (1597): Shrine in (1597): Shrine in

NagasakiNagasakiTodayToday

First Christian Martyrs First Christian Martyrs (1597): Shrine in (1597): Shrine in

NagasakiNagasakiTodayToday

The Least You Need To KnowThe Least You Need To Know

After the overthrow of the Yuan dynasty, the Ming After the overthrow of the Yuan dynasty, the Ming dynasty emerged to take political control of china for the dynasty emerged to take political control of china for the late 14late 14thth century until 1644 century until 1644The voyages of Zheng He during the early 15The voyages of Zheng He during the early 15thth c. were c. were an unsuccessful attempt by China to look beyond its an unsuccessful attempt by China to look beyond its borders borders The Manchu from Manchuria seized control fo the failing The Manchu from Manchuria seized control fo the failing Ming dynasty to create the Qing dynasty, which ruled Ming dynasty to create the Qing dynasty, which ruled China until 1911China until 1911Oda Nobunage, Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Oda Nobunage, Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Leyasu worked to unit a politically chaotic and divided Leyasu worked to unit a politically chaotic and divided Japan under the Tokugawa ShogunateJapan under the Tokugawa Shogunate