army national guard tactics (1923)

8/8/2019 Army National Guard Tactics (1923)

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COMMAND, STAFF,AND TACTICSFOR

OFFICERS OF THE NATIONALGUARD AND ORGANIZED RESERVES

THE GENERAL SERVICE SCHOOLS PRESSFORT LEAVENWORTH, KANSAS

1 9 2 3


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COMMAND, S T A F F , AND TACTICS

FOROFFICERS OF THE NATIONAL GUARDAND ORGANIZED RESERVES

A brief discussion of the general organization of a combat division, the functions ofcommand and staffy the tactics and techniqueof the separate branches, and combat orders

Prepared byTHE GENERAL SERVICE SCHOOLSFORT LEAVENWORTH, KANSAS

1 9 2 3

THE GENERAL SERVICE SCHOOLS PRESSFORT LEAVENWORTH, KANSAS

4744-15-2323M


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P r efa c eThe War Department project for summer training anticipates that officers of the National Guard and Organized

Reserves, before going to the encampments, shall familiarize themselves with:(1) The general organization of the division, the general organization and functions of the branches of service within thedivision, and the detailed organization and functions of regimentsand subordinate units.(2) The general duties and interrelation s of the general staffand the representatives of the administrative and technicalbranches at headquarters of the division, and similarly, the organization and operation of subordinate commands.(3) The tactics and technique of the separate branches ofthe division from the viewpoint respectively of general officers,field officers, and company officers.(4) The kinds and purposes of field orders, their contents,and arrangement.(5) The table of road spaces and the frontages and depthof deployment of the division.(6) The maps of the camp sites.

This pamphlet has been prepared by The GeneralService Schools, Fo rt Leaven worth, K ansas, under W ar Department instructions, with a view to presenting the abovesubjects in a form convenient for study and reference andso abbreviated that the matter can be covered in the limitedtime which is available for study. The tra ining programrequires th at "before repo rting for duty * * * eachofficer will be expected to familiarize himself with" thispamphlet.It is contemplated that the information obtained fromthe very brief discussions given herein will be amplified byconferences and terrain exercises given at the summercamps. A more extended exposition of these subjects isto be found in the Training Regulations and in the textbooks in use at the General and Special Service Schools.

H. E. ELY,Commandant.OCNI


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Contents

CHAPTER I PageORGANIZATION 1Military organizationMilitary policyRegular ArmyNational GuardOrganized ReservesOrganization inpeacePeace to war footingTheater of operationsCommunications zoneCombat zoneCoast defenseClassification of troopsFunctions of larger unitsThe armyThecorpsThe divisionThe combined arms and branches.CHAPTER II

COMMAND AND STAFF 22Basis of commandExercise of commandStaffsThegeneral staffThe technical and administrative staffStaffsof lower unitsAdministrationSignal communicationSystem of supplySystem of evacuation and hospitalizationTransport system.CHAPTER III

INFANTRY 31FunctionsOrganizationThe rifle platoonThe riflecompanyThe machine gun companyThe battalionThehowitzer companyThe regimentThe brigadeThe light tank company.CHAPTER IV

ARTILLERY 52Functions of artilleryClasses of field artilleryOrganization of division artilleryArtillery commandOccupation of positionsPreparation of fireArtillery preparationSupporting firesCounter battery fireLiaison.

CHAPTER VCAVALRY 71Role of cavalryOrganizationCavalry operationsGeneral tactical employmentOffensive actionDefensiveactionPursuit.

CHAPTER VIDIVISION AIR SERVICE, ENGINEERS, MEDICAL TROOPS ANDTRANSPORT 96Mission of the air serviceEmployment of division airserviceBalloonsMission of division engineersOrganization of a combat engineer regimentDivision medical troopsDivision transportOrganization of trainsOperation ofthe service trains.


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C O N T E N T SCHAPTER VII

PageMARCHES AND SHELTER 106General considerations of marchesPreparation formarchesConduct of marchesRate and length of marches

Artillery on the marchSignal troops on the marchMedical troops on the marchTransport on the marchShelterin campaignQuartering troopsSelection of camp sitesCampsDivision trains in campMedical service in camp.CHAPTER VIII

INFORMATION AND RECONNAISSANCE llfrInformation Military intelligence Combat intelligenceReconnaissanceReconnaissance by air serviceReconnaissance by cavalryReconnaissance by infantryReconnaissance by commander and staffObservation.CHAPTER IX

SECURITY 123;General considerations Security detachments Advance guardsFlank guardsRear guardsFunctions ofoutpostsConduct of outpostsStrengthComposition of outpostsDistribution of troopsEstablishing the outpost.CHAPTER X

OFFENSIVE COMBAT 135;General principlesForms of attackThe frontal attackThe penetrationThe envelopmentSpecial operationsPlan of attackDeployments for attackTime and spacefactorsPosition of commandersTypes of offensive situations Surprise attacks Meeting engagements Attackagainst an enemy deployed for defenseAttack against aprepared positionAttack against a zone defenseActionafter the attack.

CHAPTER XIDEFENSIVE COMBAT 152:General considerationsPrinciples of defensive action

Conduct of defensive combatForms of defenseOccupationof the groundDisposition of troopsOrganization of a positionThe defensive battleCounter attacks.CHAPTER XII

COMBAT ORDERS 166Combat ordersEstimate of the situationLetters of instruction Warning orders Field orders AdministrativeordersMovement ordersTime required for distribution ofordersThe use of maps with ordersForms for ordersAdvanceAdvance guardA halt for the night; camp withoutpostAttackDefenseAdministrative ordersArtilleryannexTable of abbreviations.INDEX 189MAP POCKET at end

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123456789

1011121314151617

List of Plates and DiagramsFigure Page

. Divisions of the Na tional Guard 5

. Divisions of the Organized Reserves 7

. Typical organization of an arm y 13

. Typical organization of a corps 14

. Diagram of the organ ization of a division 15

. Basic organization of a division staff 27

. Approach formation, infa ntry platoon 34

. Assault formations, infantry platoons 35. Close approach formations of the batta lion (a) 39

. Close approach formations of the batta lion (b) 40

. Table of road spaces following page 108

. Terminology and general outline of a ba ttle zone 155. Deployed defense 156. Position defense 157. Ba ttle position 161. Means of signa l communication 176. Conventional signs 177

Vii


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Tables of OrganisationPage

1W Infan try Divisionf 18-193W Special Troops, Inf an try Division 20-21

*23W Infantry Regimentf 44-4526W Infantry Battalionf 4628WRifle Company, In fant ry Regiment 4729W Machine Gun Company, In fan try Regiment 48-4930WHowitzer Company, In fan try Regiment 50-5138W Battery 75-mm. Gun Regiment 62-6336W Battalion, 75-mm. Gun Regim entf 6433W Regiment, 75-mm. Gun Regim entf 66-6731WField A rtillery Brigad e, Inf an try Divisionf 68-69136W Battalion, 155-mm. How itzer, Motorizedf 70

401WCavalry Divisionf 82-83421WCavalry Brig adef 84-85423W Cavalry Regim ent 86-87426W Squadron, Cavalry Regim entf 88-89428W Troop, Cavalry Regiment 90-91429WMachine Gun Troop, Cava lry Machine Gun Squadron 92-93436W Separate Ba ttalion, 75-mm. Guns, Ho rse A rtillery 94-95

*Abbreviated.fConsolidated table.

viii


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CHAPTER I

OrganizationMilitary organizationMilitary policyRegular ArmyNational Guard

Paragraph1234Organized ReservesOrganization in peacePeace to war footingTheater of operationsCommunications zone

5. 6789Combat zone . 10Coast defense 11Classification of troopsFunctions of larger unitsThe armyThe corpsThe division

1213141516The combined arm s and branches 17

1. MILITARY ORGANIZATION.a. Military organizationcomprises the correct and systematic arrangement of theman-power and economic resources of a nation for theaccomplishment of a definite purpose. It provides thatcombination and unity of effort essential to success in war.Based on regulations, tables of organization are preparedfor all units and branches, both in peace and wa r. Otherregulations prescribe the territorial organization for command and administration and define the method of extending this organization to meet war conditions.b. Organization for war implies thorough and soundpreparation therefor. Thorough preparation includes acorrect organization of all arms-, branches, and services, andplans for the transition of the nation from a peace to a warbasis. Sound preparation results from correct conclusionsas to the resources of the country, the characteristics of thepeople, and the lessons taught by experiences in prior wars.2. MILITARY POLICY. a. The national policy of a government dictates the character of its military policy. Asound military policy comprises the adoption and applica


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2 COMMAND, ST A FF AND TACTICStion of measures necessary for national defense and forthe protection and the promotion of national policies.b. Preparation and organization for war is basedprimarily on military requirements. Military requirementsare based on the force required by a nation to maintain itssovereignty, to promote its national aspirations, and to defend its national policies. The size and character of th eforce required are largely dictated by the extent to whichnational aspirations and policies conflict with the aspirations and policies of other nations. Prepara tion for w arresults from a correct national and governmental appreciation of military requirements and from the adoption andapplication of a military policy to meet these requirements.c. The essential of a military policy is a correct schemeof national defense, supported by governmental provisionsfor its execution. The provisions for its execution comprise the necessary armament, equipment, and organizedand trained man-power with which to conduct a war, andthe efficient adaptation of national resources and industriesto supply the provisions and munitions of war. The pre paration, organization, mobilization, and operation of thenational military resources made available by the government are functions of the War Department.

d. The military policy of the United States contemplates the maintenance of a small and highly trained peaceestablishment, consisting of the Regular Army, the NationalGuard, and the Organized Reserves, all so organized andtrained as to provide the framework on which the requiredman-power of the nation is mobilized, trained, armed,equipped, and supplied, and the necessary resources of theof the nation are organized. In addition, provisions existfor voluntary partial training of a part of the young menof the nation by brief and intensive training camp coursesand by training in high schools, colleges, and universitiesthroughou t the country. The agencies for voluntary milita ry tra in ing include at presen t, the Reserve Officers' Training Corps and the Civilian Military Train ing Camps. Theorganized land forces of the United States consist of theRegular Army, the National Guard, and the OrganizedReserves.


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3RGANIZATION3. REGULAR ARMY.The Regular Army constitutesthe permanent military force. Its peacetime strength,which is prescribed by Congress, is such as is deemed necessary to enable it to fulfill its special functions in peace and

war. These functions in general are to prov ide:a. Garrisons for the continental frontiers of the UnitedStates.b. A covering force in case of a major war.c. A small but highly trained and completely equippedexpeditionary force.d. Oversea garrisons.e. Garrisons for the permanent seacoast defenses./. A national police force.g. Personnel for the development and training of theRegular Army and the National Guard.h. Training cadres and other commissioned and enlisted personnel for the development and training of theOrganized Reserves.i. An organization for the administration and supplyof the peacetime establishment.4. NATIONAL GUARD.a. The National Guard consistsof an active and a reserve force. The maximum authorizedstrength of the active National Guard is prescribed by Congress. No limitations are placed on the strength of theNational Guard Reserve.b. The National Guard has two aspects; first, as constituting the organized militia of the State to which it pertain s and, second, as a component of the Army of th e United

States.(1) As the organized militia, it constitutes the organized military man-power of the State to which it pertains.As such it may be employed by the State within limitationsdefined by the constitution of the United States and Federallegislative enactments. It may, also, be called forth by theUnited States to execute the laws of the Union, suppressinsurrections, and repel invasions. When it is so calledforth, it is a militia in the service of the United States andcan only be used for the services specified in the constitution and within the continental limits of the UnitedStates.


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4 COMMAND, ST AF F AND TACTICS(2) As a component of the Arm y of the United States ,it acquires the name National Guard. It is supportedwholly or in part by Federal appropriations and is givenclose Federal supervision. Likewise, when authorized by

Congress, the President may draft any and all members ofthe National Guard and of the National Guard Reserve intothe military service of the United States, to serve thereinfor the period of the war or emergency unless sooner discharged. Also, the Secrea try of W ar, under such regulations as the President may prescribe, is authorized to provide for the partic ipa tion of th e whole or any *part of theNational Guard in encampments, maneuvers and othertraining exercises, either independently or in conjunctionwith Regular Army troops.c. The organization of all units of the National Guardis the same as that of the Regular Arm y. The Presidentprescribes the particular unit or units of each branch of theservice to be maintained in each State, Territory, or theDistrict of Columbia, and assigns these units to divisions,brigades, and other tactical units.

d. On the outbreak of war, the National Guard supplements the Regular Army in constituting the first line ofdefense.5. ORGANIZED RESERVES.The Organized Reservesconsist of the Officers' Reserve Corps, the Enlisted ReserveCorps and Organized Reserve un its. They include troops ofall branches necessary to supplement the Regular Army andNational Guard in order to complete the first line of defense in a mobilization of the Army of the United States.In time of peace, they are a potential, rather than an actualfighting force.a. The Officers' Reserve Corps is composed of selectedcitizens who voluntarily accept commissions in that corpsas general officers and as officers of all grades of the lineand staff branches of the Arm y. It provides the gre at massof officers required for wa r. In time of a national emergency expressly declared by Congress, the President mayorder reserve officers to active duty for any period of time.Under other circumstances, he may order them to activeduty at any time, but for not more than fifteen days in onecalendar year without the consent of the officer concerned*


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TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATIONOF DIVISIONS OF THENATIONAL GUARD

LLCENDU3RP S A RE A HEADQUARTERSCORPS AREA BOUNDARYDI V I S I ON A RI A BOUNDARY

Note J / '' and 12'Di visions not allotted.Arkansas furr.ishes Corps and Armytroops,and one regtmeiif of tnfanrry unoss/gnedNew Hampshire furnishes Corps and Armytroop*Other allotments of Corps and Army troopsand Coajt Artillery Corps n

C33 Aug I" 1922

Cavalry divisions are allotted as followsCav Div Corps Area21st II & III22d IV, V, & VI23d I, IV, & VIII24th VI. VII, & IX

Figure 1


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6 COMMAND, ST A FF AND TACTICSb. The Enlisted Reserve Corps is composed of personsvoluntarily enlisted for service in th is corps. Members ofthe Enlisted Reserve Corps may be placed on active dutyin the same manner as are members of the Officers' Reserve

Corps.c. The Organized Reserve units are composed of officersof the Officers' Reserve Corps and enlisted men of the Enlisted Reserve Corps, supplemented by a small cadre ofofficers and enlisted men of the Regular Army, organizedinto division, corps, army , and general headquarters reserve,and into communications zone and zone of the interior units.In peacetime, Organized Reserve units are maintained ascadres, with a war strength complement of officers and alimited number of non-commissioned officers. Th is personnel constitutes the nucleus of the wartim e unit. Theunits are localized, as far as practicable, so as to constitutecomplete higher units.6. ORGANIZATION IN PEACE. a. In peace, the RegularArmy, the National Guard, and the Organized Reserves,are organized at all times, so far as practicable, into brigades, divisions, and corps. The peace organization formsthe basis for a complete and immediate mobilization fornational defense in the event of a national emergency declared by Congress.b. For purposes of administration, training, and tactical control, the area within the continental limits of theUnited States is divided on a basis of military populationinto corps areas. Each corps area contains at least onedivision of National Guard, and one or more of OrganizedReserves, and such other troops as may be directed.

c. The possessions of the United States lying withoutits continental limits are organized into territorial departments and are provided with garrisons of regular troops.The functions of these garrisons are to maintain sovereignty, to provide protection for Federal property, to preserve law and order, and to constitute elements in the strategical scheme of national defense.d. The corps area and the department commanderscontrol all forces and military establishm ents of the RegularArmy within the territorial limits of their commands, not


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TERRITORIAL ALLOTMENT OF DIVISIONSOF THE O RGANIZED RESERVES ' *BY CORPS AREAS A N D S T A T E S \ \

f

LEGEND11CORPS AREA HEADQUARTERS

CORPS AREA BOUNDARY DIVISION AREA BOUNDARY

I.Cavalry Divisions are allotted'aj follows..Cav DiV to Corps Area6/ J ' I6ZJ m63''den Ibrig) IV/ brig., 63 "Div VID61" (less I brig) V/ brig. 64 * Div 165* ' VI66"i less I brig) VDlbrig.66l*Div DC

2. Non divisional troops of Corps.reserve and coast arriiiery districtsomitted

OSS Aug. I''1922


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8 COMMAND, ST A FF AND TACTICSspecially exempted. In accordance with policies enunciated by the War Department, these commanders are responsible for the development, organization, training,supply, and inspection of the National Guard, Officers' Reserve Corps, Reserve Officers' Training Corps, EnlistedReserve Corps, and uni ts of the Organized Reserves. Theyexercise actual command when any of these are in theservice of the United States, or are on active duty, withinthe corps area or department.7. PEACE TO WAR FOO TING. a. In passing from peace towar footing, the Regular Army is increased to war strengthby voluntary enlistments or by the application of selectiveservice. The National Guard and the National Guard Reserve are drafted into the military service, and a re increasedto war strength in the same manner as the Regular Army.The Organized Reserves are mobilized, and such portion ofthe unorganized forces as are necessary are brought into theservice by application of selective service and are organized,train ed, and equipped for service. In time of war, whenspecially authorized by Congress, selective service is applied in order to secure in a just and equitable manner theadditional man-power required for the conduct of the war.b. Mobilization is the collection, conversion, and utilization of the man-power and the economic resources of anation for the purposes of war. As limited to m ilitary organization for war, it refers only to that phase which concerns the personnel required for military purposes. Thesuccessful conduct of war is dependent on prompt and efficient mobilization.c. For units organized and existing at approximateauthorized peace strength on the date of mobilization, thegeneral scheme of mobilization comprises:(1) The mobilization of Regular Army divisions atdesignated division rendezvous and training centers.(2) The mobilization of Regular Army and OrganizedReserve army and corps troops at designated army andcorps rendezvous and training centers.(3) The mobilization of National Guard divisions,first by battalions or regiments in battalion or regimentalareas, and then at designated division rendezvous and training centers.


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9RGANIZATION(4) The mobilization of National Guard corps andarmy troops, first in company, battalion, or regimentalareas, and then at designated corps and army rendezvousand training centers.(5) The mobilization of Regular Arm y, NationalGuard, and Organized Reserve communications zone andzone of the interior troops at designated rendezvous andtraining centers.(6) The mobilization of Organized Reserve divisionaltroops at designated division rendezvous and training centers. (7) The mobilization of volunteer recruits received

during the period of transition from peace to a war basis atdesignated recruit centers.d. Plans are also prepared for the subsequent mobilization at designated centers of all unorganized units andpersonnel and all units not specified in the preceding paragraph, including personnel to increase those units, first topeace strength and second to war strength.e. On the declaration of a major emergency the cover

ing forces, consisting of necessary peace strength units ofthe Regular Army and the National Guard, proceedwith their war strength unit equipment to the theater ofoperations. The time necessary for the trans ition to warstrength is determined beforehand and is accomplished inaccordance with a prearra nged schedule. Division units,not a part of the covering force, proceed from their homeareas to their rendezvous and training points on aschedule. All other units proceed from the ir home or otherstations and all individuals from selective service boardsor recruiting stations, on scheduled dates, to designatedmobilization centers.

8. THEATER OF OPERATIONS. a. A theater of operations covers the part of the theater of war that is organizedfor combat. It comprises all the terri to ry th a t it is desiredto invade, all that it is necessary to defend, and all thatwhich is necessary for the supply establishments pertaining to the forces in the theate r of operations. It may bein friendly or hostile ter rito ry . More than one theater ofoperations may be organized when it is necessary to carry


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10 COMMAND, ST A FF AND TACTICSon separate operations at great distances from each other,each having different lines of communications and separatemissions.b. Troops are assigned to each theater of operationsby the commander of the field forces. They consist of suchnumbers and such types as are required to accomplish themission assigned. If there is more than one the ate r ofoperations, the commander of each operates under thegeneral instructions of the commander of the field forces,who may or may not command the principal theater inperson.c. The theater of operations is divided for the purposeof combat and the decentralization of administration intoa combat zone and a communications zone. The boundarybetween these two zones is located so as to place all territory occupied by army troops and establishments undercontrol of army comm anders and all te rr ito ry in re ar thereofunder control of the commander of the communicationszone. In an advance, the boundary is moved forw ard fromtime to time so as to enable the communications zone to takeover the administration of new territory and to keep thesupply system in close touch with the armies in the combatzone.9. COMMUNICATIONS ZONE.The communications zoneis that part of the theater of operations which contains theprimary establishments of the supply and evacuation system, the lines of communications and other agencies required for the support and maintenance of the armies inthe the ate r of operations. It connects the combat troopswith the zone of the interior. The function of the communications zone is to relieve the combatant forces from everyconsideration except that of defeating the enemy.10. COMBAT ZONE.The combat zone comprises thatpart of the theater of operations required for the operationsof the combatant forces in contact with the enemy. It isdivided into army areas; each army area into an armyservice area and an army combat area . The lat ter isdivided into corps areas; and these in turn into divisionareas. Each army, corps, and division area covers theoperation of the unit to which it pertains and is under control of the commander thereof. An army service area nor


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11RGANIZATIONmally covers the territory between corps rear boundariesand the forward boundary of the communications zone, andis established for the purpose of relieving the army commander and staff from questions of administration of troopsnot in immediate contact with the enemy. When the armiesare formed into groups, the army service areas Of theconstituent armies may be combined into one area for thegroup.11. COAST DEFENSE.a. Coast defense includes the installations, dispositions, and operations to meet hostile attacks directed against any portion of the seacoast of thecontinental United States, the Panama Canal, or the insular possessions.b. Seacoast areas are divided into sectors, each sectorusually including one or more harbor defense and certainunfortified areas, or areas containing only light field worksor other provisional defenses. The limits of defense sectorsare prescribed by the War Department. Each harbor defense constitutes a strong point and not an isolated area tobe defended.

12. CLASSIFICATION OF TROOPS.a. The army is composed of two distinct types of troops, namely:(1) Combatant.This classification includes all thecombatant branches as prescribed in Army Regulations.The commissioned personnel of the combatant branches areline officers.

(2) Administrative.This classification includes allthe personnel, supply, and technical branches. The commissioned personnel belonging to these branches, or detailed thereto under the provisions of law, are administra-tive officers.b. Most of the combatant branches have administrative,supply, or technical functions in addition to their normalfunctions.

c. Troops of the combatant branches are organized intotactical units, many of which, such as a company, regiment,division, and army, have administrative as well as tacticalfunctions. The corps, except when operating independently,has administrative functions as regards corps troops only.13. FUNCTIONS OF LARGER UNITS.a. The full powerof the armed forces of the United States is exerted only


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12 COMMAND, ST A FF AND TACTICSwhen all of the parts act in close combination and under thecoordination of the supreme commander in the theater ofoperations. The strateg ical and tactical organization ofthe military forces may include a general headquarters,groups of armies, corps, divisions, and cavalry divisions,depending on the theaters of operations, the general strategical situation, and the sizes of the forces engaged, andsuch special troops as may be required.b. The commander of the field forces exercises controlover the entire theater of war, regulating and coordinatingthe operations of the several theate rs of operations in accordance with the general policies prescribed by the Presidentand under the general directions of the Secretary of War.He specifies the personnel and supplies required for thefield forces, requests their allocation, and establishes policies for their distribution to the theaters of operations.c. The General Headquarters Reserve comprises thosetroops which, in kind or amount, are not habitually requiredin an army, or those which are required by an army onlywhen it is operating independently.

14. THE ARMY.a. An army is composed of a headquarters, a body of auxiliary troops and trains called armytroops, and two or more corps temporarily assigned, thenumber of corps depending on the nature of the service required. In addition, certain troops of the General Headquarters Reserve are attached from time to time, as theirspecial services are needed. As thu s constituted, the arm yhas both te rri to ria l and tactical functions. It is organizedin all its branches for operation and administration, and iscapable of independent action wherever required.b. The army, while a strategical maneuvering force, isthe main battle unit. It plans, directs, and m aintains thebattle, and at the same time executes the supply, transportation, and evacuation functions related thereto . It is aterritorial and tactical unit which employs in battle, simultaneously and successively, the number of corps, divisions,and army troops required for the various tactical situations.c. The cavalry division is the basic organization forthe service of security and information of an arm y. I tcomprises in its organizations the essential combatant andadministrative branches to make it tactically and admin


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13RGANIZATIONIstra tively a self-sustaining un it. It possesses fire power,considerable striking power, and a high degree of mobility.It is capable of independent operations, or of operations asa component of other tactical units.

T YP I C A L OR GANI ZAT I ON OF AN AR M Y

Two or more corps temporarily assigned.

ARMY CAVALRY ARMY ARTILLERY 11 Cav div 1 Cav div Combat artillery from GHQ reserve.

ANTI-AIRCRAFT Ammunition Train (6 cos).1 Anti-aircraft brigade

AIR SERVICEHq Sq 1 Obsn Gp One Attack Wing (320 airplanes).12 air- 4 sqs, 58 1 Attack Gp 1 Pursuit Gp, 1 Pursuit Gp .planes airplanes 4 sqs sqs4 4 sqs

ARMY HEADQUARTERSSpecial Troops

Signal Service Engineer Service Medical Service Ordnance

Army Train

Figure 315. THE CORPS.a. The corps is composed of a corpsheadquarters, a body of auxiliary troops and trains calledcorps troops, and two or more infantry divisions temporarily assigned, the number of divisions depending on thena ture of the service expected of the corps. Unless actingindependently, the administrative supply functions of thecorps, except for corps troops, are limited to ammunition

supply.b. The corps is a tactical and combat unit, which, bydirecting the combined fighting of its divisions and auxiliarytroops, executes the details of major tactical operations in


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14 COMMAND, STAFF AND TACTICSaccordance with plans and orders promulgated by army-head quarters. It maintains the continuity of battle andinsures efficient cooperation in the employment of the artillery. A corps guides and directs the general fighting ofits divisions and supports them by the fire of the corps ar-

T YP I C AL OR G ANI Z AT I ON OF A C OR P S

Two or more divisions temp orarily assigned.

ARTILLERY BRIGADE

1 regt 1 regt 1 rppt155 mm 155 mm 15C m/nhowitzers howitzers vmrlzers

1 regt Ammunition TrainbattalionObsn (flasM 155 mm 6 transpo rt cos,guns 144 cargo trucks,3 amm unition cos.

CORPS HEADQUARTERS AND STAFFSPECIAL TROOPS

Headquarters companyMilitary police battalion (4 cos)Signal battalion (3 ' s)Ordnance companies (1 bv main and 1 am)Field remount depot (400 animals)Service battalion (Hq and 4 cos)

Anti-aircraft (CAC) regtCorps Air Service2 obsn sqs 1 MG bn (48 guns)1 A-A gun bn (12 guns4 bin cos and 12 searchlights)

1 Med regt Corps Tra ins Engineer Service

Figure 4tillery. By such an arran gem ent, continuity of action overan extended period is secured, and tactical missions involving several echelons of divisions are undertaken.

16. THE DIVISION.a. From a tactical and administrative viewpoint, the infantry division is the basic organ


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15RGANIZATIONization of an army . It comprises in its organization theessential combatant and administrative branches, all incorrect proportion and so organized as to make it tacticallyand adm inistratively a self-sustaining unit. It possessesstriking power, mobility, power of penetration, andfacility for absorption and employment of additional re-

DlAGRAM OF THE ORGANIZATION OP A DIVISION1st Brig 2d Brig

1st Inf 2d Inf ZA Inf 4th Inf1st FA BnVM

1st FA (75 mm guns) 2d FA (75 mm guns)

Am Tn 1st FA Brig

1st Engrs 1st Obsn Sq

D H QFwd Ech Hq 1st DivRear Ech Hq 1st Div

Sp Tps 1st DivHq Co 1st Div 1st Ord Co1st Sig Co Serv Co 1st Div1st Tk Co 1st MP Co

1st Med Regt 1st Div TnFigure 5

inforcing units . It is capable of independent operationsand is especially adaptable as a component of a highertactical unit. When a component of a higher unit, its actionis mainly limited to local tactical operations.b. The division is the combat and tactical maneuveringun it of the combined arm s. Its role in battle is the executionof tactical missions vital to the combat success of the corps.


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16 COMMAND, ST A FF AND TACTICSThe success or failure of divisions on the battlefield decidesthe issue.17. THE COMBINED ARMS AND BRANCHES. a. Thecombined employment of all arms, branches, and servicesis essential to success in battle. No one arm wins battles .Organization and training are based on the principles ofcombined employment. Each branch has its special characteristics and functions as a separate branch and itsspecial function as one of the combined branches.b. The latter function is of the greater importance.While the infantry constitutes the basis for all battle plansand decides the final issue of combat, it requires the closesupport of the artillery to assist it to reach the enemy withsufficient reserve power to st rike a decisive blow. Cavalryand air service are needed to secure information, to keepthe enemy in ignorance, to provide security, and to exploitinfan try success. Artille ry is effective only in assis tingthe other branches, particularly the infan try. Cavalry andthe air service are capable of effective action when operating alone. Engineers are required to facilitate the operations of the other branches, to insure facilities for supply,and to provide topographical inform ation. Signal andcommunication troops establish the necessary communication. This principle of combined employment and teamrelationship is most important and is essential to tacticalsuccess. All tra in ing during time of peace is based thereon.


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en

OCmEnR

m(Te6W

O

M0

"M

oOO0

8459

cM0

8190

DvsoASvc

c 0

(Te7W)

0M

O

OMcRm

(Te8W)

0

747

MC

DvsoTan(Te9W)

C

18553SO

812Ta

0

M

C

o

*

co

s

M

en

C

cCO-3

*

MM

(>to

928 766 19389 594

16301019231626

-c eo

MOOM

tototoC

c-a

C

C

C

oO

F

o

ooc

toen

515

cMcD(Te9W)

Attached

2d

*

OC 1M

M

Can

i

i

1919

9


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25 2S26 18 1 19 1927 12 12 1228 24 24 2429 40 40 6 4630 Bicycles 18 112 20 15 25 190 9 19931 Cars, motor, 5-passenger 3 8 6 2 2 11 21 53 5332 Cars, motor, 7-passenger 2 2 233 4 4 434 2 2 235 Motorcycles, with sidecars 26 52 37 16 8 11 39 189 23 21236 Tractors, 5-ton 2 2 ' 237 Trailers, cargo, l| -to n 6 6 ' 638 Trailers, kitchen 3 1 1 10 4 19" 4 2339 Trailers, photographic, 2 2 240 6 6 6141 Trailers, ration, J-ton 1 142 Trailers, spare parts,medical 2F 2T 243 2 2 244 Trailers, storage battery 1 1 . 1 o45 Trailers, tank , 300-gal. 2 2 10 14 4 18 to46 2 2 2 Q4Trucks, artillery rrepair 4 4 >7451 Trucks, cargo, f-ton 8 10 3 3 34 13 71 3 226to; 62 110 2262 Trucks, cargo, 1J2-ton.. 18 6 18 53 2 53 Trucks, cargo, 3 to 5-ton..54 Trucks F. W. D. 30 30 30 >55 1 1 356 Trucks, light repair. 2 1 357 Trucks, Mack, with reinforced springs,5|-ton 25 25558 Trucks, M. T. machine 1 2 3 37 11 12 30 3070 13 13 1371 144 144 14472 10 12 22 2273 48 48 4874 14 96 110 11075 Guns, machine, anti 42 3 45 4576 Guns, machine, flexible 26 26 2677 Guns, machine, syn 26 26 2678 24 24 2479 Pistols 38 704 5140 3268 214 228 206 9798 979880 Rifles 134 6950 631 570 8285 828581 648 120 24 792 79282 Rifles, with grenade 648 648 64883 Tanks, fighting, light.. 24 24 . 2484 Tanks, signal, light 1 1 1


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TABLE 3WSPECIAL TROOPS, INFANTRY DIVISION (A)

(War Strength)M ay 4, 1921 too10 12 13

Units

Lieutenant colonel ormajorCaptainsFirst lieutenants131

Second lieuten antsTotal commissioned. 32 35

Warrant officers. 12 12 12Master sergeantsTechnical sergeantsFirst sergeantsStaff sergeantsSergeantsCorporalsPrivates 1st class

1618191163

121245301115100

410623588129 3

4106245982297PrivatesMiscellaneousMiscellaneousMiscellaneousMiscellaneous.MiscellaneousMiscellaneousMiscellaneous.

1st2d3d4th5th6th ( fD7


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i i27 Mules, draft 44 8 10 62 4 6628 Mules, riding 2 2 229 Carts, ration, 2-mule 4 1 5 530 Carts, water, 2-mule 2 2 2*31 Carts, wire, 2-horse 4 4 432 Kitchens, rolling, 4-mule 4 1 1 6 633 Wagons, escort (combat) 2 2 234 Wagons, escort (R. & B.)~ 4 1 1 6 635 Wagons, medical, 4-mule.. 1 136 Bicycles _ 6 12 18 1937 Cars, motor, 5-passenger 1 1 1 3 338 Motorcycles with sidecars 9 2 4 1 10 26 1 2739 Trailers, kitchen 1 1 1 3 3i40 1 . 141 Trailers, tank, 300-gal. 1 1 2 242 Trailers, storage battery .. 1 1 143 Trucks, artillery repair 1 3 4 4.44 Trucks, artillery supply,load B 3 345 Trucks, artillery supply,load D 1 3 446 Trucks, cargo, |-to n 5 1 2 847 Trucks, cargo, 12-ton.. 3 9 6 18 1848 Trucks, cargo, 3-ton 3 3 319 Trucks, gasoline, 750-gal... 1 2 2 P0 Trucks, Mack (5J-ton)with reinforced springs.. 25 25 2551 Trucks, light repair 2 2 252 Trucks, patrol, f-ton _ 1 1 153 Trucks, radio, army 1 1 154 Trucks, radio, divisional 1 1 155 Trucks, small arms repair 2 2 256 Guns, 37-mm. 10 10 1057 Guns, machine... 14 14 1458 Pistols 11 209 156 151 22 155 704 70459 Rifles 90 : 134 1344460 Tanks, fighting, light 24 24 2461 Ianks, signal, light 1 1

IIIIIII::1111111I1

MiiMii

1


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CHAPTER II

Command and Staff ParagraphBa sis of command 1Exe rcise of command 2Staffs 3The general staffTechnical and administrative staff 45Staffs of lower un its 6Administration 7Signal communicationSystem of supplySystem of evacuation and hospitalizationTransport system

891011

1, BASIS OF COMMAND. a. Tactical organization forcommand is based on the progressive formation of successive groups, the smallest group consisting of the maximumnumber of individuals which can be successfully controlledby one person, each successive group containing the maximum number of the next lower group which can be controlled by one person.b. Command is the authority which a person in themilitary service lawfully exercises over subordinates byvirtue of rank or assignm ent. Authority to command isan attribute of rank, exercisable under certain conditions byvirtue of rank alone, and obligatory when coupled withlawful assignment to command. Lawful assignment mayresult from a definite assignment by orders or from beingthe military senior regularly assigned to a unit.2. EXERCISE OF COMMAND. a. A successful commander is a leader of men. Command and leadership areinseparable. The application of this principle requireshigher commanders to keep in close touch with all subordinate units and individual members thereof by meansof personal visits and observation. It is essential th a t acommander know from personal contact the mental, moral,and physical condition of the command; the tactical orservice situations with which it is confronted; its accom

22


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COMMAND AND ST AF F 23plishments, its desires, its needs, and its views; and thathe promptly extend recognition for services well done,extend help when help is needed, and give encouragement inadversities, but never hesitate to require whatever effort isnecessary to attain the desired end.b. As the size of the command increases, the problemof personal contact becomes increasingly difficult but losesnone of its importance. It is as vital to the general whocommands a division, corps, or an army, to keep in personaltouch with the command on the battlefield, on the march,and in camps, as it is for the platoon leader to keep in personal touch with the members of his platoon.

c. The exercise of command produces individual orcollective military action or non-action on the part of subordinates, regardless of the will of the latter. A commanderof an organization or unit is its controlling head, and, subject to orders from a proper superior, is responsible foreverything the command does or fails to do, collectively andindividually. It follows, there fore, tha t the commander ofan organization must make his authority felt and cause hiswill to be obeyed by each individual member of the command. In the smallest un it this authority is exercised inperson by the commander who gives orders to and exercises supervision over each member of the un it. Bu t asunits increase in size, personal direction and supervision ofeach individual is impossible, so resort is had to the mechanical framework of organization by means of which the commander, dealing directly with only a few subordinates, andthey in turn with their subordinates, reaches every individual in the command. The squad corporal personallycommands, supervises, and controls the members of thesquad. The sergeant commands two or more squads bydealing directly with the corporals, and through them controls the individual mem bers of the squads. And so on upthrough other units in succession to the army, each commander, insofar as the transmission of orders is concerned,dealing with the commanders of the next lower units.d. All orders and instructions from a higher unit fora subordinate unit are given to the commander thereof,and all orders and instructions for subordinate units eman


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24 COMMAND, ST A FF AND TACTICSate from their immediate commander. By this means aloneauthority and responsibility are definitely fixed and thechannel of command definitely established. The successionof subordinate commanders through whom a commanderexercises his authority and control is known as the chain ofcommand.3. STAFFS.a. In this grouping of units under onecommander, a point is soon reached in the ascending scalewhere the multiplicity of details devolving upon the commander is too numerous to be handled in person and leavetime for consideration of the broader phases of command.Beginning at this point each unit is provided with an appropriate staff. By the term staff is meant the personnel whohelp the commander in the exercise of the functions ofcommand by professional aid and assistance.b. The introduction of the staff into a unit does not.alter the basic principles of command and responsibility.General staff officers assist the commander by performingsuch duties pertaining to the functions of command asm ay be delegated to them by regulations or given themby the commander. Technical and administrative staffofficers assist the commander and his general staff in anadvisory capacity in matters pertaining to their specialbranches. The staff does not form a link in the chain ofcommand, or in any other way take from or add to theauthority and responsibility of commanders. Divisions andlarger units have both a general staff and a technical andadministrative staff. In units below a division, the staffconsists of officers and enlisted men assigned to duties corresponding to those of the staff of higher units.4. THE GENERAL STAFF.a. The exercise of commandis classified functionally as (1) personnel, (2) intelligence,(3) operation and training, and (4) logistics or supply.Staff organization is based on these functional subdivisionsof command. Therefore, all staffs are organized with divisions corresponding thereto, and consist of:

(1) A chief of staff. The chief of staff is the firstassistant and personal representative of the commander.He commands the unit general staff, controls and coordinates its efforts, and supervises the work of the divisions ofthe general staff.


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COMMAND AND ST A FF 25(2) Four divisions corresponding to the four functional classifications. These divisions a re :(a) A Personnel Division (First Division).(b) An Intelligence Division (Second Division).(c) An Operation and T rain ing Division (ThirdDivision).(d) A Supply Division (Fourth Division).b. The chiefs of these divisions are assistant chiefsof staff and perform general staff duties by assisting thecommander in exercising control over the operations of allsubordinate combatant and administrative units with special reference to the units whose duties correspond to those-of their respective staff divisions. In the division andhigher units these divisions are for convenience designatedGl, G2, G3, and GU, respectively.c. Under the direction and in accordance with announced plans and policies of the commander, the generalstaff coordinates and supervises the efforts of the various-branches, avoids duplication of activities, and insures concerted action in the employment of the combined arm s. It

formulates and issues orders and instructions to carry outthe commander's policies, plans, and decisions; it supervises by seeing that these orders and instructions are carried through to a conclusion and it foresees the needs of thecommand in all that relates to operations, training, intelligence, personnel, and supply.5. TECHNICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF. a. Thetechnical and administrative staff gives information pertaining to their respective branches and functions to thecommander and general staff when necessary or desirable.They do not, unless specifically authorized, give orders inthe name of the comm ander. They control the operationof their respective branches in accordance with law, regulations, and orders, and command all personnel and unitsbelonging or attached to their branches and operatingdirectly under their orders. They do not command and,

except in certain prescribed technical matters authorizedby regulations, do not control the work of personnel oftheir branches on duty with or attached to subordinateunits. As chiefs of branches they are charged with certain.


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26 COMMAND, ST AF F AND TACTICSspecified responsibilities and duties and are given the personnel and equipment necessary to their execution.b. There is but one channel of command and it is followed in all cases. However, after policies and basic plansare decided and promulgated, many details are worked outby conference between the chiefs of the technical and adm inis trativ e branches and the corresponding chiefs of lowerunits. Notwithstanding this, when orders are issued theypass through the prescribed channel. The chiefs ofbranches of the higher units advise and assist the chiefs ofbranches of the lower un its. Each chief keeps the generalstaff of his unit informed of all essential details in orderthat the commander thereof may influence action if he sodesires . This is direct supervision. But in new policies orprojects requiring general coordination, the chiefs ofbranches of the higher unit recommend to the general staffof their unit the action to be taken, which, if approved,is promulgated in orders throughout the command throughthe regu lar channel. This is indirect supervision.c. To secure coordination of effort, economy of m aterial,and maximum efficiency in the installation and maintenanceof the signal communication system of a command, thesignal or communication officer of a unit exercises technical control directly over the systems of subordinate units.d. The basic organization of a division staff is shown inFigure 6.6. STAFFS OF LOWER UNITS.Although staff functionsare the same for all units, there is an important difference instaff duties between the lower and higher uni ts. In thelower units, staff officers are provided, but some of them arecharged with functions of execution or operation in addition to their duties as staff officers. As staff officers theyassist the unit commander in the exercise of command;while as administrative officers of the unit, they operatetheir respective branches and command the personnel belonging thereto . The two functions are entirely separateand distinct in character, in methods of procedure, and insource of authority, and are exercised separately and independently. Staff functions of all un its below the divisionare generally performed by combatant and administrativetroops.


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PersonalDivision Commander 3 AidesStaff\CofS

GENERAL STAFFPersonnel .Section Military Intel Iigence Section Operation an a Training Section Supply Section\ AC ofS: G I | I AC ofS: C2 ACofS:G3 A C ofS: G * IsECHNICAL ANDADMINISTRATIVE STAFFrii iii iiiixx

COMBAT TROOPSComdrsInf Brigs

OJJ Comdr>> i FA BrigI >>See Tab le 25W .'See Tab le 30W.kSee Tables 26W, 27W, 28W and2 9 W .3154

13039 916 1254 5 12

32424181961818254261

315121324312331733162

162


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COMMAND, STAFF AND TACTICSTABLE 26W (abbreviated)INFAN TRY BATTALION (Consolidated Table)

(War Strength)April 15, 1921Designation: Battalion Infantry. ..Bn. .Inf

U n i t s

Lieutenant colonelMajor _Cap ta insFirs t l ieutenantsSecond lieutenants.36(3*)6 3(1*)

414(4*)7Total commissioned. 15(3*) 5(1*) 27(5*)Technical or first sergeantsStaff sergeantsSergeantsCorporalsPrivates 1st class, incl.Pr ivates , inclMiscellaneousMiscellaneous 1st2d

171124333678159324

11143580

415410 321 843 7Miscellaneous 3dMiscellaneousMiscellaneousMiscellaneousMiscellaneous.Total enl is ted

4 th5 th6 th(3)(2)(15)(37)76

(6)(6)(24)(447)60 0

(2)(3)(6)(104)14 1

(ID(11)(45)(588)81 7Aggrega te 77 615 146 844

Horses, ridingMules , draf tMules, ridingTotal animals.. .

816125

2316140

Carts , ammunit ion, M. G.Carts, M. G. gun._BicyclesMotorcycles, with side83

carsGuns, machinePistols _RiflesRifles, automaticRifles, with grenade dischargers._

7139 9944 45454

18146 32 24835454

Re ma rks. * No t authorized f or war s treng th uni t s organized in t im es of peace .


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47NFANTRYTABLE 28W (abbreviated)RIFLE COMPANY, INFANTRY REGIMENT

(War Strength)Designation: Company , Infantry; Co , Jn f

23456789101112

131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536

One Platoon

8 "56 3Units

CaptainFirst lieutenantsSecond lieutenants.Total commissioned-First sergeantSergeants, inch.MessPlatoon sergeantsSection leadersSignalSupplyCorporals, inclCompany clerkSection guidesSignalSquad leadersPvts. 1st cl. and pvts.,incl

2(1-)13(1)

(1)(1)2(1)(1)17

1

(1)7

(1)

4_ _"(8) '21 46

12(1*)25(1-)

26

161BarberBuglersCobblerCooks (first)Cooks (ass't)MechanicsRiflemenRiflemen, automaticRiflemen, automaticRiflemen, with grenadedischargersRunners and agents .....TailorTotal enlisted

4th5th6th6th

(1)(2)(1)(2)(2)(2)

(6)(1)23(4)........

(5)(1)(1)

(1)(2)

26

(2)(4)

57

(6)(12)

200Aggregate.. 25 26 58 205

PistolsRiflesRifles, automaticRifles, with grenade discharger

916 3203 446331481818

Second in command. Not authorized for war strength company in time of peace.


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1

Designation:

TABLE 29WMACHINE GUN COMPANY, INFANTRY REGIMENT(War Strength)

Company * flnfantry; Co *.. .flnf.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 i

One Platoon

Units

SasRn

(Ca

SmNm

Cm

H

e

Cm

Tan

PaoH

e

1S

1ManG

1So2S

a

SoH

e

(b

TaPao2

SoaPao

H

e

TaCm

2Pa

toCm

H

aCm

Tan

REMARKS ';4

2345a789

101112131415161718

CaptainFirst lieutenantsSecond lieutenantsTotal commissioned-First sergeantSergeants, incl.MessPlatoon sergeants

ReconnaissanceSection leadersSignal.StableSupplyCorporals, incl.AgentsCompany clerk ...Signal

lhI hiIho8()l b4(1)

(1)(1)(1)2(1)(1)

11>> 1. 3(1*)1:... 1 50*)11 1 1 3 11

(i)(1)

(l m)2 1 2 6 14(1)

*Insert letter designation of company (D, H, or M).flnsert numerical designation ofregiment.Mounted on horse.mMounted on mule.aIncludes:35 privates 1st class.80 privates:Summary of specialist ratings:4th class 25th class 36th class 6bSection headquarters includes 1sergeant."Reconnaissance officer.


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1920C l222324252627? 8993031Bfl333435

Squad l eaders T r a n s p o r tPvts. 1st cl. and pvts.,incl.BarberBuglersCobblerCooks (first)Cooks (ass't)GunnersGunnersHorseshoerMechanicsMotorcyclistSaddlerTailor.MiscellaneousTotal enlisted.

4th5th6th4t h6t h6th5th

17(1)(2b)(1)(1)(2)

(2)(1)24

4

(1)(1)(1)(i e)

5

(1)7

(7) d10

(1)10

(1)

(9011

20

(2)

23b

47

(4)

56

11 5 a

(3)(5)

141

d Signalmen , runners , agen t s an dorderl ies . 1 bicycl is t .e Stab le o rder ly .' I n c l u d e s 2 dr ivers for gun anda m m u n i t i o n c a r t s .^Second in c o m m a n d . Not aut ho r i zed for war s t r e n g t h compan ies o rgan ized in t i m e of p e a c e .

36 Aggregate 27 5 11 11 23 57 146373839

Horses, ridingMules, draftMules, riding6

11 2 4 18 8161

40 Total animals. 6 1 1 2 4 9 2541A?,43444546

Carts, ammunition, M. G.Carts, M. G. gunBicyclesMotorcycles, with sidecarsGuns, machinePistols

1

2715

1

11

11

111

22

223

441457

88318146


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3B

SasRn

o

(Ca

Qo

C

SmNm

3 t3

CmnHdes

PaoHdes

tr

1Op

So

1LgMoaSo

.HS>

TaPao

TaCmn(3

PaoanCm

p

M

pnHdes


57/201

1617182022232526*>7282930313334

BarberBuglersChau ffeurs .. .. 6t hCobblerCooks (first)Cooks (ass't)Gunners .4t h5t h6t hGunners 4t hMechanics 6t hRunners and agen tsTailorMiscellaneous . . . .Total enlisted

AggregateHorses, r idingMules, draftMules, r idingTota l an imals

1)(2) b111)21

(1)(2)(6)(1)2122

415

(i)(1) (1)

(3)78

1

(8)1010

1

(9)1111

2

2829

2313 C

(8)

(2)(4)

10 5109

1094

ing adoption and issue of the infantry howitzer.To dr ive new ammuni t ion t ruckswhen furnished.Th e following are armed with rif les:barber , cobb ler , ta i lo r , mechan ics ,agents and runnerc except fourequ ipped wi th b icycles .

6 2335 Car ts , ammuni t ion , 37mm. 1 1 . 336 Car ts , mor tar , 1-mule . . 2 2 637 Bicycles 4 438 Guns, 37-mm. 1-331 i* 1

c

1or tars , 3-inch40 Pistols 15 5 10 26 9341 Rifles 7 3 3 16


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CHAPTER IV

ArtilleryParagraphFunction of artil lery 1Classes of field ar tille ry 2Organization of division ar tille ry 3Artillery command 4Occupation of positions 5Pre paration of fire 6Artillery preparation 7Supporting fires 8Counter ba tter y fire 9Liaison 10

1. FUNCTION OF ARTILLERY. a. Fire support. The firesupport of the infa ntry is the role of artillery . The tacticsof this fire support is based on immediate response to theneeds of the infantry; its nature is determined by the requirements of each situation. Intim ate association betweenthe supporting artillery and the infantry supported isessential to that infantry-artillery teamplay on whichsuccess in battle depends.b. Division artillery.The division artillery concernsitself primarily with the progress of the infantry frontline. For this purpose it is grouped into supporting fireunits. These supporting fire units are retained, normally,under division control, but may be attached, in part only,to lower infantry un its. They are employed by the division commander to support by fire one or all of the infantrygroups and to assis t groups of adjacent d ivisions. Theyare so organized and apportioned as to be able to give continuous fire support to successive infantry groups as theyenter the combat from reserves or elsewhere. When thecombat breaks up into disconnected local engagements,some division artillery is attached to infan try groups . Onthe defensive and in the initial stages after contact is gainedon the offensive, division artillery is employed as supportingartillery. In situations where the division cannot be employed in coordinated action as a whole, such as pursuits,

52


59/201

53RTILLERYretreats and meeting engagements^ or in the case of detached covering forces, it is usual to attach artillery to subordinate commands. The strength of artillery so attachedis restricted to the minimum requirements of the situation.

c. Corps artillery.The primary mission of the corpsartillery is the destruction or neutralization of hostile batteries and the destruction of hostile obstacles and defenses.In addition, it supplements the division artillery in providing covering fires, in the destruction of communicationsand defenses, and in reaching hostile troops protected bynatural or artificial cover. Its organization is such thatspecific units may be attached or assigned to support particular divisions.d. Army artillery.Armies are allotted artillery combat units from General Headquarters Reserve in suchnumbers and types as the situation demands. This arti llery may be employed directly by the army, or may beattached to corps for use as corps artillery or for re-allotment to divisions. Usually, only heavy long ran ge artillery is retained as army artillery. Army artillery isassigned appropriate missions beyond the range or powerof corps artillery, and in addition, it reinforces the fire ofcorps artillery.2. CLASSES OF FIELD ARTILLERY.Field artillery isclassified from the standpoint of materiel as light, medium,and heavy. Light artillery is at present equipped with75-mm. guns. Medium artillery includes 155-mm.. how itzers.All field artillery of heavier calibers is classed as heavy artillery.3. ORGANIZATION OF DIVISION ARTILLERY. a. Onebrigade of two regiments of field artillery, equipped with75-mm. guns, forms an organic part of the infantry division. The primary mission of this artillery is to supportthe infantry . Division artillery is organized in regimentsand battalions so as to provide suitable fire units to supportinfantry fighting groups.

b. The ammunition carried for division artillery issufficient in quantity and suitable in type to enable it toattack and overcome the probable targets that are to beinitially encountered by the infantry.


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ARTT.LLERY DATARate of fire, rounds per pieceProjectiles. per minute. Time* a

Da yWeight, Maximum Pro- of fire to oemplaceCaliber Weight bursting Extreme effective longed Short Maximum (rds). (minutes).an d Kind (lbs). charge range range fire bursts. possible.type. (lbs.) (yards). (yards).0 *CO

75-mm. Shrapnel 16 .18 9,700 6,500fFrench Shell 11-12.4 1.7 8,000 7,500f 10 25 300 3gun. Shell 12.8-14.7 1.3 12,000 ) 155-mm. Shell 95 15.2 12,500 8,500 2 4 150 15 orFrench Shell 95 9 12,000 8,500 more. >howitzer

*Time to change from firing to travelin g position is appro xima tely the sam e. Varies between wide limits. oDepends or terrain and condition of action. GOfSuperior limit of effective barrage support.{Concentrations."Ranges given are approxim ate, only. While great accura cy and quick results cannot be expected at ex-t ^ m e ranges, no opportu nity to employ fires promising profitable effect should be neglected.


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55RTILLERYc. A 75-mm. gun regiment. (1) The battery. The batte ry prim arily is a fire unit. Its effectiveness in combat depends largely on technical efficiency. Its fire is conducted byone officer. Tactically, it operates as part of a battalion,

except in small commands or in special cases. It is thesmallest artille ry administrative unit. It consists of abattery headquarters, firing battery, and maintenance section. (2) The battalion.The battalion primarily is a tactical un it. The battalion commander directs* the fire ofthe batteries so as to obtain the desired tactical result. Heconcerns himself with the technical details of fire only tothe extent necessary to insure effective fire direction. Thebattalion is not an adm inistrative unit. The number ofbatteries is the same as the number of battalions in aninfantry regiment. In some cases a ba ttery may be designated to support an infantry battalion.(3) The regiment.The regiment is both a tacticaland adm inistrative unit. Its commander directs the tactical employment of the regiment as a whole, leaving thedetails thereof to the executive officer and the battalion commanders. An artillery regiment is usually assigned to thesupport of an infantry brigade.d. The brigade. The brigade is a tactical unit. Thecommander is responsible for the training and fightingefficiency of the brigade, and is also an advisor to the division commander on artille ry ma tte rs . In combat, one artillery regiment usually is assigned to the support of eachinfantry brigade.e. A 155-mm. howitzer regiment.A regiment of 155mm. howitzers sometimes is attached to a division from thecorps artillery brigade when the necessity for such attachment exists . The organization of a howitzer regim ent isbased on considerations similar to those that influence theorganization of a 75-mm. gun regiment. A regiment consistsof headquarters, headquarters battery, service battery,medical detachment, attached chaplain, and thre e battalions,each of two four-gun batteries . The regim ent is completely

*Fire direction is the tactical employment of one or more fireunits for the purpose of bringing their fire to bear on the desiredtarget at the proper time.


62/201

56 COMMAND, STAFF AND TACTICSmotorized and all personnel ride on the vehicles. Whenattached to a division, one battalion frequently is assignedto augment the fire of each 75-mm. regiment, and onebattalion is held in general support. The total strengthof the regiment, excluding medical detachment and chaplains, is 77 officers, 1 warrant officer, 1661 enlisted men,and 24 howitzers.4. ARTILLERY COMMAND.There is no chain of artillery command between an army and a division. The commander of the unit to which it belongs, or is attached,exercises command of the artillery. The senior artillerycommander on duty with a unit, unless otherwise directed,commands all the artillery belonging or attached to the unit.He also advises the superior commander on artillery m atters.5. OCCUPATION OF POSITIONS.a. The most importantconsideration in selecting a battery position is to post theguns so as to carry out the tasks assigned. This consideration includes the following: effective range, field of fire,observation, signal communication, concealment of positions and approaches th ere to; facility of movement to front,flanks, and rear; ease of resupply of ammunition, proximityto good cover for limbers or gun tractors, suitability of soiland slope of the ground for gun positions, non-interferencewith operations of other troops, and provisions for the protection and comfort of the personnel when the position is tobe occupied for some tim e.

b. A light battery in action normally occupies a frontof about 100 yards. The normal interval between gun muzzles is 20 ya rds, but may vary between 8 and 50 yard s. Theguns are not always placed in line. Terrain or other conditions may necessitate an irregular formation with someguns more advanced than others and at irregular intervals.Each gun caisson is on the left of its piece, with about onefoot between adjacent wheels. The caisson bodies of thesections are placed, norm ally, 20 yards to the right and left,respectively, of guns of the battery. The gun and caissonlimbers are placed under cover and concealed. They arelocated so as to insure free and prompt access to the guns.Their distance from the guns is controlled by the characterof the terrain. The maintenance section (battery combat


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57RTILLERYtrain) usually joins the limbers. In some situations, thecaisson section also joins the limbers.c. The battalion combat train is posted so as to beprotected from fire and to have covered approaches to thebatte ries. Suitable routes lead to the batteries and fromthe ammunition distributing point. The position must belarge enough to park the carriages w ith wide interva ls. It israrely more than 1200 yards in rear of the batterie s. Visualor other communication is maintained with the battalioncommander.d. Observation posts are established by artillery unitsat places affording a good view of the enemy territory.Separate battery observation posts are, when possible,located near the firing batteries so as to insure efficient andand unin terrup ted communication. However, when this isimpracticable either owing to the insufficiency of favorablesites or to the distance between the sites and. the batteries,observation may be conducted from a battalion or otherobservation post. Regim ental and battalion observationposts are established to obtain enemy information and todirect artillery fire.6. PREPARATION OF FIRE.Firing data are computedprior to opening fire. Fire for adjustment then begins forthe purpose of correcting initial firing data before passingto fire for effect. The latter class of fire is delivered for thepurpose of accomplishing a designated mission. Normally,fire for adjustment continues during fire for effect. Firecan be delivered on a target without first adjusting on thetarget itself, particularly when maps are available. Someprom inent ter ra in feature in or nea r the enemy's known position is selected and fire adjusted thereon. This class offire is termed fire for registration. The fire having beenadjusted on the registration point, it can then be quicklyshifted and effectively brought to bear on nearby enemypositions.7. ARTILLERY PREPARATION.a. The purpose of theartillery preparation is to destroy enemy troops, cover,obstacles, and control, to neutralize his artillery, to interdict hostile routes, to block and isolate areas, to blind enemyobservation, and to weaken generally the morale of thehostile forces.


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58 COMMAND, ST A FF AND TACTICSb. Lengthy artillery preparations are usually objectionable. The element of surprise is thereby lost, and time iagiven the enemy to alert and move his reserves to positionsto meet the attack . Therefore, it is frequently desirable to

omit the artillery preparation . In large attacks, the location and mobility of the hostile main reserves influence thelength of time that can be allowed for an artillery preparation and still secure tactical surpr ise. To secure tacticalsurprise, artillery preparation is limited to less than sixhours' duration. Its length is influenced also by the lengthof time required to accomplish the necessary destructions.The time required to effect complete destruction andthorough neutralization depends on the number and typeof guns available to undertake destruction fires, and theamm unition supply. The amount and kind of amm unitionavailable are important factors in determining the lengthand intensity of the preparation, and the type of targets tobe attacked.c. (1) Destruction fire is used to cut wire entanglements and to destroy batteries, trenches, and other materialta rg ets. The 75-mm. gun is ineffective for the destructionof trenches and can accomplish the destruction of othermaterial objects only after an excessive expenditure ofammunition. The 155-mm. howitzer is more effective fordestruction fires than the 75-mm. gun but it also requiresgreat ammunition expenditures to accomplish particulartasks.(2) Neutralizing fire is used agains t areas containingenemy troops, trenches, centers of resistance, commandposts, observation posts, batteries, machine gun nests, probable assembly positions for reserves, and supply establishments. Shell, shrapnel, smoke, and gas are used for neu tralization.(3) Interdiction fire is used to prevent the free movement of enemy troops and supplies at a particular point orarea. It is delivered at irregu lar intervals. Shrapnel maybe employed when conditions for its use are favorable.8. SUPPORTING FIRES.a. Artillery supporting fires,consist of those fires which cover and aid the infantry combat,


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59RTILLERYb. During an offensive, while the infantry advancestoward its first firing positions, the artillery neutralizes thehostile guns by counter battery and assists in diminishingthe efficacy of the enemy's infantry and machine gun fire.

In general, its targets are those hostile elements which aremost dangerous to the attacking infantry . Observed fireis the most efficient fire support that artillery can give inan attack. When observed fire is impracticable, p rearrangedorganized fires in the form of progressive concentrationsor of rolling barrages are employed.(1) Progressive concentrations are placed on pointsknown or suspected to be held by the enemy. Concentrations are first placed on such points nearest the attackingfront line. As the infantry advances, this fire is lifted andprogressively concentrated on points farther in advance.Concentrations are not placed closer to the supported infantry than 150 yards.(2) A rolling ba rrag e is employed to support pene trations through a defensive zone and to overcome enemyresistance in intrenched areas where the details of theorganization of the ground have not been accurately determined. The rear edge or line of the barrage is formedby 75-mm. percussion shell. This line has the depth of th edispersion of shell, 25 to 100 yards, depending on the range.To secure best results a deep ba rrage is necessary. Smokeis used to blind enemy observation and conceal the advancing infan try . To be effective, a ba rra ge must be dense.This requires large amm unition expenditures. In firing arolling barrage, each 75-mm. battery covers not to exceed100 yards of front at a rate of 12 to 20 rounds per batteryper minute. The infan try follows the ba rrag e at distancesvary ing from 100 to 150 yards . The guns firing on the rea rline of a barrage increase their ranges by bounds of 50 or100 yard s. A ba rrag e moves forward a t the ra te designatedfor the advance of the infantry, generally, 100 yards in fromthree to ten minutes, depending on the resistance expectedand the character of the terrain.(3) When a rolling barrage is used, it is arranged soas to interfere as little as possible with the advance andmaneuver of the infan try. Progressive concentrations fa


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60 COMMAND, ST A FF AND TACTICScilitate local infantry maneuver and are more flexible thanba rrag es in meeting changes in the situation . On a corresponding front and depth, concentrations require less ammunition and fewer guns than do ba rrages. Concentrationsdo not require lengthy planning and coordination, noraccurate maps. Fir ing data for concentrations are preparedmore quickly than for barrages.c. On the defensive, in addition to other classes of fireemployed, artillery support includes counter offensivepreparation and defensive barrages.(1) Counter offensive preparation consists of concentrations of fire placed on or in rear of the enemy lineopposite the point which the supply will probably attack,for the purpose of breaking up the attack before it can belaunched. Based on probable points of attack, tables, maps,and plans for counter offensive preparation are preparedin advance. When it is evident that such fires are necessary,they are brought down quickly and accurately on the areasselected. An average ra te of fire of two rounds per 75-mm.gun and about one-half round per 155-mm. howitzer perminute is maintained for about 15 minutes. These firesare repeated as necessary.(2) Defensive barrages include standing and boxbarrages . Sufficient arti llery to cover simultaneously th eentire front of a position with a stand ing b arrage is unusual.Therefore, batteries are assigned normal barrage missionsin defense of the most vulnerable points of the line, and, inaddition, eventual barrage missions to cover other less dangerous fronts. Unless engaged in other firing, a batte ry keepsits guns constantly laid to fire the normal barrage of theba ttery . On call of the infantry , fire is quickly brough tdown. The areas covered by ba rrage fires are located at t heminimum safe distance in advance of the infan try, and coverportions of the front that cannot be readily covered byinfantry weapons. Each battery effectively covers a frontof about 200 yards . The ba ttery front is divided into fourslightly overlapping portions, one of which is assigned toeach gun. An effective ra te of fire for a front of 200 ya rdsis six rounds per gun per m inute for four minutes, followedby two rounds per gun per minute for two minutes. If


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61RTILLERYcircumstances require, this fire is continued at the latterrate, or the whole series is repeated at intervals.9. COUNTER BATTERY FIRE.Counter battery fire isemployed during artillery preparation, during an attackor a defense, and on other occasions. The purpose of thisfire is to dominate the hostile artillery by accomplishing itsdestruction or neu tralization. The effectiveness of counterbattery fire depends on the number and type of guns available, information of hostile artillery positions, and efficientground and aerial observation of fire. During an attackthe neutralization of hostile artillery which is firing on theadvancing infantry is generally the primary mission of theattack ing artillery . Effective counter ba ttery increases theinfantry morale and permits the attacking infantry to advance and fight on equal term s. On the defensive, whilethe principal artillery target is the attacking infantry,effective counter battery materially assists the infantryfight. When a division is operating as part of a corps,counter battery missions are undertaken by the corps artillery, assisted by the arm y artil lery . When a division isacting alone, 155-mm. howitzers are sometimes attachedfrom the corps for counter battery and other missions.

10. LIAISON.Artillery units attach liaison officers tothe infantry or cavalry groups which they support in comba t. A liaison officer is provided with personnel andequipment to maintain his communication with the supporting artillery . He keeps the artillery commander fullyinformed of changes in the tactical situation and of thecooperation desired of the artillery by the supported unit.He keeps himself informed of the plans and movements ofthe artillery unit to which he belongs, acts as advisor tothe infantry commander on artillery matters, and gathersinformation of the enemy which concerns the artillery.When the infantry is advancing in combat, he must be prepared to conduct fire on particular targets visible to himbut which cannot be observed by battery observation.


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219 92 32 42 52 62 72 82 9303 1323 33 43 63 73 83 94 04 1Y>

ScoutSignalPrivates 1st class andAgent with serviceBuglersCannoneersChief mechanicCooks (first)Cook (assistant)DriversGuidonHorseholdersHorseshoersLine guardsMechanicsOperators, instrument ..Orderly, stableSaddlerTotal enlistedAggregate

Horses, draft

4th4th5th

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(2>>)1 5

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'M a r c h w i th b a t t e r y c o m b a t t r a i n(main tenance section less rationca rt ) .A M M U N I T I O N C A R R I E DT h e gun sections, 1st to 4th, inclusive, each carry 124 round s. Th e5th section (caisson) carries 212rounds. Tota l car r ied in ba t tery 177rounds per gun . The p ropor t ionsar e f rom 50% to 75% shel l ; 15%to 40 % shrapnel and 10% smoke, deoending on conditions- Gas may

be car r ied i f cond i t ions war ran t bu tis no t car r ied hab i tua l ly .

i iftr*4orses, riding 2 6 6 2 2

0O) 488234 4 Mules, draft

4 5 Total animals 34 18 14 16 32 1424 1 44 64 74 84 9SO525 35 556575 8 ^

Cart, ration, 2-muleCart, water, 2-muleKitchen, rolling, 4-muleCart, reel, btry., 4-horseWagon, btry., 6-horseWagon, store, 6-horseWagon, spring, J-ton, 4horseBicyclesGuns, 75-mm., 6-horseCaissons, 75-mm., 6-horsePistolsMachine guns, A. A.Rifles, automatic

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1

TABLE 426W 0000SQUADRON, CAVALRY REGIMENT (CONSOLIDATED TABLE)

{War Strength)February 3, 1921Designation: t .Squadron,, *Cavalry; f. Sq *Cav2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 l

Squadron Headquarters andHeadquarters De iachment REMARKS

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ae *Insert numerical designation ofI regiment.flnsert numerical designation ofT3g-Units squadron.ag bOfficers' mess."Squadron detachmentms fl 1 includes:43 oo o O & i 9 privates first class.g 9 a co fn j 15 privates.r-H-3 a> ; Total squadron includes:_

Sa ST3 ^ 105 privates first class.222 privates.a gm w 00 P5 H H

V 1 1 1Captains 3 3 Q Lieutenants 3d 3 12 15 6th class 12f. 4 4 15 19 -36 First sergeants 3 3 Adjutant Sq. 1.27 2 2 Intelligence officer Sq. 2.8 Squadron sergeant Plan s and trainin g officer Sq. 3.(1) ! Supply officer Sq. 4.9 Squadron supply One of the squadron staff officers(gl) is adjutan t, one combines the duties10 1 1 33 34 of intelligence officer and plans and11 Corporals, incl 2 1 1 4 39 43 training officer, and one is supplyBugler (10 officer.13 Squadron detachment Two horses per officer.clerk (1) (1) (1) 'No t armed with the rifle. (x).14 Miscellaneous isNot armed with the saber. (*).

i-3


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1516171819202123242527282930313233343536

Privates f irst class andprivates, incl.Cooks, assis tan tCooks, firstGunners , mach inerifleHorseshoersMessengers and scoutsMessengers and scoutsMotorcyclistsOrderliesRadio operatorsSaddlersMiscellaneousTotal enlistedAggregate

Tota l an imalsMotorcycles, with sideca rMachine rif les (Browningau tomat ic)Rifles. . . .PistolsSabers

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(3)37 839 340 82743 5

1830639 329 7

327

40 942844 632478

11833 142831 5

^Assumed.The headquar ters de tachment , o i lthe march, is divided as followsgenerally:At the head of the column:1 staff sergeant (sergeantmajor),1 corporal bugler,1 corporal clerk,8 messengers and scouts,1 motorcyclist,4 orderlies,8 NCOs and pr iva tes ( rad iosection).24 enlisted men.

At the rear of the column:2 cooks (1 for officers' mes s),1 mess orderly,3 NCOs and privates (wiresection).6 enlisted men.With the t ra in :1 supply sergeant.

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1920212223242526272829

Horseshoers. 4th mOrderlies (1) (1)(4)Saddlers 5t h (1)Miscellaneous . . (7) (21)Total enlisted. 18 (3) (8) (27)Aggregate 19 (4) (8) (28)

Horses, riding (d) 20 (5) (8) (29)Horses, pack.Total animals. 23Machine rifles (Browningautomatic)

" 1 2 6 " "13113 6914 5

30 Rifles 12 (3)(4) (3) 9 102 and ext ra ba rre l .

(3) (1) (1)(63)81 ............ (6) (188)i>27

84 (4) (8) 288787

(5) (8)(2) 29635(2) 6 6

Al l a rmed wi th t h e rifle carry 90ro u n d s of rifle ammunition, (x)Machine rifle platoon, (x)Gunners (corporal an d r a t e dpriva te ) , 160 rounds of rifle ammunition carried in magaz ines inbelt , 1 spa re pa r t case . 1 a m m u nition filler.Ass i s tant an d ca rr ie rs :400 rounds of rifle ammunition (carried in magaz inesin th e belt) and bandolee r . 1magazine filler.Led horse: 1 automatic rifle (temporary)480 ro u n d s

000

(27) 81(28)1 19 84 28 131istols (8) of rifle am mu niti on (carried in4)(1)28) 992 Sabers 14 (4) 84 1 magazines).The automatic rifle, extra barrel,and 480 rounds of ammunition arecarried on the led horse. The gunner carries 160 rounds of ammunition and each assistant 400 rounds,making a total in the squad of 1440roundsall in magazines. Whennecessary, extra ammunition inbandoleers can be carried on theled horse, or issued to and carriedby the other members of the platoon.(Last paragraph assumed in theabsence of definite information.)Flares and marking panels.Issued as needed, (x)The machine gun squad is composed of two gun crews, No. 1 andNo . 2, each consisting of a gunner,an assistant, an ammunition car

rier, a horseholder and a pack horse.The squad is formed as follows:The corporal gunner and the private gunner form a set of twos infront, the corporal on the left.Gun crew No. 1 forms a set of foursbehind the gunners as follows:No . 1 is the pack horse behind the private gunner.

No . 2 is the horseholder behind the corporal gunner.No . 3 is the assistant gunner.No . 4 is the carrier.Gun crew No. 2 is similarlyformed behind gun crew No. 1 at 4feet distance.The machine rifle platoon in column of fours is a formation inwhich the three squads form a column, the leading squad being thebase, the second and third squadsfollowing, all in column of fourswith 4 feet distance throughout thecolumn.The troop headquarters detachment on the march is divided asfollows generally:At the head of the column:1 first sergeant.1 stable sergeant (carriesguidon and assumescharge of led horses).2 buglers.4 messengers.

8 enlisted men.

At rear of column:1 mess sergeant.3 cooks.3 horseshoers.1 saddler.8 enlisted men and 8 led horses.With troop train:1 supply sergeant.As specially ordered, usuallywith rear echelon:1 corporal (troop clerk).The cooking outfit contains:2 grates.1 coffee boiler.Pots.Bake pans.Cooking utensils.Butchering utensils.


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25 5th (2; At the head of the column:26 Miscellaneous (lh) (95kh) 1 first sergeant.27 Total enlisted 27 (11) (26) 78 105 1 stable sergeant (carries guidonand assumes charge of led28 29 (5

army national guard tactics (1923)

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