The The Ming Ming and and Qing Qing

DynastiDynasties of es of ChinaChina

Some Chinese bureaucrats Some Chinese bureaucrats replaced replaced Turkish, Persian, central Asian and Turkish, Persian, central Asian and othersothers

BackgrouBackgroundndMongol (Yuan) Dynasty 1279 - Mongol (Yuan) Dynasty 1279 -

1368 1368 Best known emperor Kublai Khan Best known emperor Kublai Khan Retained Mongol culture…blended Retained Mongol culture…blended central Asian and Chinese culture central Asian and Chinese culture

Built a centralized state and Built a centralized state and consolidated Chinese rule in former consolidated Chinese rule in former territoriesterritories

The Ming Dynasty 1368 - 1644 The Ming Dynasty 1368 - 1644 Restored native rule to ChinaRestored native rule to ChinaFounded by Emperor Hongwu who Founded by Emperor Hongwu who drove out the Mongolsdrove out the Mongols

The Quest for Political The Quest for Political StabilityStability

Ming military power weakens in Ming military power weakens in timetime

Emperor Yogi 1403-1424Emperor Yogi 1403-1424Expanded Chinese sea trade in Expanded Chinese sea trade in the Indian Ocean and Africathe Indian Ocean and AfricaMoved capital to Beijing in 1421 to Moved capital to Beijing in 1421 to better watch northern nomads better watch northern nomads (Mongols and Manchus)(Mongols and Manchus)

Still needed an active army to be Still needed an active army to be effectiveeffective

Ming Wall Built On Remains Of Ming Wall Built On Remains Of Former Wall Built In 4th Century Former Wall Built In 4th Century BCBCBuilt To Protect Against Northern Built To Protect Against Northern NomadsNomadsLarge labor force requiredLarge labor force required

The Great Wall: 15The Great Wall: 15thth–16–16thth CenturiesCenturies

• Supported Confucian schoolsSupported Confucian schools

Eradication of foreign influence Eradication of foreign influence especially Mongolespecially MongolRestoration of Chinese Restoration of Chinese institutions ignored by Mongolsinstitutions ignored by Mongols

• ConfucianismConfucianism

Ming Cultural ChangesMing Cultural Changes

• Restored civil service Restored civil service examinationsexaminations

Imperial extravaganceImperial extravagance

The navy became ineffective in The navy became ineffective in thethe1616thth century centurySmuggling reduced govt. incomeSmuggling reduced govt. incomePiracy not suppressed until mid-Piracy not suppressed until mid-1500s1500s

Ming DeclineMing Decline

Eunuchs gained influence and Eunuchs gained influence and increased corruption and isolation increased corruption and isolation of emperorsof emperors

Ming Dynasty ended with suicide Ming Dynasty ended with suicide of the Emperorof the Emperor

Emperor Wanli (1572-1620) Emperor Wanli (1572-1620) refused to meet with government refused to meet with government officials… officials… conducted business through conducted business through eunuchseunuchs

Beijing captured by combined Beijing captured by combined forces In 1644forces In 1644

Government did not deal with Government did not deal with famine leading to peasant revolts famine leading to peasant revolts in the 1630's. Peasants allied with in the 1630's. Peasants allied with ManchusManchus

Ruled from 1644 until it was Ruled from 1644 until it was replaced by the Chinese Republic replaced by the Chinese Republic in 1911in 1911Central State Founded In Central State Founded In Manchuria Under Chieftain Manchuria Under Chieftain Nurhaci In 1616 Nurhaci In 1616

Unified Manchu TribesUnified Manchu TribesIssued Law CodeIssued Law CodeDeveloped Strong ArmyDeveloped Strong Army

The Qing (Manchu) The Qing (Manchu) DynastyDynasty

Basis of Manchu power:Basis of Manchu power:

Korea and Mongolia seized in Korea and Mongolia seized in 1620's and 1630's 1620's and 1630's Controlled all of China by the Controlled all of China by the 1680s1680s

Military strength Military strength Ming corruption and inefficiencyMing corruption and inefficiency(caused Ming generals and (caused Ming generals and bureaucrats to desert to the bureaucrats to desert to the Manchu)Manchu)

Strong and effective leadership Strong and effective leadership kept tensions lowkept tensions low

Early Qing LeadershipEarly Qing Leadership

Rulers looked after peoples Rulers looked after peoples welfare and promoted welfare and promoted agricultureagriculture

Emperors studied and Emperors studied and understood Confucianismunderstood ConfucianismPatronized Confucian schools Patronized Confucian schools and academiesand academies

Long reigns of Kangxi (1661-1722) Long reigns of Kangxi (1661-1722) and Qianlong (1736-1794) helped and Qianlong (1736-1794) helped promote stabilitypromote stability

The Reign of Qianlong The Reign of Qianlong 1736-17941736-1794

Learned man who supported Learned man who supported economic strengtheconomic strength

19th century began Qing decline 19th century began Qing decline

Economy strong enough to Economy strong enough to cancel tax collection FOUR cancel tax collection FOUR TIMES!TIMES!Delegated power toward end of Delegated power toward end of reign. His successors followed reign. His successors followed this practicethis practice

Rigorous exam for public service. Rigorous exam for public service. Knowledge of Confucian works, Knowledge of Confucian works, history and literature necessaryhistory and literature necessary

One million degree holders One million degree holders competed for about 20,000 competed for about 20,000 positions!positions!

Exams open to all males, but Exams open to all males, but wealthy had advantage of wealthy had advantage of resources, timeresources, time

The Civil Service ExamsThe Civil Service Exams

Avenue for upward social Avenue for upward social mobilitymobility

Qing goal to restore traditional Qing goal to restore traditional Chinese cultureChinese culture

Global trade brought increased Global trade brought increased wealthwealth

Economic and social change Economic and social change driven by contact from abroaddriven by contact from abroad

Economic and Social Economic and Social ChangesChanges

Agricultural production Agricultural production increased. New American food increased. New American food crops introducedcrops introduced

Filial piety…Confucian morality Filial piety…Confucian morality applied idea of duty to family and applied idea of duty to family and EmperorEmperor

Provided means to transmit Provided means to transmit Confucian values to next Confucian values to next generationgeneration

Father head of household. Father head of household. Veneration of ancestors honored Veneration of ancestors honored male linemale line

The Patriarchal FamilyThe Patriarchal Family

Local education allowed poor to Local education allowed poor to prepare for civil service examsprepare for civil service exams

Women subject to the authority of Women subject to the authority of menmen

Family life continued to move Family life continued to move along traditional lines in Ming and along traditional lines in Ming and Qing ChinaQing China

After marriage became member After marriage became member of husband’s family. Wife of husband’s family. Wife couldn’t initiate divorcecouldn’t initiate divorce

Gender RelationsGender Relations

Girls primary victims of Girls primary victims of infanticideinfanticide

Foot binding widespread among Foot binding widespread among wealthy in Qing Periodwealthy in Qing Period- - deformed feet wouldn’tdeformed feet wouldn’t support weight support weight- showed dependence- showed dependence of women involved of women involved

The Privileged Classes:The Privileged Classes:

LandownersLandowners

Emperor and family at peak Emperor and family at peak of social hierarchyof social hierarchy

Qing Social HierarchyQing Social Hierarchy

Scholar bureaucratsScholar bureaucrats

Confucian traditions divided Confucian traditions divided commoners into three classes:commoners into three classes:

Merchants (ranked at bottom)Merchants (ranked at bottom)

Peasants (the largest class)Peasants (the largest class)

Qing Social HierarchyQing Social Hierarchy

Artisans and workers (lower Artisans and workers (lower status but higher income than status but higher income than peasants)peasants)

The lower classes:The lower classes:Armed Forces Armed Forces (Confucianism (Confucianism considersconsiders them a “necessary evil”) them a “necessary evil”)“Mean people”“Mean people”Slaves Slaves Indentured servants Indentured servants Entertainers Entertainers Prostitutes Prostitutes BeggarsBeggars

Qing Social HierarchyQing Social Hierarchy

China a world leader in Medieval China a world leader in Medieval PeriodPeriod

Government and TechnologyGovernment and Technology

Adopted European cannon and Adopted European cannon and firearmsfirearmsMing and Qing favored stability over Ming and Qing favored stability over innovationinnovationReady availability of labor didn’t Ready availability of labor didn’t encourage inventionencourage inventionChina lost technological ground to China lost technological ground to Europeans in long termEuropeans in long term

Emperor Yongli sponsored Emperor Yongli sponsored expeditionsexpeditionsto Indian Ocean (1405-1433) to Indian Ocean (1405-1433)

Trade, expansion, and Trade, expansion, and withdrawalwithdrawal

Admiral Zheng He Admiral Zheng He Called throughout Indian Ocean as Called throughout Indian Ocean as far west as Africa. Suppressed far west as Africa. Suppressed piracy in Asian waterspiracy in Asian watersSignificantly expanded Chinese Significantly expanded Chinese influenceinfluenceAfter Yongli, emperors no longer After Yongli, emperors no longer supported foreign expeditions supported foreign expeditions

Foreign merchants in China closely Foreign merchants in China closely supervised by government supervised by government Limited access to specific ports Limited access to specific ports Chinese merchants not Chinese merchants not encouraged to trade overseasencouraged to trade overseasNo large ship yards allowed. noNo large ship yards allowed. notrading corporations supportedtrading corporations supportedThus they could not compete with Thus they could not compete with Europeans by the time of the QingEuropeans by the time of the Qing