apa style referencing by sohail ahmed

The APA style of referencing The APA style of referencing The APA style of referencing The APA style of referencing

Sohail Ahmed

The APA style of referencing � Consists of two elements: � 1. in-text citations, giving author, year and

sometimes page number in the body of the paper

�2. a reference list at the end of the paper, providing complete details for each in-text citation.

Complied by: SOHAIL AHMED M.A English Literature

2

PART 1: In-text citations Formatting Quotations

� When quoting, introduce the quotation with a signal phrase. Make sure to include the author’s name, the year of publication, the page number, but keep the citation brief—do not repeat the information.

Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (p.11).

A traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (Caruth, 1996, p.11).


3

In-text Citations: Formatting a Summary or Paraphrase

�Provide the author’s last name and the year of

�publication in parenthesis after a summary or a paraphrase.

Though feminist studies focus solely on women's experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions (Fussell, 1975).


4

In-text citations One author

�When you refer to a single author, include the author’s family name and year of publication using one of the forms shown here.

� Clay (2003) argues that having a planned approach to writing essays can be of great benefit.

or

� Essay writing can be made much more manageable if a planned approach is taken (Clay, 2003).


5

In-text citations Multiple authors

�For two authors, include the family names of both authors and the year as required.

� According to Antonakos and Kazanis (2003) there are advantages to keeping design and research methods simple.

� There are advantages to keeping design and research methods simple (Antonakos & Kazanis, 2003).

use ‘and’ when family names are outside parentheses

use ‘&’ when family names are inside parentheses(bracket)


6


�In the case of three, four or five authors, cite all authors the first time, then in subsequent citations of this work use the family name of the first-listed author plus ‘et al.’ and the year as required.

�Always list the authors in the order they appear in the publication.

Complied by: SOHAIL AHMED

M.A English Literature 7


� When citing a work with three to five authors, identify all authors in the signal phrase or in parenthesis.

(Harklau, Siegal, and Losey, 1999)

� In subsequent (Already given above) citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses.

(Harklau et al., 1993)



In-text Citations: A Work with Six and More Authors

� When citing a work with six and more authors, identify the first author’s name followed by “et al.”

Smith et al. (2006) maintained that….

(Smith et al., 2006)


9

In-text Citations: A Work of Unknown Author

� When citing a work of unknown author, use the source’s full title in the signal phrase and cite the first word of the title followed by the year of publication in parenthesis. Put titles of articles and chapters in quotation marks; italicize titles of books and reports.

According to “Indiana Joins Federal

Accountability System” (2008), …

Or,

(“Indiana,” 2008)


10

In-text Citations: Organization

� When citing an organization, mention the organization the first time when you cite the source in the signal phrase or the parenthetical citation.

The data collected by the Food and Drug

Administration (2008) confirmed that…

� If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations.

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) confirmed … FDA’s experts tested…


11

In-text Citations: The same last name/the same author

� When citing authors with the same last names, use first initials with the last names.

(B. Kachru, 2005; Y. Kachru, 2008)

� When citing two or more works by the same author published in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year of publication to order the references.

Smith’s (1998a) study of adolescent immigrants…



In-text Citations: Personal communication

� When citing interviews, letters, e-mails, etc., include the communicator’s name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication. Do not include personal communication in the reference list.

Sohail. A also claimed that many of his students

had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, October 3, 2011).

Or,

(S. Stella, personal communication, January 4,2011).


13

In-text Citations: Electronic sources

� When citing an electronic document, whenever possible, cite it in the author-date style. If electronic source lacks page numbers, locate and identify paragraph number/paragraph heading.

According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind over Matter section, para. 6).


14

In-text Citations: Electronic sources

� Many online articles are pdf files, i.e. copies of print documents, so they usually indicate page numbers. Use these page numbers when you cite information from such sources.

� Some articles are not pdf files and do not have page numbers. In these cases use paragraph numbers, if these are provided.

Smith (2003, para. 3) claims…

� If paragraph numbers are not provided and the document includes headings, use these headings and count the number of paragraphs.

Smith (2003, Conclusion section, para.3) claims…


15

In-text Citations: No year of publication provided

�If there no year is given for a source, use n.d. (which stands for no date) after the author’s name.

In a detailed analysis, Ahmed(n.d.) argues …


16

PART 2: Reference list

�An important purpose of the reference list is to enable readers to locate sources. Therefore details must be correct and complete. Each in-text citation and the related reference list entry should be identical in spelling and year.


17

Reference list

� In compiling your APA reference list, you should:

� • list references on a new page with a centred heading titled ‘References’

� • include books, journal articles, online sources etc. in one alphabetical listing

� • order entries alphabetically by family name of author/s

� • list works with no author under the first significant word of the title

� • indent second and subsequent lines of each entry (5–7 spaces)

� • use double spacing.



Reference list Books

� Book titles are italicized.

� The city and state in which the publisher is located are included, using United States postal codes to abbreviate states. However, the state (and/or country) is omitted for major cities and for university presses that include the name of the state. If more than one location is listed, the first is used.

� Basic Format for Books

� Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.

In Italic


19


�No author

World development report. (1989). New York: Oxford University Press.

�One author Perloff, R. M. (1995). The dynamics of persuasion. Hillsdale, NJ: rlbaum.


20

Reference list Organization as Author: American Psychological Association. (2003).

Unknown Author:

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.).(1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.


21


�Two authors:

Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of book. City: Publisher.

Crawford, P., Brown, B., & Nolan, P. (1998). Communicating care: The language of nursing. Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes.

Separated by “&”


22


�Three to Seven Authors: � List by last names and initials; commas separate author

names, while the last author name is preceded again by ampersand(&).

Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., Harlow, T., & Bach, J. S. (1993). Communicating care: The language of nursing. Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes.


23


�More Than Seven Authors: Provide the family names and initials of the first six authors followed by three ellipsis points and the last author’s family name and initial.

Author, A., Author, B., Author, C., Author, D., Author, E., Author, F., … Author, M. (year). Details of the work as appropriate to its form.

Miller, F. H., Choi, M. J., Angeli, L. L., Harland, A. A., Stamos, J. A., Thomas, S. T., . . . Rubin, L. H. (2009). Communication. London: London Publishers.


24


�Book other than first edition:

Abbott, C. (1982). Colorado: A history of the Centennial State (Rev. ed.). Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press.

�Other abbreviations include: 1st ed., 2nd ed, etc.


25


�Article or chapter in an edited book : Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of chapter. In C. Editor & D. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xx–xx). City: Publisher.

� Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of an article or chapter

title, and any proper nouns.

Naidoo, B. (2000). Evaluating the use of public health risk factor simulation models. In M. Thorogood & Y. Coombes (Eds.), Evaluating health promotion: Practice and methods (pp. 99–109). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

For multiple editors, use abbreviation, Eds.

Page Numbers


26


�Book, online: Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of book. [details about the format if available]. doi or Retrieved from web address.

– Munsterberg, H. (1916). The photoplay: A psychological study. Retrieved from http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15383/15383-8.txt


27

Reference list Journal article

� Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number (issue number), page numbers.

� The issue number should be indicated only if each issue of a journal

begins on page 1.

� Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of an article title and subtitle, and any proper nouns.

� Capitalize the first letter of every main word in the journal title.

� Include a digital object identifier (DOI) if provided.


28

Reference list Journal article

� Article in Journal Paginated by Volume: � Journals that are paginated by volume begin with page one in issue

one, and continue numbering issue two where issue one ended, etc.

Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.

Article in Journal Paginated by Issue: Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(30), 5-13.


29

Reference list Journal article, online

Author, A. (year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number (issue number), page numbers. doi or Retrieved from web address.

If a digital object identifier (DOI) is provided then it should be given; if no DOI is available then the home page web address of the journal, or uniform resource locator (URL), should be given. Date of retrieval is not required.

Ekwall, A., Gerdtz, M., & Manias, E. (2008). The influence of patient acuity on satisfaction with emergency care: perspectives of family, friends and carers. Journal of Clinical Nursing,17,800–809. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02052.x

Midford, R. (2005). Australia and alcohol: Living down the legend. Addiction,100, 891–896. Retrieved from http://www.addictionjournal.org


30

Reference list Newspaper article

Author, A. (year, month day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper, p. x.

Wroe, D. (2004, June 24). Canberra enlists GPs in war on smoking. The Age, p. 3.

�Newspaper article, no author: Title of article. (year, month day). Title of Newspaper, p. x.

Embryo study nod, OK say IVF couples. (2004, May 31). Herald Sun, p.10.


31

Reference list Newspaper article, online

� Author, A. (year, month day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from home page web address

Nader, C. (2009, June 19). Mental health issues soar among children. The Age. Retrieved from http://www.theage.com.au

� Letter to the Editor:

Moller, G. (2002, August). Ripples versus rumbles [Letter to the editor]. Scientific American, 287(2), 12.


32

Reference list Document, online

Author, A. (year). Title of document. Retrieved from web address

Retrieval date is given if it is believed the information could change over time.

Northern Territory Department of Justice. (2007). Step forward: Getting help about sexual violence. Retrieved fromttp://www.nt.gov.au/justice/documents/stepforward.pdf


33

Reference list

Web page �Web page

Author, A. (year). Title of page. Retrieved month, day, year from web address.

� The title of a web page is not italicized.

Diabetes Australia. (2010). Gestational diabetes. Retrieved July 22, 2010 from

http://www.diabetesaustralia.com.au/Understanding-Diabetes/What-is- Diabetes/ Gestational-Diabetes-/


34

Reference list Online Encyclopedias and Dictionaries

� Often encyclopedias and dictionaries do not provide bylines (authors' names). When no byline is present, move the entry name to the front of the citation. Provide publication dates if present or specify (n.d.) if no date is present in the entry.

Feminism. (n.d.). In Encyclopædia Britannica online. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/724633/feminism


35

Reference list Audiovisual materials

� Persons primarily responsible for the item are named; their roles are identified in parentheses after their names.

� • The medium, placed in brackets, is supplied after the title. Media designations include [Audio recording], [CD] (for music CD), and [Motion picture] for both film and videotape.

� Videotape Weir, P. B. (Producer), & Harrison, B. F. (Director). (1992). Levels of consciousness [Motion Picture].Boston: Filmways.

� Audio cassette – Carter, B. (Speaker). (1977). The growth of English [Audio Recording].

New York: Audio Associates.


36

Further reading

�The APA website provides further examples at <www.apastyle.org>.


37

�Enjoy It!

»GOOD LUCK


38

apa style referencing by sohail ahmed

Education

english literature

later citations

insubsequent citations

sohail ahmed6m

sohail ahmed2

sohail ahmed10

sohail ahmed9

sohail ahmed3m