apes-1st-semester-online-study-guide.docx

1st Semester APES Exam Study Guide

This is a sampling of the questions that will be on the semester exam. You should review each of them in the following manner.

1) Locate the chapter/section that answers the question. Exam will cover Chapters 1 - 8. 2) Review ALL the aspects of what the question is talking about.3) Answers to these questions will be given during the review days as per the schedule on the class web site.

1. Which of the following is not a goal of environmental science?a) learn how nature worksb) understand how we interact with the environmentc) find ways to deal with environmental problemsd) learn how to live more sustainablye) learn how to persuade politicians to enact sustainability legislation

2. A key component of environmental science isa) botanyb) political sciencec) sociologyd) ecologye) psychology

3. Using normally renewable resources faster than nature can renew them is calleda) nutrient cyclingb) nutrient deficitc) sustainabilityd) trade-offse) degrading natural capital

4. Scientists estimate we could recycle and reuse what percentage of the resources we now use?a) 50-60%b) 60-70%c) 70-80%d) 80-90%e) 90-100%

5. What is the primary difference between renewable resources and nonrenewable resources?a) how easily they are discoveredb) the amount of the resourcec) the length of time it takes for them to be replenishedd) how fast they are being used upe) none of these

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6. Which of the following would not be considered a nonrenewable resource?a) copperb) oilc) fresh aird) salte) sand

7. Which of the following is not a renewable resource?a) groundwaterb) trees in a forestc) fertile soild) oile) crops

8. All non-renewable resources can theoretically bea) converted to nonmetallic mineralsb) converted to renewable onesc) exhausted or depletedd) recycled or reusede) alive

9. Which of the following is an example of reuse?a) re-melting aluminum cansb) making compost out of kitchen scrapsc) using plastic butter tubs to store leftoversd) using waste heat to warm a roome) making paper goods from previously used paper

10. The U.N. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment reports that human activities have degraded what percentage of the earth’s natural services, mostly in the last 50 years.a) 20b) 40c) 60d) 80e) 95

11. If everyone on earth consumed at the same current level as the average U.S. citizens, we would needa) 30% more resourcesb) 75% more resourcesc) 100% more resourcesd) two more earthse) five more earths

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12. The per capita ecological footprint of U.S. citizen is about ____ times as much as an average citizen of China.a) 2.1b) 4.5c) 6d) 10e) 30

13. Pollution includesa) detergents dumped into streamsb) volcanoes spewing toxic gases into the atmospherec) CO2 releases from coal burning power plantsd) fertilizer runoff from golf coursese) all of these

14. At our current average rate of use per person, we will need the equivalent of how many earth’s to provide an endless supply of renewable resources.a) 0.88b) 0.91c) 1.15d) 1.3e) 2.1

15. Which of the following is one of the root causes of environmental problems?a) rapid population growthb) even distribution of wealthc) increasingly sustainable use of resourcesd) prices reflecting environmental costse) using nonrenewable resources sensibly

16. The harmful effects of poverty are serious but those of affluence are ____.a) a lot less seriousb) a little less seriousc) about the samed) a little more seriouse) a lot more serious

17. The real prices of goods and services do not includea) the cost of raw materialsb) the cost of manufacturingc) the environmental costs of resource used) the cost of distributione) the cost of advertising

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18. The idea that we should be responsible, caring managers of the earth isa) the planetary management worldviewb) the stewardship worldviewc) the environmental wisdom worldviewd) the environmental justice movemente) all of these

19. Research by social scientists suggests that it takes ____ percent of the population of a community, country, or the world to bring about major social change.a) 1-2b) 5-10c) 15-20d) 25-35e) 50-60

20. An irreversible shift in the behavior of a natural system is called a(n)a) ecological tipping pointb) overuse of resources c) failure to recycled) renewable natural capitale) ecological footprint

21. Which of the following is the usual order of applying the scientific process to a problem?a) hypothesis-question-observation-experimentation-conclusion-analysisb) hypothesis-conclusion-question-observation-experimentation-analysisc) observation-hypothesis-conclusion-experimentation-analysis-questiond) observation-question-hypothesis-experimentation-analysis-conclusione) hypothesis-experimentation-observation-analysis-question-conclusion

22. Which of the following is supported by data, hypotheses, models, theories, and laws that are widely accepted by scientists considered experts in the field under study?a) frontier scienceb) tentative sciencec) reliable scienced) unreliable sciencee) guess

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23. Matter is anything thata) has mass and takes up spaceb) has the capacity to do workc) can be changed in formd) can produce changee) moves mass

24. Which of the following is not identified by the author as a building block of matter?a) moleculesb) compoundsc) ionsd) atomse) none of these

25. Fundamental types of matter that have unique sets of properties and can not be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means are calleda) mixturesb) compoundsc) isotopesd) elementse) atoms

26. All of the following are elements excepta) waterb) oxygenc) nitrogend) hydrogene) carbon

27. The most basic building block of matter is a(n)a) atomb) elementc) moleculed) compounde) ion

28. Protons, neutrons, and electrons are alla) forms of energyb) equal in massc) subatomic particlesd) negative ionse) charged particles

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29. The mass number is equal to the sum of thea) neutrons and isotopesb) neutrons and electronsc) neutrons and protonsd) protons and electronse) ions and isotopes

30. An atom or group of atoms with one or more net positive or negative charges is a(n)a) baseb) isotopec) iond) acide) none of these

31. Which of the following is/are not a macromolecule?a) lipidsb) simple carbohydratesc) proteinsd) nucleic acidse) complex carbohydrates

32. The macromolecules that make up living organisms area) proteinsb) lipidsc) carbohydratesd) nucleic acidse) all of these

33. Which of the following is the fundamental structural and functional unit of life?a) atomb) macromoleculec) DNAd) celle) organism

34. Which of the following is not one of the nuclear changes matter can undergo?a) fissionb) evaporationc) decayd) fusione) All of these are nuclear changes.

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35. Which of the following does not represent kinetic energy?a) the wind blowingb) water in a streamc) steamd) a car at the top of a hille) electricity

36. What percentage of the energy used to produce food for living organisms, and to heat the earth, comes from the sun?a) 10b) 29c) 49d) 79e) 99

37. An example of potential energy isa) electricity lighting a lampb) sugar in a sugar bowlc) a snowball thrown at a treed) a leaf falling from a treee) water powering a turbine

38. Energy input isa) usually greater than energy outputb) always greater than energy outputc) always equal to energy outputd) usually less than energy outpute) always less than energy output

39. Which of the following is not a key component of a system?a) throughputsb) inputsc) outputsd) All are key components.e) None are key components.

40. A positive feedback loop is illustrated by all of the following excepta) melting polar iceb) exponential population growthc) a thermostat maintaining a certain temperature in your housed) the greenhouse effecte) none of these

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41. Time delays in feedback systems allow changes in the environment to build slowly until the changes reach a(n)a) synergy pointb) inputc) throughputd) tipping pointe) bioaccumulation point

42. Which of the following must obey the laws of thermodynamics?a) organic lifeb) living systemsc) economicsd) humanse) all of these

43. Although tropical rain forests are only 2% of the earth’s land surface, they contain what percentage of the earth’s land plants and animal species?a) 50b) 40c) 30d) 20e) 10

44. Which of the following is not a reason we should care about the disappearance of the tropical rain forests?a) their loss will reduce earth’s biodiversityb) their loss will accelerate atmospheric warmingc) their loss will change regional weather patternsd) their loss will mean more places to build citiese) their loss may push us beyond an ecological tipping point

45. Ozone gas in the lower part of the stratosphere filters out how much of the sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation?a) 33%b) 20%c) 95%d) 67%e) 10%

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46. Which of the following is not a major component of the earth's life-support system?a) unisphereb) atmospherec) hydrosphered) geospheree) biosphere

47. Fossil fuels and minerals are found in thea) unisphereb) atmospherec) hydrosphered) geospheree) biosphere

48. All physical forms of water (solid, liquid, and gas) make up thea) atmosphereb) lithospherec) biosphered) hydrospheree) troposphere

49. The parts of the earth's air, water, and soil where life is found is called thea) organismb) populationc) communityd) ecosysteme) biosphere

50. Ecology is the study ofa) human impact on the environmentb) the abiotic elements of the environmentc) the biotic elements of the environmentd) how organisms interact with each other and the nonliving environmente) how evolution formed populations

51. Which of the following is not an abiotic component of an ecosystem?a) nutrientsb) microbesc) waterd) solar energye) air

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52. Groups of different species living together in a particular place with a potential for interacting with one another is called a(n)a) organismb) populationc) communityd) ecosysteme) biosphere

53. The most fundamental structural and functional units of life area) atomsb) moleculesc) compoundsd) cellse) mitochondrion

54. The very necessary process of breaking down the dead bodies of organisms is a function ofa) detritivoresb) omnivoresc) carnivoresd) herbivorese) producers

55. Organisms that complete the final breakdown and recycling of organic materials from the remains of all organisms are thea) detritivoresb) omnivoresc) carnivoresd) herbivorese) decomposers

56. Each trophic level in a food chain or food web contains a certain amount of organic matter, calleda) foodb) energyc) biomassd) organismse) decomposition

57. The hydrologic cycle is the movement ofa) carbonb) hydrogenc) hydrocarbonsd) carbohydratese) water

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58. The hydrologic cycle is driven primarily bya) solar energyb) lunar tidesc) solar tidesd) mechanical energye) chemical energy

59. The form of nitrogen most usable to plants isa) ammonium ionsb) nitrogen gasc) proteinsd) nitritese) nitrates

60. Which of the following is not a part of the phosphorus cycle?a) soilb) atmospherec) organismsd) rockse) marine sediments

61. All of the following are ways humans interfere in the phosphorus cycle excepta) erosion from fertilized crop fields, lawns, increases phosphate ions in streamsb) increasing phosphate levels in tropical forests by clearing forestsc) removing large quantities of phosphate from the earth for fertilizerd) stimulating aquatic systems to overproduce through runoff of phosphate ionse) all of these interfere in the phosphorus cycle

62. Ecologists would make use of which of the following in their study of nature?a) field researchb) geographic information system softwarec) controlled experimentsd) remote sensing devicese) all of these

63. Scientists have less than _____ percent of the ecological data they need to evaluate the ecosystems in the United States.a) 5b) 8c) 12d) 25e) 50

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64. How many humans are injured or killed each year by sharks?a) 5-15b) 20-35c) 40-55d) 60-75e) 135-150

65. How many sharks are killed each year by humans?a) 501b) 150,000c) 1.3-2.7 milliond) 22-47 millione) 79-97 million

66. Biodiversity includes all of the following components excepta) functional diversityb) genetic diversityc) intellectual diversityd) ecological diversitye) species diversity

67. The diversity that enables life on earth to adapt and survive environmental changes is calleda) functional diversityb) genetic diversityc) intellectual diversityd) ecosystem diversitye) species diversity

68. The variety of processes, including matter cycling and energy flow within ecosystems, which result from species interacting with one another in food webs is calleda) functional diversityb) genetic diversityc) intellectual diversityd) ecosystem diversitye) species diversity

69. Which of the following is not an adaptation that has made humans so successful?a) strong opposable thumbsb) physical strengthc) upright walkingd) complex braine) All of these have made us successful.

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70. Geographic isolation may result from which of the following?a) volcanic eruptionsb) migrations of subgroupsc) mountain rangesd) roadse) all of these

71. Mass extinctions, with 25-95% of species going extinct, have occurred how many times in the history of the earth?a) 1 or 2b) 3-5c) 6-8d) 9-12e) 20-23

72. The role a species plays in its ecosystem is thea) functionb) habitatc) ecological niched) geographical locatione) ecological job

73. A species with a broad niche is considered a(n)a) endemic speciesb) endangered speciesc) specialist speciesd) native speciese) generalist species

74. Which of the following would not be considered a generalist species?a) humansb) cockroachesc) pandasd) raccoonse) white-tailed deer

75. Which of the following is another name for a nonnative species?a) nativeb) invasivec) keystoned) indicatore) foundation

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76. Which of the following is not an example of a cause for the decline of amphibians?a) habitat lossb) prolonged rainy periodsc) pollutiond) increases in UV radiatione) parasites

77. A species in an ecosystem that plays a central role in the health of that ecosystem, and whose removal may cause the collapse of the ecosystem, is called a(n)a) foundation speciesb) indicator speciesc) native speciesd) keystone speciese) specialist species

78. A species in an ecosystem that shapes communities by creating and enhancing habitats in ways that benefit other species is calleda) foundation speciesb) indicator speciesc) native speciesd) keystone speciese) specialist species

79. Which of the following is the most common interaction between species?a) competitionb) predationc) parasitismd) mutualisme) commensalism

80. If multiple species find themselves competing for the same resource, the competition can be reduced by which of the following?a) camouflageb) cooperationc) resource partitioningd) resource expansione) mimicry

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81. Which of the following is said to occur when an interaction benefits one species but has little, if any, effect on the other?a) interspecific competitionb) predationc) parasitismd) mutualisme) commensalism

82. Which of the following is said to occur when members of two or more species interact to gain access to the same limited resources?a) interspecific competitionb) predationc) parasitismd) mutualisme) commensalism

83. Which of the following is said to occur when one organism feeds on another organism by living on or in the other organism?a) interspecific competitionb) predationc) parasitismd) mutualisme) commensalism

84. Which of the following is not a method predators use to capture prey?a) pursuitb) ambushc) camouflaged) chemical warfaree) protective shells

85. Which of the following is not a method prey species use to avoid capture?a) highly developed sense of sight or smellb) spines and thornsc) chemical warfared) ambushe) camouflage

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86. Parasitesa) rarely kill their hostsb) are usually larger than their hostsc) must be internal to their hostsd) may strengthen their hosts over a long period of timee) are usually microscopic

87. When populations of two different species interact over long periods of time, changes in the gene pool of one species can lead to changes in the gene pool of the other. This is calleda) competitionb) coevolutionc) coincidenced) commensalisme) predation

88. The relationship between clownfish and sea anemone isa) interspecific competitionb) predationc) parasitismd) mutualisme) commensalism

89. A group of interbreeding individuals of the same species in the same geographic region is called a(n)a) communityb) populationc) ecosystemd) biospheree) biome

90. The most common distribution of populations is which of the following?a) randomb) uniformc) clumpedd) circlese) none of these

91. Which of the following is not a limiting factor for populations in aquatic life zones?a) temperatureb) sunlightc) nutrient availabilityd) precipitatione) dissolved oxygen

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92. Which of the following is not one of the age structure categories?a) postreproductiveb) prereproductivec) reproductived) nonreproductivee) All of these answers are categories.

93. "The maximum population of a given species that a particular habitat can sustain indefinitely without being degraded" is the definition ofa) logistic growthb) environmental resistancec) exponential growthd) carrying capacitye) biotic potential

94. Exponential growth followed by a steady decrease in population growth until the population size levels off is typical ofa) logistic growthb) environmental resistancec) exponential growthd) carrying capacitye) biotic potential

95. When plotting the number of individuals in a population against time the data yield a J-shaped curve, which indicates which of the following?a) logistic growthb) environmental resistancec) exponential growthd) carrying capacitye) biotic potential

96. Some species experience an explosion of population growth to a high peak followed by a crash to a more stable lower level. This is called which of the following?a) stableb) irruptivec) cyclicd) irregulare) regular

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97. Which of the following refers to the ability of a living system to be restored after a period of moderate to severe disturbance?a) stabilityb) inertiac) constancyd) tipping pointe) resilience

98. The ability of a living system to survive moderate disturbances is calleda) stabilityb) inertiac) constancyd) tipping pointe) resilience

99. According to the United Nations, China’s population should reach what size by the year 2025?a) 1.1 billionb) 1.2 billionc) 1.3 billiond) 1.4 billione) 1.5 billion

100. What was the average number of children born to a woman in China in 2009?a) 1.0b) 3.4c) 2.1d) 1.6e) 5.7

101. What was the average number of children born to a woman in the United States in 2009?a) 1.0b) 3.4c) 2.1d) 1.6e) 5.7

102. What percentage of the people that will be added to the human population by 2050 will be born into less-developed countries?a) 92%b) 52%c) 18%d) 82%e) 44%

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103. If the human population levels off during the 21st century, it will move from a "J-shaped" curve to what curve shape?a) Nb) Ic) Sd) Pe) C

104. At today’s level of consumption, scientists estimate that we would need the equivalent of how many planet Earths to sustain our per capita use of resources?a) 1.0b) 1.1c) 1.2d) 1.3e) 2.0

105. By 2050, if the population increase estimates are correct and everyone reaches the current U. S. level of resource consumption per person, we will need how many planet Earth’s?a) 1b) 2c) 3d) 4e) 5

106. The crude birth rate is the number of live births per ____ persons in a given year.a) 50b) 100c) 500d) 1,000e) 100,000

107. The total fertility rate (TFR), between 1955 and 2010, dropped in less-developed countries from 6.2 to what level?a) 3.2b) 2.8c) 4.5d) 1.8e) 2.1

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108. The U.S. population isa) slowly growingb) slowly decliningc) basically stabled) rapidly declininge) rapidly growing

109. If every woman on earth had no more than an average of 2.1 children during their reproductive years, the human population would continue to rise for how long?a) 5,000 yearsb) 150 yearsc) 50 yearsd) 20 yearse) 5 years

110. The 2010 U.S. population of 310 million is expected to reach what level by 2050?a) 500 millionb) 439 millionc) 415 milliond) 375 millione) 350 million

111. Infant mortality rate refers to the number of children per 1,000 births that diea) by their fifth birthdayb) before their first birthdayc) before six monthsd) in their first monthe) before birth

112. Worldwide, how many children under 1 year of age die each day of preventable causes.a) 500b) 1,000c) 3,000d) 5,500e) 11,000

113. According to recent research, how many environmental refugees were there in the year 2008?a) 100,000b) 1,000,000c) 5,000,000d) 25,000,000e) 40,000,000

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114. Currently, legal and illegal immigration account for approximately how much of the U.S. annual population growth?a) 100%b) 36%c) 63%d) 24%e) 15%

115. Which of the following is not an effect of a high level of AIDS in a country?a) loss of productive young workersb) loss of trained personnelc) increase in life expectancyd) loss of adults to support the younge) loss of adults to support the elderly

116. Worldwide, AIDS is the leading cause of death for people _____ years of age.a) 1-4b) 5-14c) 15-49d) 50-65e) 66+

117. Which of the following is not a stage of the demographic transition model?a) preindustrialb) industrialc) pre-transitionald) transitionale) postindustrial

118. In the demographic transition model, death rates fall while birth rates remain high duringa) the preindustrial stageb) the industrial stagec) the postindustrial staged) the transitional stagee) following the postindustrial stage

119. Women tend to have fewer and healthier children for all the following reasons, excepta) when their individual rights are protectedb) earn an income of their ownc) when they have access to educationd) when they control their own fertilitye) when they have access to the internet

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120. Which of the following is not a type of terrestrial ecosystem on Earth?a) ice-coveredb) desertsc) forestsd) grasslandse) none of these

121. Which of the following climate zones would be described as not extreme, with four seasons?a) polarb) tundrac) temperated) tropicale) rain forests

122. Which of the following is a local area's short-term temperature, precipitation, and humidity?a) climateb) weatherc) biomesd) ecosystemse) currents

123. Where does the largest input of solar energy occur?a) North poleb) South polec) 30° Nd) 30° Se) equator

124. Prevailing winds are the result of what?a) temperatureb) direction the sun strikes the earthc) rotation of the earth on its axisd) ocean currentse) sun storms

125. Large terrestrial regions with similar characteristics area) ecosystemsb) communitiesc) populationsd) habitatse) biomes

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126. Treeless, bitterly cold most of the year, winters are long and dark, low-growing plants, and permafrost are the characteristics of which of the following?a) tall-grass prairieb) tundrac) short-grass prairied) temperate grasslande) savanna

127. Thick, spongy mats of low-growing plants, primarily grasses, mosses, and lichens, are typical of thea) arctic tundrab) coniferous forestc) tall-grass prairiesd) tropical forestse) taiga

128. Which of the following does alpine tundra receive in larger amounts than Arctic tundra?a) rainb) snowc) sunlightd) winde) ice

129. Tropical rain forests are not good for clearing to grow crops or animals, primarily because they are low in which of the following?a) rainfallb) temperaturec) lightd) soil nutrientse) wind

130. Trees of the tropical rainforest are characterized by leaves that area) needlelikeb) broadleaf and fall seasonallyc) needlelike and fall seasonallyd) needlelike and evergreene) broadleaf and evergreen

131. Which of the following biomes has been most disturbed by human activities?a) tundrab) tropical rain forestc) coniferous forestd) temperate deciduous foreste) taiga

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132. How much of the world's population depends on mountain systems for all or some of their water?a) 10%b) 18%c) 36%d) 58%e) 69%

133. Coral reefs are being damaged or destroyed by all of the following excepta) pollutionb) warmer ocean temperaturesc) increasing ocean acidityd) coastal developmente) underfishing

134. In a 2008 study, researchers estimated what percentage of the world’s coral reefs had already been destroyed?a) 50b) 35c) 22d) 19e) 10

135. Oysters, clams, and lobsters would be part of which of the following?a) phytoplanktonb) zooplanktonc) nektond) benthose) decomposers

136. Strongly swimming consumers would be part of which of the following?a) phytoplanktonb) zooplanktonc) nektond) benthose) decomposers

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137. The key factors determining the types and numbers of organisms found in the various layers of both freshwater and marine systems include all of the following, excepta) parasitismb) availability of nutrientsc) temperatured) dissolved oxygen levelse) availability of food

138. The ocean zone that covers the continental shelf is thea) bathyal zoneb) coastal zonec) littoral zoned) benthic zonee) abyssal zone

139. The ocean zone that makes up less than 10% of the world's ocean area, yet contains 90% of all the marine species, is thea) abyssal zoneb) bathyal zonec) benthic zoned) coastal zonee) littoral zone

140. Which of the following is not part of the coastal zone?a) estuariesb) coastal wetlandsc) bathyal zoned) intertidal zonee) coral reefs

141. Found along some 70% of gently sloping sandy and silty coastlines in tropical and subtropical regions, and consisting of some 69 species of trees, are thea) seagrass bedsb) barrier beachesc) barrier islandsd) coral reefse) mangrove forests

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142. Researchers have estimated more than ____ of the world's mangrove forests have been destroyed by human activities.a) one-fourthb) one-fifthc) one-halfd) two-thirdse) three-fourths

143. Organisms in this area must be able to avoid being swept away, crushed by waves, or being left high and dry at low tides, and must survive daily or seasonal salinity and temperature changes.a) estuariesb) coastal wetlandsc) bathyal zoned) intertidal zonee) coral reefs

144. The deepest part of the ocean is thea) abyssal zoneb) euphotic zonec) estuary zoned) bathyal zonee) benthic zone

145. Most photosynthesis in the open ocean occurs in thea) abyssal zoneb) euphotic zonec) estuary zoned) bathyal zonee) benthic zone

146. The dimly lit zone in which zooplankton and smaller fishes predominate is thea) abyssal zoneb) euphotic zonec) estuary zoned) bathyal zonee) benthic zone

147. How much of the world's ocean area has been heavily affected by human activity?a) 11%b) 21%c) 31%d) 41%e) 51%

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148. How much of the population of the United States lives at or near a coast?a) more than 95%b) more than 82%c) more than 75%d) more than 66%e) more than 50%

149. The open, sunlit surface area away from the shore is which zone?a) benthicb) littoralc) bathyald) limnetice) profundal

150. Deep lakes with steep banks that have a small supply of plant nutrients area) oligotrophic lakesb) eutrophic lakesc) culturally eutrophic lakesd) hypereutrophic lakese) mesotrophic lakes

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apes-1st-semester-online-study-guide.docx

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resources b75

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