artur rejter ekspresywny wymiar apelatywnych i ...ispan.waw.pl/default/images/sow/sm9_sum.pdf ·...

Slavia Meridionalis 9 - Summaries

Artur Rejter

Ekspresywny wymiar apelatywnych i proprialnych compositów nazywających osoby w historii polszczyzny

Expressive aspect of appelative and proprial composed lexemes naming people in history of Polish

In the article the author presents the analysis of both expressive ap-pelative and proprial composed lexemes naming people in the history of Polish language. The author shows that sometimes one can treat ap-pelative and proprial names as a whole. The structural models are simi-lar and the method used in the research of appelative vocabulary can be proper in analysis of proprial names.

A few aspects were observed, too. Structural aspect, stylistic and semantic aspect, psycholinguistic aspect, pragmatic aspect, sociologi-cal aspect and cultural aspect were taken into consideration what made possible to describe the analysed vocabulary in broadly understood communicative context.

Słowa kluczowe: język polski, historia polszczyzny, leksyka ekspresywna, nazwy osobowe własne i pospolite, onomastyka.

Key words: Polish language, history of Polish language, expressive lexis, appelative and proprial names of people, onomastics.


Dorota Paśko

O kalkach słowotwórczych w polszczyźnie mieszkańców Wierszyny na Syberii

On morphological calques in the Polish dialect of the inhabitants of Wierszyna in Siberia

Wierszyna is a Polish village in Siberia, located about 180 km north of Irkuck. The inha bitants of Wierszyna use two linguistic codes: Pol-ish and Russian. The influence of Russian on the Polish dialect of the inhabitants of Wierszyna is visible particularly at lexical level (Russian borrowings and calques). Morphological calques in the Polish dialect of the inha bitants of Wierszyna are derivates formed under the influence of Russian and they follow the pattern of Russian word formation.

Słowa kluczowe: dwujęzyczność, kalka słowotwórcza, zapożyczenie językowe, zmiana kodu, kontakt językowy.

Key words: bilingualism, morphological calque, borrowing, code-switching, linguistic contact.


Ewa Konefał

Leksyka niestandardowa we współczesnym rosyjskim tekście prasowym jako problem translatorski

Non‑standard lexicon in contemporary Russian press text as a translation problem

The scope of interest of this article encompasses stylistically mar-ked lexicon which stems from word building processes, and which is placed outside the contemporary educated Russian, and also problems connected with translation of such lexical units into Polish. The man-ner of translating the above non-standard lexicon is dependent on va-rious factors – both on a specific press genre in which this unit is fo-und, as well as on an individual translation strategy assumed by a given translator.

Słowa kluczowe: leksyka niestandardowa, neologizm potoczny, tekst prasowy, przekład, transformacje przekładowe.

Key words: non-standard lexis, colloquial neologisms, press text, translation, trans-lation transformations.


Ewa Rogowska‑Cybulska

O kreowaniu „parafraz słowotwórczych” w tekstach reklam (w kontekście uwag o słowotwórstwie języków niestandardowych)

The creation of ‘formative paraphrases’ in the texts of advertisements (in the context of remarks about the word

formation of non‑standard languages)

The article concerns the ways of understanding the terms of non-standard languages and non-standard word formation. It also concerns one of the non-standard formative means used as a persuasive tool in the texts of advertisements which is the usage of formative paraphrases in the neighbourhood of derivatives or the words created as derivatives. The formative paraphrases created for the needs of advertisements dif-fer mainly from the standard formative paraphrases in the following ways: 1) the choice of improper basic word for a paraphrased word, 2) the lack of concord in the number of formative themes which appear in the paraphrased word and the number of basic words used in its para-phrase, 3) the improper selection of genus proximum.

Słowa kluczowe: języki niestandardowe, słowotwórstwo niestandardowe, parafra-zy słowotwórcze, perswazja, reklama.

Key words: non-standard languages, non-standard word formation, formative par-non-standard languages, non-standard word formation, formative par-aphrases, persuasion, advertisements.


Irena Stramljič Breznik

Okazionalizmi v sodobni slovenski mladinski književnosti

Occasionalisms in modern Slovenian youth literature

The article brings a contribution on occasionalisms, used by two acknowledged Slovenian authors Lilijana Praprotnik-Zupančič, known widely by her pen name Lila Prap, and Bina Štampe Žmavc.

The presented typology of their occasionalisms on the one hand derives from lettristic elements (V LENArtu je živela deklica HeLENA), successive combination of words and their trunks in the new entity (levača < lev- + (k)-ača) or inserting of one word into another one (oplev-ica < op- + -lev- + -ica). On the other hand there is the so-called model-ling and creative use of already known native or foreign word-forming pattern, in which only the part of new contextual connected meaning of the word was replaced, such as (klept-o-sned-ka < parallel case to sladk-o-sned-ka) or (stavbotekt < parallel case to arhitekt).

The function of such words is a word game with a dimension of nonsense, and consequently intentional approaching to children lan-guage. But for the authors this is a process of experimentation and a so-urce of creative linguistic pleasure.

Ključne besede: leksikologija, okazionalizem, mladinska književnost.

Key words: lexicology, occasionalisms, youth literature.

Słowa kluczowe: leksykologia, okazjonalizm, literatura młodzieżowa.


Iwona Kaproń‑Charzyńska

O formancie -encja we współczesnej polszczyźni

On formative -encja in modern Polish

The object of description in this paper are derivatives with forma-tive -encja. Observation of vocabulary of modern Polish leads to con-clusion that formative -encja is used for creating derivatives, motivated by verbs and nouns. Formations motivated by nouns are characterized by expressiveness.

The analysis led the autor to the conclusion that in described for-mations, like for example czapencja, głowencja, lalencja, a pragmatic function of the word-formation is manifesting.

Słowa kluczowe: współczesna polszczyzna, słowotwórstwo, derywaty ekspresywne.

Key words: modern Polish, word-formation, expressive derivatives.


Joanna Mietła

Czeska i polska gwara szkolna – mechanizmy poszerzania słownictwa

Czech and Polish school slang – methods of enriching vocabulary

In this paper the author describes the school slang in Polish and Czech languages. The examples used throughout the paper have been extracted almost exclusively from Polish and Czech slang dictionaries.

This paper presents methods of enriching Czech and Polish slang vocabulary, especially methods of word formation. The author con-cludes that derivation dominates in Czech. In Polish is being observed derivation and composition.

In both languages occur also neosemantisms and tendency to bor-row many new words from other languages, especially from English.

Słowa kluczowe: gwara szkolna, sposoby wzbogacania słownictwa, język czeski, ję-zyk polski.

Key words: school slang, methods of enriching vocabulary, Czech, Polish language.


Katarzyna Dembska

O nazwach zawodowych kobiet we współczesnym języku rosyjskim

About vocational feminine forms in contemporary Russian language

The author considers process to increase the quantity of vocational feminine forms in contemporary Russian language, especially in Rus-sian press and Internet.

This paper presents Russian vocational feminine forms (е.g.: директорша, бизнесменша, архитекторша, инженерша, инспекторша, таксистка, тренерша).

The author tries to analyse these all forms in connection with sit-uation of Russian language today and describes also a contrary ten-dency: changing of the feminine form to masculine (секретарша – секретарь).

Słowa kluczowe: współczesny język rosyjski, żeńskie nazwy zawodowe, lingwisty-ka genderowa, rosyjska prasa i Internet.

Key words: vocational feminine forms, contemporary Russian language, gender linguistic, Russian press and Internet.


Krystyna Waszakowa

Derywowane anglicyzmy jako wyraz ekspansji słownictwa potocznego i środowiskowego w języku mediów ostatniego

ćwierćwiecza

Derived anglicisms as signs of the expansion over the last quarter‑century of colloquial and circle ‑related

vocabulary within the language of the media

This study presents the dynamic processes by which anglicisms are being made subject to assimilative word-formation in the most current Polish, as these may be set against the more general developmental trend dubbed “democratisation”, to be observed in contemporary Slavic lan-guages. The last quarter century’s observed expansion within media language of both colloquial vocabulary and vocabulary associated with a specific circle is something the author links with, on the one hand: the younger generation’s enhanced need to achieve effective expression, generate value judgments and demonstrate affinity with a given group or circle (i.a. by way of specific wordplay and camouflage); and on the other: a “laid-back” atti tude, with a simul taneous desire (on the part of journalists) to bring the media they repre sent closer to their audiences or recipients, which is to say to ordinary, everyday users of language.

Słowa kluczowe: derywowane anglicyzmy, słownictwo potoczne, język mediów.

Key words: derived anglicisms, colloquial vocabulary, language of the media.


Małgorzata Berend

Derywaty terminologiczne a struktura gniazda słowotwórczego

Terminological derivatives and the structure of a word‑formation root

Besides derivatives that belong to the general Polish language, the structure of a word-formation root also includes some units that bear special meanings. By pro-jecting the lexical stock of contemporary glossaries, roots take over also those ele-ments of lexical description, which make it possible to relate a given formation to some definite register of the Polish language.

This paper contains an analysis of derivatives, whose usages are limited to some definite environments, especially scientific ones, or sporadically – social ones. They have been called terminological formations, as they create their lexical subsystem, they function within the terminology of a given area, and constitute its vocabulary representation, e.g. [ciecz-o-mierz-(Ø)] [flow-meter] Supl. techn. “an instrument that measures the volume of liquid that flows through it”. Formations that are qualified as geographical, chronological, expressive and frequentative ones have fallen outside our area of interest. The material comes from the SGS Verb volume, including 3,730 bases and approximately 35,000 derivative words, out of which 6,451 derivatives be-long to terminological ones. It has been observed that the derivation degree does not affect the frequency of terminological lexemes, whereas their frequency is strictly connected with their grammatical classification. A decisive majority of qualified de-rivatives are Nouns; then come Adjectives, and Verbs occur only marginally.

Terminological usages meet the systemicity condition by duplicating their ready-made construction models and using their worked out derivative paths, thus gain-ing in transparency. Nevertheless, the stability of such mechanisms may only be ob-served at the level of models; it is absent from the multitude of derivative techniques and word-formation types. Derivative specificity of selected qualifiers is clearly vis-ible. On the other hand, no inheritance of qualifiers by formations, which remain in direct semantic and formal relations, has been noticed.

Słowa kluczowe: derywat, gniazdo słowotwórcze, model, słowotwórstwo, terminologia.

Key words: derivative, word-formation root, model, word, terminology.


Małgorzata Milewska‑Stawiany

O derywatach deminutywnych w górnołużyckich pieśniach ludowych (w odniesieniu do dialektów i współczesnego języka

górnołużyckiego)

On diminutive derivatives in Upper Sorbian folk songs (with reference to dialects and contemporary Upper Sorbian’s

language)

Deminutiwa are frequently met in Upper Sorbian folk songs. They tend to play rather emotional than descriptive role (the former by in-forming about the size of an object) and above all in composing verses. It is not always possible to conclude whether given derivative plays in a song the clearly defined qualitative semantic role. Some, being first diminutive might become basic words like łastojčka / łastolčka, have in present Sorbian’s dialects been only structural derivatives. In some cases the structural diminutive form indicates regional differentiation like (čorna) jahodka near the village of Kamjenc.

By comparing to the contemporary Upper Sorbian’s language, the structural distinction of the folk songs’ diminutives has been proved, like ječmenik, zwonašk, which were created solely for the purpose of composing the verse.

Słowa kluczowe: język górnołużycki, słowotwórstwo, deminutiwa, pieśń ludowa, dialekt.

Key words: Upper Sorbian’s language, word-formation, diminutives, folk songs, dialect.


Natalia Długosz

Uwagi o deminutywach gorańskich (na podstawie materiału słownikowego)

Remarks on Goran diminutives (upon vocabular material)

In this article I am focusing on an issue of a word structure of Goran nominal diminutive formations. This analysis is based on a lin-guistic material excerpted from a Goran-Albanian dictionary by Na-zif Dokle Reçnik goranski (nashinski) – allbanski, Peçatnica Naukini Akademiji “Prof. Marin Drinov”, Sofia 2007. In reference to conduct-ed analysis it may be concluded, that Goran nominal diminutives are formed through suffixal derivation, eg. dim → dimec. Goran nominal diminutives are formed by adding of 7 suffixes: -ec (dukat → dukatec), -ica (baklava → baklavica), -ce (dërvo → dërvce), -ence (içaje → iça-jence), -içe (dërpulka → dërpulkiçe), -çe (çader → çaderçe), -e (çujek → çujeçe). Suffixes -çe and -içe are the most productive diminutive forma-tives in the Nashen (nashinski) language and the range of their deri-vation is very wide. Formatives -çe and -içe, that derivate diminutives from feminine and masculine nouns, cause a change of a grammar gender of the derivative in comparision to its base word. In this respect Goran diminutives represent clear similarity to Bulgarian and Mace-donian diminutives.

Słowa kluczowe: język gorański/naszenski, gorańskie deminutywa rzeczownikowe, formanty deminutywne.

Key words: the Goran/Nashen language, Goran nominal diminutive formations, di-minutive suffixes.


Piotr Stalmaszczyk

Między fleksją a słowotwórstwem: celtyckie przyimki zaimkowe (na przykładzie języków goidelskich)

Between inflection and derivation: Celtic pronominal prepositions

One of the characteristic features of modern Celtic languages is the wide usage of pronominal prepositions (also known as conjugated pre-positions or prepositional pronouns). These forms consist of a preposi-tion and a suffixed pronoun, or rather a pronominal personal ending. The process of their formation, referred to as ‘fusion’, ‘agglutination’, ‘incorporation’, or ‘merger’ resembles to some extent both inflection and derivation (word formation). The paper discusses the origin and properties of selected Celtic (especially Goidelic) pronominal preposi-tions, and gives examples of usage (including the possessive construc-tions) from Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx.

Słowa kluczowe: przyimki zaimkowe, języki goidelskie, języki celtyckie.

Key words: pronominal prepositions, Celtic, Goidelic.


Viara Maldjieva

Korelacja derywacji leksykalnej i derywacji słowotwórczej w polskim slangu młodzieżowym

Correlation between lexical and word‑formation derivation in Polish youth slang

The subject of research in the article are word-formation defined/ar-ticled units, which are found in standard Polish language and the youth slang, but differ in meaning in one and the other. The meanings of these words are subject to comparative analysis in order to confirm or reject the thesis that the slang has ‘borrowed’ these words from standard lan-guage and that further in the domain of the slang they have undergone lexical derivation. It is accep ted that a confirmation of the thesis set forth is the existence of a relation of semantic generated of the meaning of the word from the standard language. The comparison of meanings also re-veals the types of semantic relationships between the word-formation of the derivative in the standard language and the corresponding lexical unit of the slang.

Słowa kluczowe: derywacja leksykalna, derywacja słowotwórcza, slang.

Key words: lexical derivation, word-formation derivation, slang.


Ваня Зидарова

Именната система в българския младежки сленг (субстантивна лексика)

The noun system in the Bulgarian youth slang

The youth slang in the Bulgarian language origins in the begin-ning of the 20th century. Currenyly it’s a system with specific langu-age properties and represents a subsystem of the standard language. The dictionary of slang contains mostly the nouns, the adjectives and the verbs. The sources of the noun formation are: old social dialects, standard Bulgarian language, foreign languages, the movies, the mo-dern music and the television. The most important modes of formation of the nouns are: semantic derivation (methaphoric transformation of the standard semantics), lexical derivation (use of expressive word with standard suffixes), formal modification of the foreign nouns, mainly from English. The standard Bulgarian words are semanticly changed, while the foreign words are adapted to the Bulgarian language system.

Ключови думи: младежки сленг, образуване на имена, езикови особености.

Key words: youth slang, formation of the nouns, language properties.

Słowa kluczowe: slang młodzieżowy, derywacja rzeczownikowa, cechy językowe.


Елена И. Коряковцева

Язык российских СМИ в эпоху постмодерна: рост словообразовательной активности арготизмов

The language of Russian press in the post ‑modernism’s age: expansion of productivity of argot’s words

Today the media is often seen as the “fourth estate” of the Russian Feredration’s system, which already marks its special position in soci-ety. To answer the question if the media is really responsible for aggres-sion, its texts were analysed in order to underline the some aspects of language manipulation that must come together to create violence and aggression. Th e modern journalistic texts are characterized by contin-The modern journalistic texts are characterized by contin- texts are characterized by contin-texts are characterized by contin-ually growing trend to intensify negative emotions. Moreover, the me-Moreover, the me-the me-me-dia language violence has certain potential effects on the individual and is able to affect everybody. The author examines the productivity of various argot’s words in the journalistic texts.

Ключевые слова: средства массовой информации, словесная агрессия, про-дуктивность, арготизмы.

Key words: media, language aggression, productivity, argot’s words.

Słowa kluczowe: media masowe, agresja językowa, produktywność, wulgaryzmy.


Людвиг Селимски

Към словообразуването в банатския говор

On the wordformation in the Bulgarian dialect of Banat

The present research deals with several wordformation peculiarities in the dialect of the Bulgarians living in Banat, which characterize it as a typical mixed language. Among others they are:

1. Parallelism and synonymy of motivated words, that is to say the exis-tence of derived words with identical suffixes but comming from different bas-es (e.g. струкàр // струнгàр ‘turner’) or the existence of synonymous derived words with different suffixes but comming from identical bases (e.g. луфчùйа // луфчùин // луфчềр // лòвник’ ‘hunter’; к’ириджùйа // к’ирийàш ‘hirer’);

2. The occurrence of pleonastic suffixes, which are semantically redun-dant, as for example the suffix -аш in the noun газдàш that means just the same as the basic noun гàзда ‘a wealthy man; a man of wealth’, or the suffix -ул’ in the noun бàчул’ that signifies the same as the basic noun бач ‘Roma-nian who sells apples in the villages of Banat’ etc.;

3. The occurrence of hybrid derived words, such as the words formed by means of the international suffix -атор (‑атòр // ‑àтур) from the native bases, as for example in the nouns: пазатòр ‘a thrifty man’, прусàтур ‘an intermediary in matters of marriage’ etc.;

4. The occurrence of suffi xes which are unknown in the Bulgarian lan-rence of suffi xes which are unknown in the Bulgarian lan-ence of suffixes which are unknown in the Bulgarian lan-guage or occur with a different function, as for example the suffix -шàк in the noun газдашàк ‘a property; a great wealth’ (cf. the above-mentioned гàзда, газдàш ‘a wealthy man; a man of wealth’).

Thus, a good deal of the derived words in this Bulgarian dialect have morphems originating from several other languages like: German, Hunga-rian, Romanian, Serbian.

Ключови думи: паралелизъм и синонимия на словообразувателните формации, плео настични суфикси, хибриден тип формации.

Key words: parallelism and synonymy of motivated words, pleonastic suffixes, hybrid derived words.

Słowa kluczowe: paralelizm i synonimia formacji słowotwórczych, sufiks pleona-styczny, formacja hybrydalna.


Людмила Кирова

Иновации в производството на съвременна българска лексика

Innovations in lexis production of contemporary Bulgarian

The article analyses the morphologically unformed subordinate component in the borrowed compounds and its adaptation in the Bul-garian language (for example смарткарта/смарт карта < smart card). As this component is semantically and syntactically dependent, it is examined as a formant. The expanded range of the formant rela-tions highlights the relativity of the borders between compound and syntactic constructions. The essential aspect to be considered is the word -formation relation between stems, which transforms the subor-dinate component into an inner formant (whereas the additional suf-fix, or the outer formant, is not binding and is not productive at present moment). However, the formant tends to become a lexeme. Additional suffixes don’t take part in the formation of the formant which can be recognized either as a noun or an adjective depending on its syntactic function. Evidence gathered in the course of the research suggests that in the speech patterns including borrowed components used by the younger generation in Bulgaria analytism dominates the lexical and grammatical syncretism of the ancient model of the united lexeme.

Ключови думи: български език, субстандартни езици, заемки, сложни думи, слово съчетания.

Key words: Bulgarian language, substandard language, loanwords, compounds, conversion.

Słowa kluczowe: język bułgarski, języki niestandardowe, zapożyczenie, związki wyrazowe, wyrazy złożone.


Цветелина Георгиева

За употребите на нов тип деривати с анти‑ в българския език от началото на ХХІ век

For the uses of some new type derivatives with anti‑ in the Bulgarian language from the beginning of the 21st century

The object of attention in the present survey are derivative lexical units, formed with the prepositional morpheme anti‑, e.g. антистрес, антиБСП, антиКостов, which haven’t been regulated by a rule and haven’t been referred in the lexical code practice yet. In this article, the way of forming and the category characteristic of the new language units with the formant anti- are studied, as well as the functions of some derivatives with anti‑ in a text.

From the observation on the language material and as a result of word formation analyze of the lexical units with prepositional mor-pheme anti‑, it was specified that some derivative words have changing category nature.

On the base of the obtained results, the rules are proposed for uni-fying the way of spelling of the derivatives from discussed type.

Kлючови думи: дериват, съществително име, препозитивна морфема, неологизъм.

Key words: derivative, noun, prepositional morpheme, neologism.

Słowa kluczowe: derywat, rzeczownik, morfem prepozycyjny, neologizm.


Юлия Булаш

Словообразовательные особенности субстандартных фразеологических вариантов

Word formation peculiarities of phraseological variants in slang

Word formation variants of phraseological units are characterized by the difference in word formation structure of words-components and are represented more widely in slang than in the literary (stan-dard) language.

Word formation variation in slang is characterized by a specific set of means which are not represented in word formation variation of li-terary language phraseological units: in slang the variation of non-sy-nonymous prefixes takes place; there is a tendency of forming variants by means of desuffixation; most phraseological variants are marked by reflected variation and the synonymy of a motivating and motivated variants, which leads to word formation affixes desemantization.

Ключевые слова: варианты, субстандарт, вариантность, словообразование, фразео логиз мы.

Key words: variants, substandard, variation, word formation, phraseological units.

Słowa kluczowe: warianty, substandard, wariacja, derywacja, frazeologizmy.

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