REFERENCING: THE APA STYLE6TH EDITION

Prepared and Presented by: Dr. M. Clarke & B. E. WhyteDate: November 2011

IN TEXT CITATION

Paraphrasing• Author’s name and year appear in the

introductory phrase -

According to Berk and Santrock (2007), most

children learn to express their thoughts, desires,

and emotions through language from an early

age.

OR

Berk and Santrock (2007) affirm that most

children learn to express their thoughts, desires,

and emotions through language from an early

age.

Author’s name and the year appear at the end of the statement –

• Most children learn to express their thoughts,

desires, and emotions through language from an

early age (Berk & Santrock, 2007).

Optional (6th Edition): Page # can be provided especially when it would help an interested reader to locate the relevant passage in a long and complex text

A DIRECT QUOTE (LESS THAN 40 WORDS)

NOTE CAREFULLY:

• When quoting, always provide the author, year and specific page citation or paragraph number for non-paginated material.

• Direct quotation must be accurate except that the

1st letter of the first word may be changed to an

uppercase or lowercase letter. Direct quote must

be enclosed in double quotation marks.

AN EXAMPLE

It is believed that we need to rethink the idea of

school readiness. Carlton and Winsler (2010)

argue that “it is the schools that must be ready,

rather than placing the burden of readiness on

the children” (p. 69).

OR

(para. 4)

It is believed that we need to rethink the idea of

school readiness. “It is the schools that must be

ready, rather than placing the burden of

readiness on the children” (Carlton & Winsler,

2010, p. 69).

OR

(Carlton & Winsler, 2010, para. 6).

NOTE:

• If the quotation appears in mid-sentence, end the quote with quotation marks, cite the source in parenthesis, immediately after the quotation marks and continue the sentence.

• Use three (…) within a sentence to indicate omitted material from the original text.

Carlton and Winsler (2010) argue that “it is the

schools that must be ready, rather than placing

the burden of readiness on the children”

(p. 69), we therefore need to rethink the idea of

school readiness.

If the document includes a heading, but neither paragraph nor page numbers are visible, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following it, to direct the reader to the location of the quoted material, e.g.

(Discussion section, para. 4)

A DIRECT QUOTE (40 WORDS OR MORE)

Berk and Santrock (2007) insist that:

Postponing school entry keeps children in the environments that created and maintained the lack of readiness in the first place. Schools should instead work with children’s existing abilities, scaffolding their learning experiences to help them acquire the cognitive skills our culture sees as important for learning and academic success. (p. 128)

Postponing school entry keeps children in the

environments that created and maintained the

lack of readiness in the first place. Schools

should instead work with children’s existing

abilities, scaffolding their learning experiences

to help them acquire the cognitive skills our

culture sees as important for learning and

academic success. (Berk & Santrock, 2007, p.128)

NOTE:

The position of the full stop in the long quote.

When the name of the author is part of the narrative, you need not include the year in subsequent citations within the same paragraph. The year however, must be included in all parenthetical citations.

ONE WORK BY MULTIPLE AUTHORS

Work by two authors – Cite both names every time the reference appears in text

Hayward and Brown (2009) state …

(Hayward & Brown, 2009)

WORK BY THREE TO FIVE AUTHORS

Cite all authors the first time the reference occurs, but in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year.

Hayward, Brown, and Campbell(2009) OR

(Hayward, Brown, & Campbell, 2009) … parenthetical format

Hayward et al. (2009) … in subsequent citations

WORK BY SIX OR MORE AUTHORS

Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year for the first and subsequent citations.

TWO OR MORE WORKS WITHIN THE SAME PARENTHESES

Order the citations alphabetically

Several studies … (Miller, 2011; Taylor & Morgan, 2009).

Two or more works by the same author (earliest first) – ( Miller, 1997, 2003)

Works by the same author published in the

same year – ( Miller, 2003a, 2003b)

SECONDARY SOURCES

Use sparingly, for instance when the original work is

out of print, unavailable through direct sources. In

text, name the original work and give a citation for

the secondary source. For example, if Bradford’s

work is cited in Nicholson and you did not read

Bradford’s work: • List the Nicholson reference in the reference list.• In text use the following citation:

Bradford states in his diary that … (as cited in Nicholson, 2008).

PERSONAL COMMUNICATION

• Private letters, memos, some electronic communications (e.g. emails, electronic bulletin board), personal interviews, telephone conversations, etc. - Cite in text only

L. Berk (personal communication, November 24, 2011)

(L. Berk, personal communication, November 24, 2011)

REFERENCE LIST

• Only those work cited in the body of your text should be listed and these must be listed alphabetically.

• APA requires that the reference list be double- spaced and that entries have a hanging indent.

• Elements of a reference to an entire book -

 Author. (Year). Title. Place of Publication: Publisher.

A BOOK WITH ONE AUTHOR

Slavin, R. E. (2006). Educational psychology: Theory and practice. Boston, MA: Pearson Education.

A BOOK WITH TWO AUTHORS

Hendrick, J., & Weissman, P. (2007). Total learning: Developmental curriculum for the young child. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

A BOOK BY THREE TO SEVEN AUTHORS

Feeney, S., Christensen D., & Moravcik, E. (2006). Who am I in the lives of children? Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

WHEN AUTHORS NUMBER EIGHT OR MORE

Include the first six authors’ names then add

three periods (…) and add the last author’s

name

Henry, G.T., McKenzie, P., Kelly, S. E., Pinnock, R., Grant, D., Simpson, K. A., … Clarke, R. (2011)

ELEMENTS OF A REFERENCE TO AN ARTICLE OR CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOKAuthor of article or chapter. (Year). Title of

article or chapter being cited. In editor’s

name(s) (Eds.), Book title (page numbers pp.).

Place of Publication: Publisher.

 

Bronson, M. B. (2006). Developing social and emotional competence. In D. F. Gullo (Ed.),Teaching & learning in the kindergarten year (pp. 47 – 56). Washington, DC: NAEYC.

A BOOK WITH NO LISTED AUTHOR OR EDITOR

Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam Webster.

 

PERIODICALS (JOURNALS, MAGAZINES, NEWSPAPER, NEWSLETTERS)

Elements of an Article in a Journal

Author. (Date). Article title. Journal Title, volume number(issue number), page numbers.

Berson, M. (2000). How does the brain develop? Educational Leadership, 58(3), 68-71.

ELEMENTS OF AN ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE

Author. (Year, Month). Article title. Magazine Title, volume number, page numbers

McCurdy, H.G. (2003, June). Brain mechanisms and intelligence. Psychology Today, 46, 61-65.

 

ELEMENTS OF A NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

Author, (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper Title, page number.

Salmon. G. E. N. (2007, September 8). Supporting literacy and the reading habit. The Gleaner, p. A8.

ELEMENTS OF A NEWSPAPER ARTICLE ON THE INTERNET

 

Author, (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper Title. Retrieved from URL

Nelson, B. (2007, September 15). Howard University graduate boasts a wealth of knowledge. The Gleaner. Retrieved from ://www.jamaica-gleaner.com

ELEMENTS OF REFERENCES TO A WEB DOCUMENT

 

Author. (Year). Title of article. Retrieved from URL

 

Haas, E. (2007). Driving brain change is a skill, retraining the student brain is an art. Retrieved from

http://www.brainconnection.com/content/256_1

ELEMENTS OF REFERENCES TO A WEB DOCUMENT(NO AUTHOR IDENTIFIED, NO DATE)

Title of Article. (n. d.). Retrieved from URL

Driving brain change is a skill, retraining the student brain is an art. (n. d.). Retrieved from http://www.brainconnection.com