Relating Ming Relating Ming China and China and

Tokugawa JapanTokugawa Japan

Smithtown High SchoolSmithtown High SchoolAP World History 10AP World History 10

to the ‘to the ‘Big Picture Big Picture ’ ’ themes of unit IV.themes of unit IV.

AbsolutismAbsolutism• Hongwu removed chief minister position• Established a bureaucracy • Developed Imperial City and the Forbidden City • Killed rivals, ruled through terror (public beatings) • Civil service exam (stopped family connections)• Chose imperial wives from humble families • Limited number of eunuchs • Censored writings • Continued subordination of youth to elders and women to men

• Ieyasu created new capital at Edo. • Led bureaucracy and controlled daimyo • Ensured Tokugawa succession • Banned Christianity (threatened loyalty to the shogun)• Banned Western books • Ensured rigid class structure • Restricted foreign trade

•Ota Dokan built this castle in 1432-1486

•Tokugawa Ieyasu used this castle as his first stronghold and began programs to build more.

•He charged the Daimyo with construction projects, delegating them responsibility over certain areas of the construction.

•As a result, the Daimyo competed with one another and tried to seek the approval of the Shogun.

Japanese CastlesJapanese Castles

•Sankin kōtai ("alternate attendance") was a policy of the Tokugawa Shogunate. The requirement was that the Daimyo move periodically between Edo and his han (land), typically spending alternate years in each place.

•His wife and heir were required to remain in Edo as hostages.

•The purpose was to control the daimyo.

•The expenditures necessary to maintain lavish residences in both places, and for the procession to and from Edo, placed financial strains on the daimyo making them unable to wage war.

Alternate AttendanceAlternate Attendance

Plantation SystemPlantation System• Introduction of new crops and crop rotation led to a surge in population growth.

• When public works projects failed and floods, droughts, and famines hit, local landlords built huge estates and took advantage of the peasants.• Agriculture increased - improved farming techniques.

• The shogun was responsible for distributing rice (national crop). Farmers got the least and they were often tempted to defy shogun's orders and move to cities to engage in trade.

Gunpowder CivilizationsGunpowder Civilizations• Gunpowder cannons were used in the Mongol conquests of the 13th century.

• The city walls of Beijing were designed to withstand an artillery attack and the Ming dynasty moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing because the hills around Nanjing were good locations for invaders to place artillery.

• Cannon technology in Europe outpaced that of China and these technological improvements transferred back to China through Jesuit missionaries who were put in charge of cannon manufacture by the late Ming and early Qing emperors.

• Introduced by the Europeans and the Japanese then manufactured firearms themselves - which revolutionized local warfare.• Issued and strictly controlled by the government

Sea-Based EmpiresSea-Based Empires

• Under Emperor Yongle, expeditions between 1405-1423 to southeast Asia, Persia, Arabia, and East Africa under

Zheng He.

• Did not continue Hideyoshi's overseas expansion plans (Korea), but concentrated

internally.

Global TradeGlobal Trade

• Chinese goods like paper, porcelain, and silks were in demand throughout Asia and Europe. Europeans were allowed to come to Macao and Canton to do business.

• Ming were active traders in Indian Ocean (major ports were Hangzhou, Quanzhou, and Guangzhou). Traded for silver with Europe and Japan.• European traders exchanged firearms, clocks, and printing presses for Japanese silver, copper, and artisan products.

• By 1616, merchants confined to a few cities; by 1630 no Japanese ships sailed overseas; by 1640 only Dutch and Chinese ships could visit Japan to trade at Deshima Island.

Compare/ContrastCompare/Contrast

Are there more similarities or differences between Ming China and Tokugawa

Japan? Explain your answer.