1

REPORTING SOURCES FOR

LITERATURE REVIEW

The APA Style Of Referencing

References :

The Purdue University Writing Lab

Postgraduate Thesis Dissertation Manual, International Islamic University Malaysia

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What is APA ?

American Psychological Association.

(2001). Publication Manual of the

American Psychological Association (6th

ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

For the latest and official

APA “Electronic Reference

Formats" document :

Go to

http://www.apastyle.org

OWL website:

owl.english.purdue.edu

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Warning :

This part takes an eye

for detail.

In your research academic writing,

proper documentation should be a

priority!

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APA Style: Two Main Concerns

The Reference Page /List

Parenthetical Citations

Why Use APA Format?

1. Allows readers to

cross-reference your

sources easily

2. Provides consistent

format within a

discipline

3. Gives you credibility

as a writer

4. Protects yourself from

plagiarism

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1. Cross-Referencing Your Sources

Cross-referencing allows readers to locate the publication information of source material. This is of great value for researchers who may want to locate your sources for their own research projects.

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2. Using a Consistent Format

Using a consistent format helps your reader understand your arguments and the sources they’re built on.

It also helps you keep track of your sources as you build your arguments.

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3. Establishing Credibility

The proper use of APA style shows the credibility of writers; such writers show accountability to their source material.

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4. Avoiding Plagiarism

Proper citation of your sources in APA style can help you avoid plagiarism, which is a serious offense. It may result in anything from failure of the assignment to expulsion from the university.

The Reference Page /List

Your reference list should appear on a new page, at the end of your paper.

It is a list of every source that you make reference to in your essay (each retrievable source cited in the essay must appear on the reference list, and vice versa).

It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any sources cited in your essay.

All texts should be double-spaced just like the essay.

The Reference Page /List

Most citations should contain the following basic information:

Author’s name

Title of work

Publication information

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A sample of a reference page/list References

Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss. New York, NY: Basic

Book.

Festinger, L., Riecken, H., & Schacher, S. (2000). When

prophecy fails. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota

Press.

Johnson, J.E., & Yule, A. (1994). Play and early childhood

development. New York, NY: Addison Wesley

Longman, Inc.

A sample of a reference page/list

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References

Klein, J. (1998, October 5). Dizzy days. The New Yorker,

40-45.

Shay, J. (1994). Achilles in Vietnam: Combat trauma and

the undoing of character. New York, NY:

Touchstone.

Shaykh Abd. Rahman Ibn Abd. Latif. (1972). Masahi ulama

najd. Al-Riyad: Dar-al-Yamamah.

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The reference list (APA STYLE) POINTS TO REMEMBER:

Entries must be arranged in alphabetical order.

Typing must be double-spaced.

Entries should have a hanging indent after the first line (one-half inch from left margin).

Entries must not be categorized.

Entries must not be numbered.

Only the first word of the title of the book, the word after a colon and proper names should be capitalized.

Titles of books and names of journals, magazines and newspapers should be typed in italics. Don’t underline.

Use colon to separate the place of publication and the publisher.

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The reference list (APA STYLE) Use full stop at the end of every entry and after every

part of the entry for example after year, after title, etc.

Write the surnames in full but use only the initials for first and middle names.

Write muslim names in full.

Alphabetize group authors, such as associations or government agencies, by the first significant word of the name.

Cont….

If the work is signed “anonymous” the entry begins with the word anonymous spelled out, and the entry is alphabetized as if anonymous were a true name.

If there is no author, the title moves to the author’s position, and the entry is alphabetized by the first significant word of the title.

Treat legal reference like entries with no author; that is, alphabetize legal references by the first significant item in the entry.

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The reference list (APA STYLE)

NOW, PLEASE FOCUS ON THE SPECIFIC RULES INVOLVED.

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BOOKS – SINGLE (1) AUTHOR Last name first, followed by author’s initial. For location,

always list the city and the state using the 2 letter postal

abbreviation without periods (New York, NY:)

Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss. New

York, NY: Basic Book.

Shaykh Abd. Rahman Ibn Abd. Latif. (1972).

Masahi ulama najd. Al-Riyad: Dar-al-

Yamamah.

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BOOKS - 2 AUTHORS

List by their last names and initials, use the symbol (&)

instead of “and”.

Johnson, J.E., & Yule, A. (1994). Play and

early childhood development. New

York, NY: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

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BOOKS - 3 to 7 AUTHORS

List by last names and initials; commas to separate author names, while the last author name is preceded again by the symbol.

Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self- esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.

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BOOKS – MORE THAN 7 AUTHORS

Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman,

D., DeNiro, R., Cruz, P., Thomas, S.T., … Rubin,

L.H. (2006). Writing labs and the Hollywood

connection. Journal of Film and Writing,44(3),

213-245.

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BOOKS - EDITED COLLECTION

Higgins, J. (Ed). (1989). Psychology. New

York, NY: Norton.

Duncan, G.J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.).

(1997). Consequences of growing up

poor. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

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BOOKS –A SPECIFIC EDITION

Brocket, O. (1967). History of the theatre (5th

ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

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BOOKS- SECOND WORK BY THE SAME AUTHOR Brown, R. (1985). Words and things. New

York, NY: Macmillan.

Brown, R. (1997). Social psychology. New

York, NY: Macmillan.

Note:

list the entries by the year

(earliest comes first).

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BOOKS- SECOND WORK BY THE SAME AUTHOR IN THE SAME YEAR

Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age changes and changes over time in prosocial intentions and behavior between friends. Developmental Psychology, 17, 408-416.

Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and behavior. Child Development, 52, 636-643.

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BOOKS - UNKNOWN AUTHOR

Experimental psychology. (1988). New

York, NY: Holt Publication.

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CORPORATE AND GOVERNMENT AUTHORSHIP

International Islamic University Malaysia.

(1992). Islamization of knowledge. Malaysia:

Research Centre Publishing.

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990).

Clinical training in serious mental

illness. Washington, DC: U.S. Government

Printing Office.

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RELIGIOUS SOURCES

Al-Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah: 152-153.

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THESIS

Ahmad Zaini Zahid. (1991). A study of sleep of

sleep deprivation and its effects on teenagers.

(Doctoral dissertation, University of

Nebraska).

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ELECTRONIC SOURCES (WEB

PUBLICATIONS)

Author, A.A. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of online periodical, volume number. Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/

Chou, L. (1999). Technology and education. Retrieved from

http://www.ilt.columbia.html.

New child vaccine gets funding boost. (2000). Retrieved from

http://news/health

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JOURNAL, E-JOURNAL AND

NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

Faisal Othman. ( 1996, October 6). Islam and development.

The Star, p. 12.

Parker-Pope, T. (2008). Psychiatry handbook linked

to drug industry. The New York Times. Retrieved from

http://www.nytimes.com

Sawyer, J. (1996). Measurement and prediction. Psychological Bulletin (3), p. 178-200.

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JOURNAL, E-JOURNAL AND

NEWSPAPER ARTICLES -

NO AUTHOR

Clinton puts human face on health-care plan. (1993, September 16). The New York Times, p. 11.

Cultivation of positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. (2000). Prevention and treatment (3), 2000. Retrieved from

http://www.apa.com

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LEGAL CASES

Faridah Dato’ Talib v Mohd Habibullah.

(1990). 1 MLJ 74.

Ngieng Shiat Yen v Phang Wai Ann. (1995). 3

MLJ 130.

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ACTS

Mental Health System Act, (1988)

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Rubenstein, J.P. (1997). The effects of

television violence on small children. In

B.F. Kane (Ed.) Television and juvenile

psychological development. New York:

American Psychological Society.

ITEMS IN ANTHOLOGY

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TELEVISION AND RADIO

PROGRAMMES

Keillor, G. (Producer), & Smith, L.

(Director). (2 Oct., 1993). A prairie

home companion (Radio Program). St.

Louis: KMOX

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ONLINE LECTURE NOTES AND PRESENTATION SLIDES

Provide the file format in brackets after the lecture title.

Hallam, A. Duality in consumer theory (PDF document). Retrieved from lecture notes online web site:

http://www.econ.istate/classes/hallam

Roberts, K.F. (1998). Federal regulations in the environment (Power Point slides). Retrieved from http://siri.uvm.edu/ppt/

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COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS