arthrology
DESCRIPTION
Dr. Waqas Nawaz PMAS arid agriculture university rawalpindiTRANSCRIPT
ARTHROLOGY
By:
Waqas Nawaz11-arid-975__DVM 2nd sem
ARTHROLOGY
Study of jointsThe Articulations of Joints An articulation or Joint is formed
by the union of two or more bones or cartilages by other tissue
CLASSIFICATION
a. Anatomically according to their mode of development, the nature of the uniting medium, and the form of the joint surfaces.
b. Physiologically, with regard to the amount and kind of movement or the absence of mobility in them.
c. By a combination of the foregoing considerations.
SUBDIVISIONS
Three chief subdivisions of joints are usually recognized on the basis of function:-
a. Synarthroses b. Diarthroses c. Amphi-Arthroses
SYNARTHROSES / FIBROUS JOINTS In this group the segments are united
by fibrous tissue or cartilage or a mixture of the two Fixed or immovable joints There is no cavity Most of these joints are temporary
CLASSES The chief classes in this group of
joints are as follows:- (1) Suture:- This term (Suture) is applied to those joints in which the adjacent bones are closely united by fibrous tissues the sutural ligament
Suture Serrata Suture Squamosa Suture Harmonia
2-SYNDESMOSIS
In these the uniting medium is white fibrous or elastic tissue or a mixture.
e.g., union of the shaft of the metacarpal bones and the attachments
to each other of costal cartilages
3-SYNCHONDROSIS
In these, the two bones are united by cartilage.
e.g the joints between the basilar part of the occipital bone and the
sphenoid bone. Very few joints are permanent.
4. Symphysis:- This term is usually limited to a
few median joints which connect symmetrical parts of the skeleton.
e.g Symphysis pelvis, symphysis mandible.
5. Gomphosis:- This term is sometimes applied to
the implantation of the teeth in the alveoli. The gomphosis is not properly considered a joint at all sine the teeth are not parts of the skeleton.
SYMPHYSIS & GOMPHYSIS
DIARTHROSES/SYNOVIAL JOINTS These joints are characterized by the
presence of a joint cavity with a synovial membrane in the joint capsule and by their mobility.
Movable or true joints. Functional joint
Consists of synovial fluid, articular cartilage, joint cavity, joint capsule, ligaments, particular discs or menisci and a marginal cartilage
MOVEMENTS The movements of a joint are
determined chiefly by the form and extent of joint surfaces and the arrangement of ligaments. They are usually classified as:- Gliding Angular Movements Circumduction Rotation Adduction abduction
CLASSIFICATION This is based on the form of the joint surfaces
and the movements which occur. The following chief classes may be recognized:-
1. Arthrodia:- Or gliding joint Examples: Carpo-metacarpal joints
2. Ginglymus :- Or hinge-joint Examples:- Atlanto - occipital and elbow joints.
3. Trochoid:- Or pivot joint.Examples:- Atlanto – axial joint.
4. Enarthrosis:- Or ball-and-socket joints.Examples:- Hip and shoulder joints.
AMPHIARTHROSES
Segments are directly united by a plate of fibro-cartilage, and usually by ligaments also
These joints are nearly all medial in position
Joints between the bodies of the vertebrae There is typically no joint cavity, but in
certain situation one exists.
AMPHIARTHROSIS
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