ap rural poverty reduction project - world bank · 2017. 3. 8. · ap rural poverty reduction...
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AP Rural Poverty Reduction Project
Tribal Development Plan
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1. INTRODUCTION
The Andhra Pradesh Rural Poverty Reduction Project (APRPRP) will cover 500backward mandals in 16 districts of the State viz. Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, WestGodavari, Khammam, Warangal, Karimnagar, Nizamabad, Medak, Krishna, Guntur,Prakasam, Nellore, Rangareddy, Cuddapah, Kumool and Nalgonda. The focus of the projectis to improve opportunities for rural poor to meet priority social and economic needs in thesaid districts. Since the tribal population constitute the poorest and the most vulnerable of thesocial groups in the Project, a Tribal Development Plan is proposed as an integral part of theAPRPRP. World Bank's Operational Directive 4.20 related to Indigenous People is triggeredin APRPRP.
In the state, 33 tribal groups are notified as Scheduled Tribes. The list of Scheduled Tribes isappended as Annexure I. The hilly and wooded tracts of Andhra Pradesh State have shelteredmost of the tribal population from time immemorial. The Scheduled Tribes inhabiting AndhraPradesh State possess in varying degrees the following characteristics:
a. a close attachment to ancestral territories and to natural resources in these areas;b. self identification and identification by others as members of a distinct cultural
group;c. an indigenous language or dialect, often different from the state language;d. presence of customary social and political institutions; ande. primarily subsistence oriented production.
The population of Scheduled tribes is 4.2 millions and they constitute 6.3% of theState's general population (1991 Census). The scheduled areas and tribal sub-plan areas inthe districts of Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari,Khammam, Warangal, Adilabad and Mahabubnagar constitute the traditional habitat of about30 tribal groups, while the other 3 groups viz., Yerukula, Yanadi and Lambada, are mainlyliving in the plains, outside the tribal concentrated areas. The tribal population can be broadlydivided into 4 categories based on their geographical distribution, habitat and levels ofeconomy in the State of Andhra Pradesh:
a. Those living in the areas of tribal concentration;b. Primitive Tribal Groups';c. Those living in small pockets outside tribal concentration; andd. Those dispersed through out the State.
Proiect Area
The project districts comprise three of the five distinct tribal regions of the State. Themajor tribes and their geographical distribution in the project districts is as follows:
IIn Andhra Pradesh, eight Tribal groups viz. Chenchu, Khond, Savara, Kondareddy, Thoti, Gadaba, Porja and Kolam areidentified as Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) basing on certain criteria evolved by Government of India like pre-agriculturallevel technology, low literacy and hunting and gathering economy
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Geo Ethnic Zones of Project districts
S.No. Traditional Habitat Major Tribes
1. Machkund - Sileru Bagata, Muka Dora, Kotia, Khond,River basin Konda Dora, Valmiki, Gadaba, Porja,(agency area of Visakhapatnam district) Goudu, Kammara, Mali.
2. Godavari Basin Koya, Konda Reddi, Naikpod, Valmiki,(agency areas of East & West Godavari, and Lambada.Khammam and Warangal districts ).
3. Nallamalai Region (parts of Kumool, Chenchu.Prakasam, Guntur, Nalgonda,Rangareddy
Yerukula, Yanadi and Lambada tribes are found predominantly in the plain areas ofProject districts.
PARTICIPATION OF POOR COMMUNITIES IN APRPRP
The APRPRP is designed to maximize the participation of the target groups, i.e the poorcommunities. The objectives of the Project are that the poor, and particularly the poorest ofthe poor build and nurture self-reliant, self managed empowered organizations and throughthese organizations access economic and social opportunities in a risk managed environment.They are able to convert and expand their asset base into an economically viable, improvedand sustainable living. Higher level educational achievement, particularly among girl childrenof the poorest of the poor is another critical objective.
The Scheduled Tribes in Andhra Pradesh are amongst the poorest in the Projectdistricts and hence of utmost priority in APRPRP. One of the prerequisites of a successfuldevelopment plan for the scheduled tribes is the preparation of a culturally appropriatedevelopment plan, with the involvement of the tribals and based on full consideration of theoptions preferred by them. Being a community demand driven Project, the activeinvolvement of the poor communities at each stage of the Project is a fundamental tenet inAPRPRP. The involvement of the tribal community in planning, implementation andmonitoring of the programmes meant for their own development would be the cornerstone ofthe tribal development strategy in APRPRP.
The process of community participation in tribal development would includeestablishment of viable and sustainable village institutions, which are self managed and selfgoverned. All project interventions and other Government interventions would flow throughsuch village level institutions. Such an approach would ensure that the developmentinterventions are culturally appropriate. The development needs of each tribal communitydiffer from each other, and therefore there cannot be one single model suited to all the tribalcommunities.
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COMPONENTS OF APRPRP
The APRPRP consists of the following six components:
1. Strengthening Institutional Social and Human Capacity Building.2. Community Investment Fund.3. Investment in Social Risk Management & Social Protection.4. Investment in Educational Support for Two Especially Disadvantaged Groups:
Girl Child Labourers and School Drop-outs.5. Support to people with Disabilities.6. Project Management, Monitoring and Evaluation Studies.
1) Strenethening Institutional Social and Human Capacity Building:> Social assessment for identification of those belonging to the target groups and
their specific needs.> Mapping of all existing schemes and services on the ground that are relevant
and identification of areas of integration.> Social mobilization for setting in motion processes for increasing
opportunities for capacity building of the target groups and> Setting up mechanisms for coordination of CBOs and PRIs through Joint
Planning and sharing of responsibilities and a baseline assessment of projectoutcomes for purposes of monitoring impacts.
2) Community Investment Fund:> Activities for which the poor may want to access as a group, based on their
current livelihoods, off farm livelihood opportunities for the landless, livelihoodsfor small and marginal farmers, infrastructure development, land and waterconservation / management interventions, etc.
3) Investment in Social Risk Management & Social Protection:> To undertake pilots in social risk management and social protection.> Pilot insurance schemes (in health, livelihoods and agriculture), social safety
nets for vulnerable women and groups, girl child protection, management ofemergency Social Fund.
4) Investment in Educational Support for two Especiallv Disadvantaged Groups: Girlchild Labourers and School Drop-outs:
> Investment in weaning girl children away from work.> Provide for campaigns, social mobilization and residential schools etc.
5) Support to Deople with Disabilities:> Investments for meeting the special needs of the people with disabilities
mostly in software, capacity building, integration of people with disabilitiesinto main stream, changing social mindset, developing Community basedrehabilitation (CBR) programmes, developing cadres of CBR workers etc.
> Investments in providing options to destitute
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6) Project Management, Monitoring and Evaluation Studies:> Cost of incremental staff, technical assistance / consultants, training and
workshops and study tours, vehicles, office equipment supplies and otherincremental costs.
> Special studies and preparation of a follow up project.> Funding for a comprehensive Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) system.
2. METHODOLOGY FOR PREPARATION OF THE TRIBAL DEVELOPMENTPLAN
The following methodology was followed for developing this Tribal development plan.
A) Secondary InformationThe information collected from Secondary sources relate to demography, Social, and
cultural profile of Scheduled Tribes, education and literacy, sectoral involvement (work),land holding, health and sanitation, household assets and infrastructure provision. Theinformation has been collected from: Census 1991, Base Line Survey for Andhra PradeshDPIP conducted by CESS, Reports published by Department of Education, Hyderabad,Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Hyderabad and Tribal Welfare Department,Hyderabad
B) Field WorkField work was taken up in sample villages to collect primary data on livelihood
strategies, risk-response and impact, access to formal institutions, programmes and projects,informal institutions and common property resources and sustainable livelihood indicators.The sample villages, were selected by a team of international and national consultants, withexpertise in PRA techniques, Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and interviewing keyinformants. In the field they were assisted by the Community Coordinators (CCs) and SocialOrganizers (SOs) of the ongoing APDPIP Project. The team of social researchers from T.C.R& T.I, with a strong background of conducting anthropological studies participated in thefieldwork for collection of the primary data relating to Scheduled Tribes. The studies wereconducted in 3 tribal villages each of Anantpur and Adilabad districts, selected on the basis ofstratified random sampling.
C) Consultations in the project districtsDuring the above 2 phases, a preliminary identification of issues important for the tribals
was undertaken and a draft tribal development plan was prepared. In order that the contentsof the Tribal Development Plan (TDP) are widely disseminated among the key tribalstakeholders and discussions are facilitated to elicit their views and suggestions, a series ofconsultations were organized. Prior to the consultations, a summary of the draft TDP wastranslated into the local language and communicated to the District Collectors, ZillaPanchayat and the Integrated Tribal Development Agencies so that they would facilitate thefurther dissemination of the TDP. The summary was also displayed in the offices ofCollectorate, Zilla Parishads, ITDAs, Block Development Offices, Gram Panchayats and/orcommunicated to other public among the key tribal stake holders, NGOs, officials and non-officials to facilitate fruitful discussions during consultation process. Notifications were alsoissued in Telugu and English, in the state edition of daily news papers highlighting the main
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contents of TDP and inviting the views and suggestions of stakeholders, NGOs, etc. formaking necessary modifications in TDP.
Consultations were held with tribals in 19 selected villages of three districts,representing the three distinct regions of the State viz. Visakhapatnam district in CoastalAndhra region, Khammam district in Telangana region and Kurnool district in Rayalaseemaregion. Besides this, workshops were organized with Tribal leaders, NGOs working in thetribal areas, Government officials and elected representatives at the respective ITDA officesto invite their views and suggestions on Tribal Development Plan. A State level meeting wasalso conducted with NGOs at the office of the SERP. The feedback and suggestions receivedwere documented and incorporated into the TDP before finalization.
3. STATUS OF TRIBALS IN THE PROJECT DISTRICTS ON KEYDEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
According to 1991 Census, the Scheduled Tribe population in Andhra Pradesh is 4.2million and it constitutes 6.3% to the total population of the State.
Table No.: 1Distribution of Scheduled Tribe Population
In millions.S.No. Area Total S.T. Population % of S.Ts to
Population total population.1. Andhra Pradesh 66.51 4.20 6.32. Project Districts. 47.32 3.05 6.4
The Project area is spread over parts of 16 districts, out of which Integrated TribalDevelopment Agencies (ITDAs) are situated in the districts of Visakhapatnam, EastGodavari, West Godavari, Warangal and Khammam. Apart from the above, the 1TDA forChenchus (PTG) with headquarters at Sundipenta covers parts of 6 districts viz. Guntur,Prakasam, Kurnool, Nalgonda, Rangareddy and Mahabubnagar. The Scheduled Tribepopulation in the Project districts is about 3.05 millions constituting 6.4% of the totalpopulation of the Project districts.
The Scheduled Tribes inhabiting different regions in Andhra Pradesh exhibit strikingdiversity in ethnic origins, cultural heritage, social institutions, religions, traditions, dialects,festivals and economic pursuits. Traditional values and social ethos play an important roleamong the tribal communities. The rich socio cultural profiles of Scheduled Tribes of AndhraPradesh are presented in Appendix - I.
The im ortant development indicators of tribals are given below:S.No. Indicator State Tribal
Area1 Literacy (%) 44.09 17.162 Enrolment ratio I -V (%) 86.28 119.163 Dropout rate I - V (%) 40.28 69.754 Infant Mortality Rate (infants below 1 year per 1000 live 65.80 120.00
births)5 Incidence of Malaria (PF) - % of population 10.00 35.006 No. of beds per lakh of population 71.00 47.00
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7 Percentage of population covered under RWS 75.00 30.008 Cultivators (% of population ) 11.86 21.28
9 Percentage of Villages electrified (revenue villages, 100.00 44.60excluding hamlets) (excluding
tribal______ ____________________________________________areas) _____
10 Road length per 100 Sq. Kms 46.79 1.65
The literacy rate among the Scheduled Tribes in the Project districts is significantlylower compared to that of the general population of Project districts. The literacy rate amongScheduled Tribes in Project area is 16.84%, compared to the literacy rate of 44.09% amongthe general population as per 1991 census. The female S.T literacy rate is 8.56% and the maleliteracy at 24.78%. The district wise literacy rates among Scheduled Tribes in the Projectdistricts are given in Annexure-6.
The most common health problems in the tribal areas of Andhra Pradesh include, highincidence of T.B., acute respiratory infections, high incidence of malaria, goiter, diarrhoeaand gastro enteritis. The common malnutrition problems found among the tribals areanemia, Vitamin A deficiency and Iodine deficiency diseases. The poor nutritional statusamong the tribals makes them more susceptible to infection resulting in high mortality andmorbidity. Lack of personal hygiene, environmental sanitation and education for healthamong tribals constitute the major factors affecting the health status of tribals.
Agriculture and agriculture labour constitute the mainstay of livelihoods for majorityof tribals in Andhra Pradesh. Scheduled Tribe cultivators and agricultural labourersconstitute 21.3% and 23.6% respectively to the total tribal population in the Project districts.Land forms the principal source of livelihood for majority of the tribals. Land assumesgreater importance in the scheme of tribal development as lack of education, and lack ofenterprise among tribals adversely affects their capacity for taking up alternative avenues ofemployment. With the depletion of non-timber forest produce in the forest areas, thedependence of tribals on land for sustenance has increased even more. The Scheduled Tribehouseholds possess relatively small pieces of land compared to other social groups. In theProject area, about 74% of the total tribal land holders are in the category of small andmarginal farmers. The tribal households in TSP areas, possess more livestock per capita,over those outside the TSP areas. Animal husbandry is one of the important household foodproduction systems for the tribals. The details of the status of the livelihoods of tribalsrelating to baseline data based on secondary information and the fieldwork are presented inAppendix II.
4. LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR PROTECTION OF TRIBAL RIGHTS
Several safeguards have been incorporated in the Constitution of India to protect theScheduled Tribes from social injustice and all forms of exploitation and promote with specialcare their educational and economic interests. It also ensures due representation for them inservices, legislative bodies and educational institutions.
The Scheduled tribes living in the Scheduled areas of the State enjoy a special statusunder the Constitution and these areas are governed by Vth Schedule to the constitution ofIndia. The Constitution of India provides for establishment of a Tribes Advisory Council
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(TAC) to advice the Governor on matters pertaining to the welfare and advancement ofScheduled Tribes. The Vth Schedule to the constitution of India empowers the Governor tomake regulations for the peace and good governance of the scheduled areas. In exercise ofthe powers vested on him, the Governor of Andhra Pradesh has promulgated Regulationsrelating to prohibition of transfer of tribal lands to non-tribals and the regulation of moneylending operations in Scheduled areas.
Tenurial system of land in the tribal areasThe lands in the Scheduled areas of the state were covered under the exploitative andfeudatory systems of land tenure like zamindari, Jagirdari, muttadari and mahaldari systems.Under these feudatory systems, the tribal tenants did not have security of tenancy over thelands cultivated by them. Regulations were enacted abolishing the intermediaries andconferring security of tenure to the tribal farmers. Title deeds were issued to the tribaltenants for the lands cultivated by them.
The important articles of the Indian Constitution safeguarding the interests ofScheduled tribes, the salient features of the above regulations and the policies made for thedevelopment of Scheduled tribes in the state are presented in Appendix - III.
5. INSTITUTIONS FOR TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT
At the State level the Principal Secretary Social Welfare through the Commissioner ofTribal Welfare is responsible for tribal development in the State. There are Tribal Sub-Planareas in 8 out of the 23 districts in the State.
Integrated Tribal Development AgencvIntegrated Tribal Development Agencies (I.T.D.As) have been established for
implementation of development programmes for the tribals at Utnoor in Adilabad district,Eturunagaram in Warangal district, Bhadrachalam in Khammam district, K.R. Puram inWest Godavari district, Rampachodavaram in East Godavari district, Paderu inVisakhapatnam district, Parvathipuram in Vizianagaram district and Seethampet inSrikakulam district. Two multi-district I.T.D.As have been set up for Chenchus and Yanadisrespectively. All the ITDAs function under the overall control of Tribal Welfare Departmentat State Headquarters.
The ITDA is headed by a Project Officer, who is supported by subject matterspecialists in agriculture, horticulture, engineering, sericulture, fisheries, information,housing and ground water. The I.T.D.As implement schemes for both area development andfamily based anti-poverty schemes. The State Plan funds of various departments are usuallyused for area development, whereas the Special Central Assistance, SGSY funds matched byInstitutional Finance are used for implementing poverty alleviation programmes.
In each of the I.T.D.As, the office of Special Deputy Collector (TW) has beenestablished with supporting staff to implement the provisions of Andhra Pradesh ScheduledAreas Land Transfer Regulation, 1959 to protect the interests of Scheduled Tribes in landssituated in scheduled areas.
District Tribal Welfare Office:District Tribal Welfare Officers (D.T.W.Os) are functioning in almost all the districts
of the State to implement tribal development programmes. The primary responsibility of theD.T.W.O is to monitor the functioning of the Tribal Welfare Ashram Schools, T.W. Hostels
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for boys and girls, and sanctioning of scholarships and educational material to school goingScheduled Tribe students. In the districts outside TSP areas, the D.T.W.O is also responsibleto implement economic developmental programmes for the tribals in his jurisdiction.
Andhra Pradesh Tribal Welfare Residential Educational Institutions Society(APTWREIS):
APTWREIS (named as 'Gurukulam' ) was established at Hyderabad in the year 1998.There are 33 primary residential schools, 27 upgraded junior colleges and 5 residential juniorcolleges under the control of 'Gurukulam'.
Giriian Cooperative Corporation Ltd.Girijan Cooperative Corporation Ltd. (GCC) was established during 1956 with
headquarters at Visakhapatnam. It is a marketing agency for the tribals to secureremunerative prices for their non-timber forest produce and agricultural produce, and preventthem from selling their produce at distress prices. The G.C.C through its network ofDomestic Requirement Depots (DR) is a lifeline for the tribals and supplies their essentialconsumer goods at reasonable prices. The G.C.C is also a credit institution for the tribals andprovides agricultural and consumption loans to the tribals.
TRICORThe Andhra Pradesh Scheduled Tribes Cooperative Finance Corporation Ltd.
(TRICOR) came into existence in 1976 with headquarters at Hyderabad. The Corporationaccesses funds from the G.O.I and the State Government and provides Margin Moneyassistance (loan at low rates of interest) to tribals for their economic development. TRICORfunctions through the I.T.D.As and the D.T.W.Os. The corporation also provides specialinvestment funds @ 1% service charges to tribal entrepreneurs towards working capital,purchase of machinery as a bridge gap arrangement
TRIBAL CULTURAL RESEARCH & TRAINING INSTITUTE (TCR & TI)
The TCR &TI was established in 1963 with headquarters at Hyderabad and regionaloffice at Bhadrachalam, Khammam district. This institute undertakes special studies on life,culture and development of tribals, carries out socio-economic and bench mark surveys; helpsformulate the perspective plans of I.T.D.As for development of tribals and evaluates theperformance of the tribal development programmes implemented in the state.
On going Anti poverty Programmes:The ongoing anti-poverty programmes can be classified under 3 categories (i) wage
employment programmes like the Employment Assurance Scheme and Food for Workprogramme (ii) individual / group income generation through SpI. Central Assistance,S.G.S.Y, CMEY, PMRY, and programmes of National S.T. Financial DevelopmentCorporation, I.F.A.D financed A.P. Participatory Tribal Development Programme and (iii)development of common property resources through Community Forest Management, Spl.Central Assistance, plan funds of irrigation Dept., agriculture Dept.
6. PARTICIPATORY INITIATIVES IN TRIBAL DEVELOPMENTUNDERTAKEN IN A.P
In the last 15 years, Andhra Pradesh has taken several initiatives in adopting aparticipatory approach for the development of Tribals and the tribal areas. This approach haspromoted the active participation of tribals in planning, implementation and monitoring ofvarious development programmes. It has led to the fostering of several village levelinstitutions in the TSP areas of Andhra Pradesh. The important village level institutions aredescribed below:
Village Tribal Development Association (V.T.D.A) is the general body of all tribal menand women in a Habitation. The Sarpanch of the Gram Panchayat is the President of theExecutive Committee, and the other office bearers are elected by the general body. Itfunctions as an umbrella organization at village level encompassing all the specific interestgroups, like the women thrift and credit groups, school committee, grain bank management,health care management, forest management, horticulture development and watermanagement.
Thrift and credit groups of women (SHGs) women have been motivated to fonn affinitygroups, called self help groups, based on regular thrift and credit. The thrift habit has enabledthe groups to meet emergency consumption needs of members. Formation of S.H.Gs has alsoled to several other positive spinoffs - in the form of social action for common purpose,taking up community infrastructure works like school building, link roads, minor irrigationstructures, etc.
Community Health Workers (CHWs) have been engaged in the tribal sub-plan areas ofAndhra Pradesh to promote community based health care delivery system at habitation level.The CHWis a local tribal woman selected by the community. They are provided initialtraining followed by periodical training on specific health issues, comprising MCH services,minor ailments and improvements in environment sanitation including safe drinking waterbesides identification of serious illness and referral to nearby medical institutions.
School Education Committees are established for every school to enable parentsparticipation in the management of schools. The Committee consists of members electedfrom among the parents of the enrolled children and school headmaster / senior teacher.
Vana Samrakshana Samithis (VSS) have been constituted under the scheme of JointForest Management which aims at regeneration in degraded forests through activeparticipation of local tribals who depend on forests for their livelihood.
7. CONSULTATIONS WITH SCHEDULED TRIBES ON TRIBALDEVELOPMENT PLAN
In developing the Tribal Development Plan extensive consultations were held with thetribal communities, their leaders and elected representatives. Consultations were also heldwith NGOs, and I.T.D.A Project Officials and officials from line departments. Theconsultations enabled identification of local priorities and incorporation of indigenousknowledge into the Tribal Development Plan. It is their project.
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The APRPRP being a community demand driven project, consultations will be heldwith tribals in each project village at each stage of the project: planning, implementation,monitoring and review and planning for the next time slice. These consultations andrecommendations should therefore be seen as the first of a series of consultations with tribalcommunities. This initial consultation process was conducted in the three districts viz,Visakhapatnam, Kharnmam and Kurnool. The methods adopted during the consultationprocess with the scheduled tribes and other stakeholders are as follows:
Scheduled tribes Individual discussions, Group discussions and observations.Elected representatives Individual discussions, joint meetings and district level
workshops.Project officials and line Joint meetings, individual discussions, district level workshops.departmentsNGOs Consultations, Group discussions and district level workshops.
The details relating to consultations with Scheduled Tribe community, place, date andissues discussed are as follows:
Consultations with Scheduled Tribe Communities and Meetings for Preparation of TDP
SI. Date Place No. of List of Issues ApplicationNo. participants Participants discussed oflssuesin
TDP.1 22.05.2002 Consultation at Officials from Discussions Inputs used
Village Level TCR&TI, on Tribal forITDA, NGOs, Development finalizing
Tulasipakalu. 53 Tribal leaders, Plan (TDP) the TDP.Electedrepresentativesand TribalCommunities.
Jeediguppa. 78-do-
-do- -do-
2 23.05.2002 Workshop at Officials from Discussions Inputs usedITDA Level. TCR&TI, on Tribal for
ITDA, NGOs, Development finalizingPaderu. 67 Tribal leaders Plan (TDP). the TDP.
and Electedrepresentatives.
Bhadrachalam 85 -do- -do--do-
Sundipenta. 133 -do- -do-1 0_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-d o -
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Consultations atVillage Level
Vulvanuru 81Bhadrachalam. Officials from -do-ITDA TCR&TI, -do-
ITDA, NGOs,Tribal leaders,Electedrepresentatives
Mekalabanda. 40 and TribalSrisailam Communities.ITDA. -do-
-do- -do-3 24.05.2002 Vanabasingi 79 -do- -do- -do-
Paderu
Korrai 96 -do- -do- -do-KothavalasaPaderu.
Koida 107 -do- -do- -do-Badrachalam.
Kottalacheruvu. 65 -do- -do- -do-Srisailam.
Sivapuram. 77 -do- -do- -do-Srisailam.
4 25.05.2002 Gurupalli 121 -do- -do- -do-Paderu.
P.G.Madugula 150 -do- -do- -do-Paderu
Kothapeta 184 -do- -do- -do-Badrachalam.
Velugodu 52 -do- -do- -do-Chenchu Col.Srisailam.
Panyam 76 -do- -do- -do-Chenchu Col.Srisailam
5 26.05.2002 Rintada 117 -do- -do- -do-
Paderu.
Bakuluru 108 -do- -do- -do-Paderu.
Pogallapalli 102 -do- -do- -do-Badrachalam
Mahanandi 56 -do- -do- -do-Srisailam.
Sugalimatta 68 -do- -do- -do-Srisailam.
8. KEY ISSUES IDENTIFIED IN THE CONSULTATIONPROCESS
The key issues, from the point of view of the tribals, to be addressed by the project, havebeen identified on the basis of information collected from field work and the consultationprocess undertaken with tribal communities, elected representatives, NGOs and Governmentofficials. These issues have been categorised under the following major categories:
I. Institution building.
I. Mobilisation of Scheduled Tribe Women to form into SHGs and strengthening ofalready existing SHGs.
2. Orientation training to the functionaries of SHGs on project objectives,preparation, implementation and monitoring of plans.
3. Lack of awareness on safeguards meant for Tribals under the constitution4. Multiplicity of SHGs at habitation level
II. Community Investment Fund for Livelihoods of the tribals
1. Lack of awareness among women on income generating activities.2. Low productivity of lands .3. High incidence of landlessness, especially in plain areas.4. Depletion of NTFP.5. Lack of awareness on processing and marketing of NTFP, Agriculture and
horticulture produce.6. Propagation of herbal medicines in tribal areas.7. Market linkages for tribal handicrafts.8. Technical and Financial support to Demand driven sub-projects
for small infrastructure development and income generatinginvestment proposals.
9. Lack of employment to educated tribal youth.10. Lack of Assistance to differently abled tribals
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III. Risk management.
1. Food insecurity during lean seasons2. Vulnerability to risk.
IV. Proiect Management.
1. Lack of awareness on tribal culture to the field level functionaries2. Gender sensitization to the field level functionaries and to the tribal
community.
V. Issues relating to other line departments
1. Involvement of traditional tribal councils in development.2. Tribal dialect, hindrance for promotion of education.3. High incidence of dropouts especially among girls.4. Lack of awareness on health, hygiene and sanitation.5. Alienation of tribal land in Scheduled Areas.
9. TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN
Objectives
The objectives of the Tribal Development Plan are:
* to evolve a development process which fosters full respect for dignity, humanrights and cultural uniqueness of indigenous people,
* to ensure that they do not suffer adverse effects during the developmentprocess, and,
* to take up economic benefit programmes which are culturally and sociallycompatible.
The Tribal Development Plan aims at building strong self reliant and self managinginstitutions of tribals, and through these institutions enable the tribals to access economic andsocial opportunities to overcome poverty and raise their living standards. The TribalDevelopment Plan will build on the earlier successful participatory initiatives of the I.T.D.A.For example, institutions like the Village Tribal Development Associations (V.T.D.A), thegeneral body of all tribals in a habitation have assumed a significant role in the developmentprocess. The tribal women who are highly homogeneous and cohesive have adopted theconcept of Self Help Group (SHG) for thrift and credit. They have come together as stronggroups to implement programmes of relevance to their communities like construction ofschool buildings, anganwadi buildings, link roads, small irrigation structures etc.
The Tribal Development Plan will foster and strengthen self-managed institutions oftribals. All development interventions under the Project will be undertaken with the completeinvolvement of the tribal communities. The Tribal Development Plan will adopt aLivelihoods framework to identify opportunities and possible interventions. The development
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plan will take into consideration the location variations like tribes living in interior forestareas (mostly PTGs), tribes living in relatively developed areas and tribes living in ruralareas along with non-tribal communities. All Project functionaries working in the tribal areas,especially the grassroots functionaries, Community Coordinators and Assistant ProjectManagers, would be oriented towards tribal culture and development issues to enable them toappreciate the importance of "tribal way of life" (culture) while working among the tribals.With this participatory strategy, there would not be any potential adverse impacts on thetribals, as they are completely involved in each and every stage of the intervention process.
Considering the immense importance of N.T.F.P in the lives of the tribals, especially thelandless tribals, and the policy issues involved in ensuring the rights of the tribals over theresource, the various issues involved in N.T.F.P development, including the role of G.C.Chave been presented in some detail below.
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
The institutional arrangements for implementation of Tribal Development Plan(T.D.P) would be similar to the arrangements in the ongoing APDPIP. Since the scheduledtribes inhabiting the different regions of the project districts exhibit striking diversity inethnic origins, cultural heritage, social institutions, religious traditions, dialects, festivals andeconomic pursuits, an indepth understanding of the socio-cultural, economic, political andreligious life of the tribals will be imparted to all the project functionaries, right from thedistrict level to the village level, including the N.G.Os involved in T.D.P at the time ofinduction. This would run concurrently with the main plan. This orientation would enablethem to develop an empathy and understanding of the tribal problems. The tribal communitywould engage community facilitator from among the local tribal educated youth to assist allthe groups in their activities. The grassroots functionaries of the project, the C.Cs would beappointed by the Mandal Samakhyas and the Community Activists by the VillageOrganisations and they would be accountable to them. The performance of C.Cs will becontinuously assessed by the Mandal Samakhyas.
Institution building processes
There are villages / habitations exclusively inhabited by tribals and villages in whichboth tribals and non tribals inhabit the Project districts. In the agency areas of the districtslike Visakhapatnam, Warangal, Khammam, East Godavari, West Godavari, even amongvillages which have only tribal population there are both homogenous villages ie. villagesinhabited by people belonging to single tribal group and heterogenous villages i.e. villagesinhabited by several tribal groups. Therefore, to address the needs of tribals in these differentsituations distinct strategies would be adopted. The processes described below are notuniversal prescriptions. Likely processes are described below, and the actual implementationwill be participatory and situation specific.
(i) Exclusive tribal villages
The C.Cs and C.As concerned would consult tribal leaders, both men andwomen on the kind of groups that would be formed from among the tribal families. Itis difficult to predict as to the kind of groups that would emerge. It is likely that inmulti-tribal villages, the S.H.Gs, the primary affinity groups, would be formedseparately for each tribal sub-group. This was also the opinion expressed by the tribal
14
community during the consultation process. They opined that group members in anyof the S.H.Gs shall belong to the same tribal group as they have close relations witheach other and they trust each other. They can be motivated to work together. All suchS.H.Gs in a village would form into a Village Organisation, since the different tribalgroups traditionally extend mutual co-operation in times of need.
(ii) Mixed Villages
Mixed villages would be of two types - tribal majority villages and non-tribalmajority villages. The institution building process will be different in each context.The project would address the concerns of the poor non-tribals in tribal villages. In atribal majority villages, the tribal S.H.Gs and the non-tribal S.H.Gs would perhaps beformed separately and federate at the village level.
In a non-tribal majority village, the tribals typically live in a separatesettlement within the village or at the outskirts of the village. S.H.Gs would be formedfor tribals exclusively and the S.H.Gs of the non-tribals would be formed separately.As far as federation of the groups is concerned, it is likely that these groups wouldfederate at the V.0 level. There is also a possibility that if there are several mixedvillages in a cluster, the tribal S.H.Gs of all these adjacent villages in a mandal mayform a separate federation of tribal S.H.Gs groups. The exact form of this processmay vary from place to place, and district to district and it will be determined basedon the preferences of the tribals and the non-tribal poor.
Community Investment Fund
The C.Cs and the C.As would hold meetings with the tribal leaders and ascertaintraining requirement of the community and their needs. They would then develop a calendarof training for capacity building of the groups. The S.H.Gs /C.I.Gs and V.Os /V.T.D.Aswould be provided training in participation, conduct of meetings, collective decision making,thrift and credit, grain banks, and on livelihoods issues. The Groups would also be providedorientation on provisions of A.P.Panchayat Raj (Amendment) Act, 1998, and on theprotective regulations and the safeguards envisaged for the tribals under the Constitution ofIndia and various other statutes.
The Project would adopt a Livelihoods framework for generation of projects to befinanced under the Community Investment Fund. The Livelihoods Associates and the C.Cswould sensitise the tribal communities to analyse their existing livelihoods and identify thegaps in each of their current livelihoods. They would identify the resources available -natural and human, and the opportunities and risks in each of the existing livelihoods. Thiswould be done through a participatory process and there would be several rounds ofdiscussions. The focus naturally would be on the traditional livelihoods sources of theScheduled Tribes such as land, livestock and forests. Through a value chain analysis of eachsignificant livelihoods - starting with the inputs and analysis of each stage of the chain tillmarketing - the community would identify the leakages and gaps and opportunities forconsolidation and expansion in their present livelihoods. They would analyse the causes ofleakages and gaps in their livelihoods and the alternative approaches that can be adopted fortheir development and select appropriate plans for intervention. To operationalised theseplans the communities would develop the sub-projects, to be financed by the project underthe Community Investment Fund component.
15
The livelihoods and the sub-sectors where interventions are likely to take place include:
* Land and water development - soil conservation, irrigation, etc* Agriculture - crop development: maize, paddy and turmeric (Warangal),
paddy, groundnut and chillies (Khammam), nigerseed, ginger and turmeric(Vishakhapatnam), etc
* Horticulture development - cashew, mango, jackfruit, banana, pineapple,coffee, etc
* Non-timber Forest produce - tamarind, gum karaya, mohwa flower,mohwa seed, lac, myrobalans, tasar, bamboo, beedi leaf, adda leaf,etc
* Medicinal plants - about 50 important items have been shortlisted* Live Stock and dairy development - cows, buffaloes, sheep, poultry, pigs,
etc* Off-farm: post-harvest value addition to agri produce, Non-timber Forest
produce, and livestock, farm mechanisation services* Tribal handicrafts: based on a variety of traditional skills like basket
making, rope making, black smithy etc.* Non-farm: Retail and wholesale trade, service sector - construction, repair
workshops for oil engines, electric motors, farm machinery, etc.
The list of above interventions is a tentative one. As mentioned above the livelihoodsexpansion plans of each village will be developed by the tribal communities themselves, withfacilitation support from the project. The tribals through their institutions would not onlydevelop plans for livelihoods expansion, but would be responsible for implementation andmonitoring of the plans thus prepared. In order to bridge their knowledge gap Tribal youthwould be trained as para professionals and provided necessary inputs in managing that sectorinterventions - from production to marketing. The tribal institutions would receive capacitybuilding inputs from the project staff and functionaries for the evolution and management ofsub projects. The capacity building inputs for the tribal communities would include visits tosuccessful interventions. The Gram Sabha discuss the sub projects in a meeting beforesubmission to the T.P.M.U to ensure that the entire community is informed and gets a chanceto give their advice and suggestions. The sub project proposals would be submitted by theC.I.G.S or VOs or the VTDAs or the Gram Panchayat to the T.P.M.U for funding.
NTFP development and role of G.C.C
In the Project area, it is estimated that collection and sale of N.T.F.P is the single largestsource of income for almost 80,000 tribals. It is a subsidiary source of income for another100,000 to 120,000 tribals. Out of a total 640,000 tribal families in the project area, about30% families derive moderate to significant incomes from N.T.F.P. In addition N.T.F.Pserves the consumption needs of the tribals. Thus N.T.F.P plays an important role in the livesof tribals, especially the landless.
The concerns expressed by tribals, in the consultation process, relating to N.T.F.P are:* fast depletion of N.T.F.P* illegal cutting of NTFP trees* unsustainable tapping of NTFP and overexploitation of N.T.F.P
16
* need for community management of allocation of N.T.F.P trees for tapping gum andraising lac
* encroachment by non-tribals to the N.T.F.P resources* need for protection and regeneration of NTFP species with tribal involvement -
community management of forests* lack of knowledge of processing of N.T.F.P* marketing of N.T.F.P - underweighment, low prices, monopoly rights of G.C.C and
Forest department* lack of knowledge of the vast medicinal plants wealth available in their vicinity
Learning from past intervention in N.T.F.PThere have been several successful interventions in N.T.F.P in A.P and elsewhere. Thelearning from N.T.F.P sector interventions in the past and in the first project are as follows:
* N.T.F.P is the main source of income for the poorest among the tribals, i.e thelandless tribals living in the proximity of forests
* In the Tribal Sub Plan areas of Visakhapatnam, E.Godavari, W.Godavari,Khammam and Warangal districts the forest area is about 66% of the totalgeographical area. The livelihoods strategy in these areas would depend onforestry and N.T.F.P. There are severe limits on what can be done underagriculture.
* Interventions in N.T.F.P yield very high returns at a very low cost - hencesubstantial increases in incomes of the poorest of the poor are possible throughN.T.F.P development
* Interventions in ensuring scientific harvesting practices help conservation ofthe trees and plants, and thus these interventions have positive effect on theenvironment
* The market for N.T.F.P and medicinal plants has a high growth rate both inthe short term and the long termn
* N.T.F.P requires linkages with institutions of science and technology and withsuch linkages substantial increases in unit realizations are possible. Suchlinkages are required in the areas of: sustainable harvesting, post harvesting,grading, preservation of active ingredients, value addition at village level, andvalue addition at a higher level
* Work on N.T.F.P in tribal areas will also help the landless poor among thenon-tribals who are in the vicinity of forests.
* health costs can be reduced through promotion of herbal remedies andmedicinal herbs kitchen gardens.
Thus N.T.F.P is of utmost importance to the landless tribals and the Tribal Development Planwill address this sector comprehensively. The issues which need to be addressed can becategorised as follows:
* Sustainable harvesting of N.T.F.P* Protection and regeneration of N.T.F.P* Post-harvest practices* Value addition through processing at village level* technologies for preserving bio-active ingredients* marketing of N.T.F.P
17
* policy issues relating to N.T.F.P, which impose restrictions on the tribals collectingN.T.F.P
To address all these issues will require the Project to work in close coordination with thefollowing institutions:
* Government departments: Tribal Welfare, G.C.C, Forest, Panchayat Raj, Health,Education
* Scientific institutions: C.S.I.R Labs (N.B.R.I, I.I.C.T, C.C.M.B, C.D.R.L, C.F.T.R.I,etc), I.C.A.R, Forest Research Institute, Universities, research labs of private sector,freelance scientists, etc.
* N.G.Os working in this sector: F.R.L.H.T, F.E.S, Kovel Foundation, etc.* Industry : Medicinal herbs exporters, Ayurvedic, Cosmetics, Drugs and Chemicals,
Dyes, Natural pesticides, Gums and resins, etc
Role of Girijan Cooperative Corporation (G.C.C) in enhancing income opportunitiesfor the tribals from the sale of N.T.F.Ps
The Tribal Development Plan will focus on building the capacities of the tribal N.T.F.PCollectors' associations to market their N.T.F.P. At present the G.C.C has monopolyprocurement rights over 27 items of N.T.F.P. These are the most important N.T.F.P items interms of both quantities and value. The other items of importance to the tribals are beedileaves and bamboo, over which the forest department has monopoly rights.
In order to ensure that the tribals get remunerative prices for N.T.F.P, the tribal N.T.F.PCollectors' Associations will be registered with G.C.C or its Primary society. The G.C.Cwould have a dual system wherein the tribal N.T.F.P Collectors' Associations can sell theproduce as a group to G.C.C, wherever G.C.C's price is the best price compared to themarket, and, in situations where in their assessment they can secure a better price for theirmembers, the G.C.C permits them to do so. The State Government (Tribal WelfareDepartment ) will issue necessary orders to facilitate the above arrangement.
Social protection and risk management
One of the key issues identified in the consultation process is the extremevulnerability of the tribals. The project would develop community based social protection andinsurance mechanisms to protect households, and communities from risks to their health, life,and assets and enterprises. The differently abled people are among the most vulnerable socialgroups and the project would provide community based rehabilitation and economic supportto them.
Child labour eradication
The low human capital base, evidenced by very low literacy rates would also beaddressed in the project through community based initiatives which have been successfullyimplemented in the state. Tribal communities would be mobilized to prevent child labour andto ensure that all children are sent to school. The girl children, who are weaned away fromchild labour will be admitted in bridge course centers. The project would establishResidential schools for admitting such children.
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LINKAGES WITH THE VARIOUS ONGOING PROGRAMS OF THE LINE-DEPARTMENTS
In order to ensure effective administration in the tribal areas, Government have placed a lot ofresponsibility on the P.0, I.T.D.A. The Project Officer, 1TDA has the responsibility ofimplementing all development programmes for tribals, either directly through the I.T.D.A,or through the line departments functioning in the tribal areas. The P.0, I.T.D.A monitors thework of all the line departments. The sub-district heads of all the line departments are underthe administrative control of the P.0, I.T.D.A, just as the District heads of all linedepartments are under the administrative control of the District Collector. This uniquecoordinating role of the P.0, I.T.D.A ensures convergence with important line departmentslike health, education, child welfare and nutrition, agriculture, horticulture, fisheriesdevelopment, G.C.C, etc.
LINKAGES WITH OTHER EXTERNALLY FUNDED POVERTY ERADICATIONPROJECTS
There are 3 major community based projects in the Project areas:
1. A.P.Participatory Tribal Development Project2. Sustainable Tribal Empowerment Project3. A.P.Community Forestry Management Project
A.P. Participatory Tribal Development Project
This is a project, funded by IFAD, being implemented in 10 districts, out of which 8districts are common to APRPRP - Warangal, Khammam, W.Godavari, Kurnool, Prakasam,Guntur, Nalgonda and Rangareddy. The Project is in its last year, ending in 2003. Underthis project, a large number of Community based organizations have been promoted andnurtured. Development interventions, essentially in the areas of Natural resourcesmanagement have been undertaken through the C.B.Os. The interventions under APRPRPwill build on the successful community based institutions of this project. Due to the presenceof strong C.B.Os, the implementation of the project components in these villages will bequicker. It is expected that these villages would act as resource villages for the tribal villagesto be taken up under APRPRP.
Sustainable Tribal Empowerment Project (S.T.E.P)
This is a E.U - C.A.R.E project being implemented in 4 districts, out of which 2districts - Vishakhapatnam and E.Godavari are common to both projects. This projectcommenced in 2002. The Tribal Welfare department, S.E.R.P and C.A.R.E have already helddiscussions on convergence. In the C.A.R.E Project, the P.0, I.T.D.A has the nodal role inthe project implementation. The 3 agencies, TW Dept, S.E.R.P, and C.A.R.E, will formalisethe convergence, so that there is no overlap and duplication.
A.P.Community Forestry Management Project (A.P.C.F.M.P)
This is a World Bank funded project being implemented by the Forest Department. Theproject is being implemented in 14 districts of the state. The loan became effective in 2002.APCFMP is to be implemented in 3245 villages in the ITDA area of which 2000 - 2500
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villages could be in the Scheduled Areas. Under the TDP of APCFMP, tribals are to bemobilized and organised into VSS by NGOs. The major benefits envisaged for the tribalsinclude NTFP, 50% proceeds from Beedi leaf collected, wage employment from the forestryworks and share of the incremental growth of the forests as part of the project. As part of theTDP, tribals would be trained in income generation activities. Provisions have also beenmade for development of community infrastructure.
Overlap between APCFMP and APRPRP
1. APRPRP is likely to work in the areas in which CFMP is to be implementedowing to the poverty focus of the project.
2. It is also possible that the NGOs from APCFMP and Community Coordinatorsfrom APRPRP would be functioning in the same area.
The T.W Department, Forest Department and S.E.R.P have held discussions on theoverlap and the synergies between APRPRP and the Forestry project. These discussions tookplace during the visit of the pre-appraisal mission to the State in July.
Svnergv between APCFMP and APRPRP
1. The NGOs working on CFMP and the CCs would be trained together incommunity mobilization and strengthening by SERP.
2. Wherever the Forest Department is unable to find NGOs, CCs would take up theentire responsibility for community mobilization.
3. The microplan preparation process under CFMP will have inputs from RPRPespecially with respect to Livelihoods Enhancement based on which interventionswill be identified by the community.
4. While CFMP will fund some components, RPRP will take care of the others asper the project norms.
5. The VTDA will be forum of convergence for both the projects.6. The ITDA will play a coordination role for the implementation of the two
projects.7. The plans will be jointly approved at the District Forestry Committee wherein the
PO ITDA, DFO and APD TPMU are members.8. Representation of RPRP will be ensured in all the relevant committees of CFMP
and vice versa.9. M&E system of the two projects will capture the project progress.
Govt. of Andhra Pradesh will issue orders on the convergence between the 2 projects.Accordingly, an MoU will be signed between the SPC APCFMP, Commissioner, TribalWelfare and SPC, SERP formalizing this agreement.
10. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN
The Tribal Development Plan is part of the overall APRPRP. The management ofAPRPRP at the state level is vested in an independent autonomous society, the Society forElimination of Rural Poverty (S.E.R.P). The S.E.R.P implements the project through its StateProject Management Unit (SPMU) at the State headquarters and the District Project
20
Management Units (DPMU) established at each District headquarters. For theimplementation in tribal sub-plan areas the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh have issued orders forthe convergence of DPIP and I.T.D.As, vide G.O.No.78 for effective implementation of itsactivities in Tribal Sub-Plan areas.
The salient features of the above order are:
> there will be an independent and autonomous Unit under the Project Officer, ITDA,called the Tribal Project Management Unit (TPMU) to implement APDPIP in TSPareas.
> the TPMU is an independent support organization for the TSP area and its exclusivemandate is social mobilisation and empowerment of tribal communities.
> an Annual Works and Finance Plan (AWFP) will be developed by the PO, ITDA forthe TSP areas as per guidelines of the SPMU and in consultation with ProjectDirector, DPIP. After the District Collector's approval, the Project Director, DPIPwill send the AWFP for the entire district showing the TSP component separately.
The Govt. Order is reproduced in Annexure-20. The arrangements of the APDPIP would beadopted for the TSP areas of the APRPRP. Accordingly Tribal Project Management Units(TPMU) will be established at the ITDA headquarters in the districts of Visakhapatnam, EastGodavari, West Godavari, Khammam and Warangal.
Since, all the I.T.D.As and all mandals in each I.T.D.A in the State get covered under theAPRPRP and APDPIP, it is essential to establish a State Tribal Management Unit(S.T.M.U)as part of the SPMU for effective implementation of the Tribal Development Plan. TheSTMU will have a Senior Professional assisted by 3-4 functional experts on tribal issues likenon-timber forest products. The S.T.M.U will liaise between S.E.R.P and the Commissioner,TW. The State Government would issue revised orders, incorporating these additionalelements.
Each TPMU, would be supported by a team of functional specialists at the I.T.D.Aand it would also draw support from a larger pool of functional specialists at the D.P.M.Ulevel. Community Coordinators (C.Cs), grassroots development professionals would bepositioned at the rate of one per 1000 poor families. Their mandate is to build the capacitiesof the tribal communities, promote and nurture the community institutions at village andmandal level, develop community activists, facilitate the evolution of sub-projects, etc.Besides the C.Cs, there would be activists at the Village level to support CommunityCoordinators.
The organogram for implementation of TDP as part of APRPRP would be similar tothat of the ongoing APDPIP, with the addition of a S.T.M.U at the state level.
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ORGANOGRAM
SER1;P
FGENERAL BODY
|EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
SPMU ~S.T.M.U C-TWCell forT.D.P.
OUTSIDE TSP AREA TSP AREA
DPMU |ITDA
LINE DEPT. GCC
\ 9 LINDEPT.Assistant Project
; \ | ~NGO
MANDAL COMMUNITY SUPPORT CELLMANDAL SAMAKHYA
COMMUNITY COORDINATOR
VILLAGE ORGANISATION
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For the implementation of T.D.P in the districts where there are no TSP areas, theDistrict Tribal Welfare Officer (DTWO) concerned would be consulted and he would bemade a member in the District Co-ordination Committee. The DTWO concerned wouldassist the PD, APRPRP in preparation of the AWFP relating to TDP component. The Govt.would issue orders to the above effect.
Matrix on Implementation arrangements, Organisation and Management
SI.No. Agency Members Functions1 APRPRP Commissioner / Director (TW) as Providing necessary guidance and
State level Steering Member support to the Project in tribalCommittee areas.
2 Sub-Committee on To be Chaired by Principal Approval of the Tribal WelfareTribal Area Plan Secretary (SW), Secretary (TW), Plan for the year. Coordination
Commissioner (TW), C.E.(TW), with line depts, and bankingSecretary (Gurukulam), institutions review and advise.Commissioner (Agriculture), C.E.(minor irrigation), Representativesof NABARD, NGO working in theProject area as members.
3 Integrated Tribal Special staff to be deputed to - Day to day implementation,Development ITDA and would function under monitoring and reporting toAgency (ITDA) - P.O., I.T.D.A, as a separate Unit State Project ManagementDevelopment unit for the project. Unit, Coordination with other(TPMU). line depts.
The Unit consists of various > Training of Personnel.functional specialists. > Social mobilization and
empowerment of tribalcommunities.
> Preparation of AWFPs for TSPareas.
4 Assist. Project One A.P.M for 2 mandals - Post > Coordination with ongoingManagers (A.P.M) Graduate/ Graduate, with ITDA and other line depts.
minimum 5 years of relevant activities.experience > Support C.Cs in social
mobilisation and capacityTo be trained on tribal culture and building of tribals and theirtraditions institutions
> Support C.Cs in generatingand grounding communitysub-projects
5 Community One CC for 10-15 habitations. > Identification of poor andCoordinators poorest of the poor through(C.C) Post Graduate or Graduate with PRA tools.
experience > Mobilization of women/men toform into S.H.Gs,
To be trained on tribal culture and > Federation of S.H.Gs intotraditions V.Os/M.S
> Assist in the preparation ofdemand driven sub-projects.
6 Community Activist Tribal youth from same habitation. > Mobilization.(C.A) > Facilitation.
> Coordination with otherEducated, atleast upto VIIth class. activities.
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> Monitoring and reporting.Must be selected by theCommunity of same habitation.
11. ISSUES RAISED IN THE CONSULTATION PROCESS AND POSSIBLEINTERVENTION STRATEGIES
The key issues raised during the consultation process and the likely strategies andactivities to address the issues are presented in the following matrix. The project componentswhich enable these interventions and the persons and institutions responsible are alsoindicated.
The APRPRP is a community demand driven project, hence the issues presented herecannot be regarded as exhaustive. Fresh issues would arise during project implementation atthe village level or at the policy level, and similarly some of the issues raised here may not berelevant at the time of implementation for all villages or all districts. Similarly, the activitiesproposed are not to be taken as one time, top down prescriptions. They are only suggestedinterventions. The objective of this matrix is to underline the vast potential in the TribalDevelopment Plan to respond to a wide variety and range of issues.
Matrix of Tribal Issues, Strategies, Likely Activities, Proiect component andresponsibility for implementation
S.No Key Issue Strategy Likely activities Project Primary Supportcomponent Responsi institutions
bility1. Mobilization Establishing * Separate SHG / CIG for Institution C.C T.P.M.U
of Scheduled new SHGs / each tribal group and human A.P.M D.P.M.U.Tribe women CIGs and (homogenous groups) in capacityto form into VOs / villages / habitations buildingSHGs / and VTDAs in exclusively inhabited bystrengthening the tribal tribal groups.of already habitationsexisting where there * Separate SHGs / CIG forSHGs. are no SHGs S.Ts/and non-S.Ts in
and mixed villages.strengthening the SHGsin the tribalhabitationwhere theyare alreadyestablished.
2 Orientation Building the Facilitation in participatory Institution C.C A.P.Mtraining to capacities of preparation of development and human Livelihoo Linefunctionaries C.Cs and plan capacity ds departmentof SHGs on C.As as building Associate T.P.M.UProject trainers Facilitation in implementation Community Concemeobjectives, of plan, and, in monitoring Investment d Linepreparation, and evaluation. Fund departme
24
implementatio ntn and Providing technical guidancemonitoring of by the concerned Line Depts.plans.
3 Lack of Promotion of * Training VTDA members Institution APM TPMUawareness awareness on on the powers and and human ITDA TCRon constitu- safeguards responsibilities of Gram capacity & TI.tional provided to Sabhas in scheduled areas buildingsafeguards tribals under of the State as envisaged inmeant for the A.P. Panchayat RajTribals under Constitution. (Amendment) Act 1998constitution. * Training to the tribal
leaders, PRI functionaries,SHGs / VOs / VTDAs.
4 Multiplicity Establishme * V.0 to consolidate all Institution C.C A.P.Mof SHGs at nt of a V.0 S.H.Gs into a strong and human T.P.M.Uhabitation institution capacity Village D.P.M.Ulevel Convergence * Dovetailing of Govt. building level Line
of SHGs interventions for the functiona departmentsformed development of STs. Linkage ries of , at mandalunder * To work in close Co- with line line and districtdifferent line ordination with the departments departme leveldepartments functionaries of Depts. nts
Concerned.5 Lack of Provision of * Selection of beneficiaries Community C.C. TPMU
awareness necessary by V.O.s from among the Investment A.P.M Local banksamong skills to take SHGs in consultation with Fundwomen on up income Gram Sabha.income generating * Training in various incomegenerating activities. generating activities as peractivities. preference groups'.
* Provision of necessaryassistance.
a Exposure visits to the_ ~~~~~~~~~~places of successful SHGs.
6 Low Enhancing . Training in soil Community Communi T.P.M.Uproductivity productivity conservation and land Investment ty para Mandalfrom lands. by bridging development activities Fund professio Agri
knowledge * Training in dry land nals Officergap and farming techniques. C.C I.T.D.Afinancial * Training to farmers in Villageresources watershed management. agrisupport * Organizing departme
demonstration plots and ntseed production sites. functiona
* Training in balanced use ryof fertilizers andpesticides, use of biofertilizers and bio-pesticides, and use ofimproved seeds
* Fund support for landdevelopment, purchase of
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appropriate agri-inputs*Provision of Irrigation.
7 High Land lease Identification of landless Community C.C T.P.M.Uincidence of tribals. Investment A.P.M I.T.D.Alandlessness, Assignment Identification of Government Fund Mandal Revenuespecially of waste lands, temple lands and Revenue Divisionalamong government ceiling lands for distribution. Officer OfficerScheduled lands, and, Identification of willing land Districttribes in plain purchase of sellers. Collectorareas lands Purchase of lands and
assignment of land to eligibleDiversificati landless tribals (as peron of guidelines prescribed underemployment land purchase scheme (see
Annexure 21)).Ensure pattas to tribal farmerswho are cultivating andprovision of necessaryassistance.Financial assistance to take upoff farm activities.
8 Depletion of Protection Community management of Linkages Forest A.P.MNTFP and forests with line Range Divl Forest
regeneration Protection from illegal cutting department Officer Officerof NTFP of NTFP trees. Community Communi G.C.Cspecies. Encouraging growing of Investment ty para I.T.D.A
N.T.F.P species. Fund professional in
Training in scientific tapping botanyof NTFP. C.C
9 Lack of Strengthenin * Training in value C.I.F Para A.P.Mawareness on g of addition of N.T.F.P, Linkages professio T.P.M.Uprocessing backward like gum karaya, with Line nals Marketingand marketing and forward deseeding of departments C.C and N.T.F.Pof NTFP, linkages of tamarind, Lvh specialistsagriculture micro manufacturing of Associate I.T.D.Aand enterprises. addaleaf plates, etc. Line G.C.Chorticulture . Training in post- departmeitems. harvest practices, nts: Line
processing and Forest, departmentspreservation of NTFP Agri, at I.T.D.A/ Agrl. / Horticulture Hort, levelproduce. Mktg
* Training onmarketing ofcommodities.
* Provision of supportservices
* Awareness raisingprogramme onweights & measures
* Marketinginterventions
26
10 Propagation Promotion of * Providing training to Community Para TPMUof herbal traditional traditional medicine men. Investment professio Indianmedicines in herbal * Provide assistance to Fund nals MedicinesTribal areas. medical procure herbal medicines. (Botanist) Dept.
cures. * Provision of market Lvh Forestlinkages. Associate department
11 Market Promotion of * Demand survey for tribal Community C.C. TPMUlinkages for marketing. handicrafts Investment Resourcetribal * Training on latest Fund NGOhandicrafts. techniques in the
preparation of handicrafts.* Assistance to purchase
locally available material.* Provision of market
linkages to handicrafts.
12 Technical and Facilitating * Livelihoods analysis Community CC APMfinancial preparation * Formation of CIGs Investment Lvh TPMUsupport to of proposals * Discussions relating to Fund Associate ITDAdemand after Sub-Projects with CIGs Linedriven sub comprehensi * Approval of proposal by Departmentprojects for ve V.O. and VTDA ssmall livelihoods * Provision of Financial and Localinfrastructure analysis. Technical assistance. Banksdevelopment * Marketing Linkagesand variousincomegeneratinginvestmentproposals.
13 Lack of Orientation * Identification of Community CC APMEmployment on avenues unemployed tribal youth Investment Lvh TPMUto educated of self by V.O. Fund Associate NGOtribal youth. employment * Imparting training in ITDA
relevant Self Employment YouthSchemes. welfare
* Provision . of necessary departmentassistance for selfemployment
14 Lack of Provision of * Forming groups with Support to CBR NGOassistance to necessary differently abled people differently Worker TPMUdifferently assistance. and orientation on able people CC ITDAabled people. avenues of employment . Welfare of
* Setting up of special disabledtraining centers. department
. Admitting in educationalinstitutions meant forthem.
* Linkages with institutionsproviding institutionalsupport.
15 Food Establishme * Training to village Community C.C T.P.M.Uinsecurity nt of grain organisations in Investment Civil
27
during lean banks establishing and Fund A.P.M suppliesseasons. management of grain department
Rice credit bank, rice credit.scheme * Providing matching
grant in the form ofkind to each grainbank
* Liaison with CivilSupplies/F.C.I forreplenishing the rice
* Assistance forestablishment ofstorage grains.
* To implement Foodfor work programmeduring lean season.
16 Vulnerable to Social Risk * Conduct of awareness on Social risk Para APMRisk Management insurance coverage for managemen professio TPMU /
and Social crops, livestock and health t and social nal (MF DPMUProtection of individual. protection & Insuranceinitiatives * Development of Insurance Companies
appropriate insurance )packages. C.C Line
* To provide animal health departmentscare at village level byappointing local tribalyouth as veterinary Assts.
17 Lack of Orientation * Periodical trainings to Institution T.P.M.U ITDA /awareness on training. village / Mandal level and human D.P.M.U TCR & TI /tribal culture functionaries, NGOs, capacity SPMU /to the Field TPMU staff. buildinglevel * Positioning offunctionaries. dedicated personnel.
18 Gender Training on * Training on the Institution Gender S.P.M.USensitization gender importance of and human specialist,
sensitization. women's capacity T.P.M.Uparticipation in building ordevelopmental D.P.M.Uactivities to the fieldfunctionaries and thetribal community
19 Involvement Involvement * Utilisation of the services I.T.D.Aof Traditional of of council members fortribal councils traditional developmental activities.in develo- tribalpment. councils in
development20 Tribal dialect, Teaching in I.T.D.A
a hindrance their own Educationfor promoton dialect departmentof Education especially atamong Primary
_____ scheduled school level.
28
tribes.21 High * Motivation of ITDA
incidence of Parents, youth, NGOsdropouts teachers Educationespecially * Opening of bridge Departmentamong girls. schools.
* Provision ofminimuminfrastructure toschools.
22 Lack of Promotion of * Conduct of awareness ITDA.awareness on awareness on raising programmes on NGOshealth, health, improvement in health, Healthhygiene and sanitation hygiene and environmental Departmentsanitation. and personal sanitation through
hygiene. multimedia, IEC materialetc.
* Selection of CommunityHealth Workers (CHW)from among the localtribals for attending tosmaller ailments andreferral of acute cases toHealth Centres.
23 Alienation of Effective * Speedy disposal of cases SDCtribal land in implementati pending with various (TribalScheduled on of A.P. courts like SDC (TW), Welfare)areas Scheduled Agent to Govt. ITDA
Areas Land * Handing over of lands RevenueTransfer restored to tribals under DepartmentRegulation, LTR. Dist1959. * Physical verification of Collectors
lands.
12. GENDER STRATEGY IN TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN
Status of women in tribal areas
Traditionally tribal women have enjoyed a higher status than non-tribal women. Theyenjoy greater personal freedom. There is greater social equality between men and womenamong tribal societies. Women are free to choose their husbands. Divorce and widowremarriages are socially accepted. There is also a practice of bride price. Women in tribalsocieties are considered to be more industrious than men. In addition to their crucial role indomestic and child rearing activities, women contribute to major part of labour in agriculturalactivities. They also supplement the family income by collection and sale of NTFP andthrough wage labour.
But inspite of a relatively better social status, women have little access to education,health and other services. The literacy rate among tribal women is 8.68 % in the State, whichis very low when compared to the literacy rate of tribal males at 25.25%. Education amonggirls is badly neglected, as majority of the girls are engaged in domestic and household
29
activities. Women among tribal societies do not have a role in decision making at villagelevel although they are consulted in household affairs.
Gender Strategy in Tribal Development Plan
The participation of women would be the key factor in formulating TribalDevelopment Plans. Tribal men and women would be sensitized for enhancing the women'sparticipation in community affairs. The strategy would be to promote women's activeinvolvement in the process of development and their effective participation in decisionmaking. All project functionaries would be sensitized on gender issues.
Activities include mobilization of women to form into groups, awareness raising andcapacity building among the tribal women to manage their livelihoods, facilitating theirinstitution building processes. Women's groups would be supported through the CommunityInvestment Fund to take up income generating activities.
Gender Specific Issues
S.No. Issue Action Responsible1 Household food * Implementation of rice credit T.P.M.U, I.T.D.A,
insecurity during lean programme (Grain Bank) through Mandal and villageperiod SHGs. level project
* Support to take up income functionaries.generating activities throughgroup activities.
* Linking women SHGs withongoing programmes like EAS,Food for work programme etc.
2 High incidence of * Awareness generation among I.T.D.A, Educationdropout rate among girl parents, youth and teachers department,children. * Opening of bridge schools. Village Education
* Special retention campaigns, Committee.especially for girl dropouts to betaken up.
* Vocational training foradolescent girls.
3 Lack of empowerment * Training on safeguards, policies I.T.D.A/ MEO / CDPOin women. and special concessions for tribal / DTWO other Line
women. Depts.* Gender Sensitization* Dissemination of information on
Education, Health, and Nutrition, Agriculture, Livestock,Markets, etc
4 Value addition to NTFP. * Training on scientific tapping, GCC / NGO.processing and packing of NTFP.
* Awareness on post-harvestpractices, preservation, valueaddition and marketing of NTFP.
5 Poor health among * Awareness campaigns on safe ITDA / DPMU / Healthwomen. drinking water, pre and postnatal department
30
health care, immunization etc.* Organizing health camps.* Community Health Workers
(CHW) to be appointed andtrained.
13. COST ESTIMATES FOR TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN
The Tribal Development Plan forms an integral part of APRPRP. The requiredbudgets will form part of the A.W.F.P of the T.P.M.Us and the D.P.M.Us, based on theInstitution and human capacity building interventions planned and the sub-projects preparedby the village level organizations and other project interventions. The scheduled tribesconstitute 6.3% of the population in the project districts. However, considering their lowlevels of development, the target tribal population to be covered under APRPRP is expectedto be much higher than 6.3%, since the poverty ratio in the tribal population is quite high. It isdifficult to state the exact ratio at this time. It is estimated that 20% of the target poor wouldbe tribals, either in the Tribal sub-plan areas or outside. This ratio will differ from district todistrict. It will be higher in the 5 TSP Districts and lower in others. Since the project is aimedto cover the poorest of the poor, all poor tribal families will be covered under the project.Accordingly, an estimated 20% of the project outlay will constitute the Tribal developmentplan and this is reflected in the table below.
Budget estimates for implementation of the TDP
IndaAndhra Pradesh Rural Poverty Reduction Prqecttribal Development Action Plan
Totals Including Contingencies (INR Lakh)2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total
A. Institutions & Human Capital BulidingBuilding Self Managed InsUtutions of the Poor 1,599.06 1,513 1,390.38 1,491.79 1,210.91 602.23 7,807.62PRI & Line Department Capacity Building 19.39 31 31.58 15.53 1.51 1.48 100.92Convergence vwth Health and Nutrion Sector 182.73 210 8.64 104.32 97.75 102.93 786.16Strategoic Communication 85.66 68 71.a2 75.41 77.29 67.81 446.33Building Pnvate Sector Partnerships 2.54 4 2.71 2.85 2.47 2 60 16.99
Subtotal Instituions & Human Capital Building 1,889.38 1,827 1,585.12 1,689.90 1,389.93 777.05 9,158.02B. Community Investment Fund 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Social Dev, Physical intrastructure & Income Generation 1,467.03 3,536.74 6,743.10 8,659.26 5,197.42 0.00 25,603.57Watersheds 1.48 1.57 1.65 1.74 0.00 0 00 6.44Land Purchase 667.47 812.14 926.20 92.96 0.00 0.00 2,498.77
Subtotal Community investment Fund 2,135.98 4,350.45 7,670.95 8,753.98 5,197.42 0.00 28,108.79C. Support to Eliminate Child Labour 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Bridge Schools 317.98 336.86 355.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 1,009.99
Residential Schools for Gild Child 3,506.53 1,961.76 763.01 969.47 996.09 1,048.81 9,245.66
Subtotal Support to Eiminata Child Labour 3,824.51 2,298.63 1,118.16 969.47 996.09 1,048.81 10,255.65E Support for Persons with Disabilities 31.96 189.67 454.90 473.69 414.62 123.06 1,667.90
D. Project Management 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
State Project Management Unit 111.66 88.35 93.17 102.61 107.75 113.14 616.87
Human Resource Developmentof SERP 18.46 25.42 13.09 13.75 14.44 3.61 66.76
Distnct Project Management Unit 348.71 283.62 302.27 314.03 329.76 346.26 1.924 65
Gender Strategy & Action Plan 24.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.53
Technical Assistance 56.10 52.46 23.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 132.15
Safeguard Action Plans -EMF, PMP, Dam Safety 10.22 4.32 8.11 4.78 5.02 8.81 41.27
Monitorng and Evaluation 68.39 37.98 68.05 39.90 41.38 68.48 324.18
Subtotal Protect Management 638.27 492,15 508.28 475.07 498.34 540.31 3,152.42
Total PROJECT COSTS 8,488.14 8,967.86 10,882.51 11,888.42 8,081.79 2,366.17 50,674.88
14. MONITORING AND EVALUATION
Monitoring forms an integral part of the Project Management System, as it provides acontinuous appraisal of performance of the Project and enables the Project Management to
31
take up corrective measures, if any, required in implementation. The existing M&E Systemadopted in the ongoing APDPIP viz; a) input and output monitoring b) process monitoringand c) impact evaluation would ensure effective implementation of Tribal DevelopmentPlan, which froms part of APRPRP.
For the purpose of monitoring and evaluation of Tribal Development Plan, basic datarelating to village wise information on tribal population, infrastructure facilities, landutilization, cropping pattern, livelihoods etc. would be recorded in the village registers whichwill be kept with the VONTDA. The project interventions planned in the village as part ofthe A.W.F.P and the project interventions actually implemented will also be captured in theM.I.S. The data collection would be the responsibility of the C.C, in association with theCommunity Activist and the V.0 of each village in his jurisdiction. The C.C in turn wouldreport the progress to A.P.M for verification prior to its transmission to the DPMU/TPMU fortaking up remedial measures, if any.
The community would be involved in process monitoring through Focus GroupDiscussions (FGD) and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques, wherever requiredin order to know the quality of project implementation and inputs provided under the project.The villagers will monitor the performance of all project functionaries, starting with theCommunity activists, Community para professionals and the C.Cs.
The suggested monitoring indicators for different components for TDP would include.
Monitoring Indicators
Components Indicators Source Frequency AgencyEconomic Food Security Village Half Yearly Externalconditions * From own production Registers & Agency
assisted by the Project Reports from* Income generating activities CC/SO/NGO
assisted by the Project* Mechanisms adopted to
manage food insecurity* Income Village* Project related Registers &* Independent means but Reports from
assisted by Project CC/SO/NGO
* Changes in livelihoods (No)* Improvement in skills (No)* Economic activities
established (No)
Social * Representation in PRI Village Quarterly Externalconditions * Representation in SHG Registers & Agency
* Representation in MS Reports from* Participation in Project CC/SO/NGO
activities
* Participation in SHGmeetings Half Yearly
32
* Enrolment in Schools* Dropouts from schools* Accessibility to education Village External
related infrastructure Registers & AgencyReports from
* Infrastructure relating to CC/SO/NGOschool, access to villages
* Health and Morbidity
Process Social impact assessment Reports from Quarterly Externalfollowed completed (No. of Vos / VTDAs) CC/SO/NGO Agency
TDP Prepared (No)TDP approved (No)
Coordination Schemes dovetailed (No) Reports from Quarterly Externalwith other Tribal habitations benefited (No) CC/SO/NGO AgencyDepartments Tribal families benefited (No)
Baseline Survey:
The baseline survey would be conducted to provide data for subsequent impactevaluation. An external agency with expertise in social research and participatory techniqueswould be contracted.
Impact Evaluation:
The important areas for conducting impact evaluation to assess the benefits, the tribalscould receive as a result of the project include:
a) food securityb) employment including income through off farm and non farm activities.c). Improvement in the living standards.d) Status of women.e) Iriprovement in the access to marketing, formal institutions etc.f) Sustainable village institutions.
Besides the above studies, adhoc studies would be conducted to understand the skillsand capabilities of the landless poor tribals to take up off farn and non-farm incomegenerating activities.
33
A ENICES
34
APPENDIX - I
Demography and Socio-cultural proffles of Scheduled Tribes
Demo2ranhy
Andhra Pradesh is the Seventh largest State in India with a population of
66.51 millions (1991 Census). The Scheduled tribe population constitutes 6.3%
to the total population of the State. .
Table No. 1
Distribution of S.T. Population
in Millions
Area Total Population Scheduled % S.T. Population toTribe Total Population.
Population1. Project Districts 47.32 3.05 6.4
2. Andhra Pradesh 66.51 4.20 6.3
The Project area is spread over parts of 16 Districts out of which
Integrated Tribal Development Agencies ( ITDAs) are situated in the districts of
Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, West Godavari, Warangal and Khammam.
Apart from the above, the ITDA for Primitive Tribal Group (PTG), Chenchu
with headquarters at Sundipenta cover the Chenchus inhabiting the parts of
Guntur, Prakasam, Kurnool, Nalgonda and Ranga Reddy districts. The
Scheduled Tribe population in the project districts is about 3.05 millions
constituting 6.4% of the total population of the project districts. The details of
S.T. population are presented in Annexure 2.
As many as 3.89 millions of Scheduled Tribes constituting 92.40% to the
total Scheduled Tribe population of the State inhabit the rural areas. The details
of district wise rural and urban Scheduled Tribe population in the Project
districts are presented in Annexure 3.
35
The sex ratio among S.Ts in Andhra Pradesh is 960 females per 1000
males, while the said ratio for the State is 972 females per 1000 males. District
wise sex ratios among S.Ts is presented in Annexure 4.
Socio-Cultural Profile of Tribes of Andhra Pradesh
The Scheduled Tribes inhabiting different regions in Andhra Pradesh
exhibit striking diversity in ethnic origins, cultural heritage, social institutions,
religious traditions, dialects, festivals and economic pursuits. Traditional
values and social ethos play an important role among the tribal communities and
the significance of socio cultural factors cannot be ignored while formulating
plans for their development. The description of various characteristics of
Scheduled Tribes in the succeeding paragraphs is intended to represent a broad
spectrum of tribal geo-ethnic situation and cultural life.
The Konda Reddi tribe is one of the primitive tribal groups. They live in
symbiosis with Koyas and are found inhabiting the hilly and forest tracts of
Khammam, East & West Godavari districts. They still subsist on shifting
cultivation. They are experts in bamboo cutting operations. Besides cultivation
they subsist on selling of bamboo baskets, winnowing fans, etc. in the weekly
markets. The social organization of Konda Reddis is based on exogamous
septs. Their mother tongue is Telugu.
Koya is one of the major tribes inhabiting the tribal areas of the State.
Unlike Konda Reddis, Koyas are mainly found living in foot hill areas. The
Koyas have exogamous phratry organisation into which various clans are
grouped. The majority of them speak their own dialect called Koya. The Koya
habitation extends over hilly and forest tracts flanking river Godavari from
Chinnoor in Adilabad district to East Godavari district.
The hills and valleys of Visakhapatnam are the traditional habitat of
major tribal groups like Bagata, Kotia, Konda Dora, Reddi Dora, Muka Dora,
Manne Dora, Gadaba, Porja, Khond, Mali, Kammara and Valrmiki. Among the
36
above tribal groups, Bagatas are mainly settled cultivators while the others are
engaged either in shifting or settled cultivation. Malis are expert horticulturists
and vegetable growers. Valmikis are settled cultivators and petty traders while
tribes like Porja, Khond and Konda Dora mainly thrive on shifting cultivation
on hill slopes. Agricultural labour, collection and sale of minor forest produce
and forest labour in coffee plantations are other major subsidiary occupations.
The social organization of all these groups except Khonds is based on existence
of common clan names among these endogamous groups. Among the Khond
tribe, the clans are clubbed into two exogamous groups, called 'Tainga', the
brother clans within whom the marital relations are prohibited and 'samdinga'
clans with whom the marital relations are prescribed. All the tribal groups
speak corrupt form of Oriya and Telugu. The mother tongue of Konda Dora is
called Konda or Kubi while Gadaba speak Gadaba language. Khonds perform
Mayuri dance while other tribal groups perform Dimsa dance during festivals
and leisure times. The tribal groups inhabiting Visakhapatnam agency have
their own Gods and Goddesses and perform their own festivals.
The Chenchu, a primitive tribe, is distributed on either side of
River Krishna on Nallamalai hill ranges spreading in Kurnool. Prakasam,
Guntur, Mahabubnagar, Nalgonda and Ranga Reddy districts. The social
organization of Chenchu is based on exogamous clans. Food gathering, hunting
and honey collection are the livelihood activities of hill and forest dwelling
Chenchus while a few living in the border villages of plains area have taken to
settled cultivation also. The other sources of livelihood include collection and
sale of Non Timber Forest Produce (NTFP) especially gum and forest labour.
Chenchus worship many deities and spirits. They worship some of the Hindu
deities besides their own deities.
Yanadis, Yerukulas and Lambadas are mainly tribes living in plain areas.
However, the Lambadas are also found living in tribal concentrated areas
37
especially in Khammam and Adilabad districts. Each of these tribes live in
exclusive settlements of their own in the Villages.
Yerukulas are divided into as many as 14 endogamous sub groups and
each such sub group is further sub divided into four exogamous groups with
each one of them having a number of exogamous septs. Yanadis have about
four endogamous sub groups. Each one of sub group is further divided into
exogamous septs. The endogamous groups of both Yerukula and Yanadi tribes
have their own traditional calling. The women folk of Yerukula tribe are
engaged in basket making specially with bamboos, weaving of mats etc., some
of them are specialised in sooth saying. The women folk of Yanadi tribe are
engaged in forest labour, NTFP collection weaving mats etc. Some of them
serve as household servants in rural and urban areas. The religious pantheon of
both Yerukula and Yanadi include Hindu Gods and Goddesses and they
celebrate all Hindu festivals.
Lambadas are widely distributed both in plains and forest areas of all
Telangana region of the state. They are also found in plain areas of
Rayalaseema and sparsely distributed in Coastal districts of the state. The social
organization of Lambadas is based on five exogamous clans, viz. 1) Rathod 2)
Jadhav 3) Chowhan 4) Pomar and 5) Ade. These clans are further divided
into exogamous septs. The women folk of Lambadas wear colourful mirror and
bead studded dress, silver ornaments with jingling anklets and broad plastic and
glass bangles. They worship both Hindu Gods as well as Goddesses besides
their own deities. In addition to Hindu festivals, Lambadas also celebrate their
own festivals. They have their own dialect.
The tribal societies in Andhra Pradesh are characterized by patrilineal
descent, patrilocal residence and patriarchal authority. The socially approved
methods of acquiring mates are marriage by negotiation, marriage by mutual
love and elopment, marriage by capture, marriage by service and marriage by
exchange. Levirate and Sororate are sanctioned by tradition among all tribal
38
groups. Divorce and widow remarriages are permitted. Every tribe has its own
social control mechanism. Deviation from prescribed law invites attention of
the traditional council, usually, on complaint and the deviant is either warned,
fined or excommunicated.
39
APPENDIX - II
LIVELIHOODS OF SCHEDULED TRIBES
A team consisting of international, national consultants and researchers
having anthropology background from TCR & TI, Hyderabad, with extensive
expertise in participatory research and planning have conducted field work with
the assistance of the local Community Coordinators of APDPIP to assess the
livelihoods of the poor including Scheduled Tribes in sample villages for
preparation of Livelihoods Assessment Report as part of the APRPRP
preparation. The draft Livelihood Assessment Report*, Baseline Survey
(BLS)** and other secondary sources form the basis for analysis of the present
situation relating to livelihoods of Scheduled Tribes. The model of livelihood
capitals and the indicators to measure each component of livelihood capitals as
envisaged in the draft Livelihood Assessment Report of APRPRP has been
adopted to analyze the livelihoods of Scheduled tribes.
Human Capital:
Knowledge, skills, health, labour force size and composition, access to
infrastructure relating to education and health are considered as major
components of human capital.
* Livelihood assessment report for APRPRP (Draft) by ITAD Ltd., U.K., in association with SOCHURSOD
Tirupathi and CESS, Hyderabad, March 2002
** Baseline Survey Report for APDPIP by Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad
40
LITERACY STATUS:
Table No.1
Literacy rates in Andhra Pradesh as per 1991 Census
Male Female Total
Literacy rate among Scheduled Tribes in Andhra 25.25% 8.68% 17.16%Pradesh.Literacy rate among S.Ts in Project districts. 24.78% 8.56% 16.84%
Literacy rate among all in Andhra Pradesh 55.13% 32.72% 44.09%
As per 1991 CensusThe literacy rate among S.Ts is abysmally low
(17.16%), especially female literacy rate (8.68%) when compared to the literacy
rate of general population of Andhra Pradesh (44.09%) The district wise literacy
rates among Scheduled Tribes in the Project districts are presented in Annexure
5.
41
The enrolment ratio among Scheduled Tribes for the year 1999-2000 in
Andhra Pradesh State is as high as 119.16 in classes I to V (6-11 age group)
while it is 86.28 among general population in the State.
Table No.2
Enrolment Ratios
Classes I - V Classes VI- VIIBoys Girls Total Boys Girls Total
Andhra Pradesh 129.00 108.88 119.16 45.21 24.39 35.03Scheduled TribesAndhra Pradesh 87.70 84.83 86.28 53.65 43.85 48.83General
The enrolment ratio among S.T. girls in classes I to V is 108.88 in
Andhra Pradesh, while it is 84.83 among general population (The Gross
Enrolment ratio crossed 100% because of inclusion of overage and underage
children. The enrolment ratio among Scheduled Tribe girls in classes VI & VII
for the year 1999-2000 is only 24.39 in the State of Andhra Pradesh while it is
43.85 among general population. The details of enrolment ratio in classes I to V
and VI & VII among Scheduled Tribes is presented in Annexure 6.
Table No.3
Drop out Rates
Classes I - V Classes I - VII
Andhra Pradesh Boys girls Total Boys Girls TotalScheduled Tribes 66.69 73.75 69.75 79.72 85.94 82.33
Andhra Pradesh 39.42 41.23 40.28 56.21 60.68 58.29General
The dropout rate among Scheduled Tribes of Andhra Pradesh is 69.75 in
classes I to V, while it is 82.33 in classes I to VII. The drop out rate among
general population in Andhra Pradesh is 40.28 in classes I to V, while it is 58.29
42
in classes I to VII. Therefore, the drop out rate is higher among Scheduled
Tribes than general population. The enrolment rate for the secondary education
is lower than that of Primary education among Scheduled Tribes. The dropout
rate of children belonging to Scheduled Tribes at Primary level is lower than
secondary level. The drop out rate among girls is more pronounced among the
Scheduled tribes compared to other social groups. The reasons for children not
going to school as enumerated in BLS include the following viz., student not
interested, parent not interested, teacher not regularly attending to school,
children going for wage employment, attending household chores, working as
helper in household enterprise, child minding etc., The details of dropout rates
in the project area are given in Annexure - 7.
The State of Andhra Pradesh has taken several measures for advancement
of education among Scheduled Tribes which include establishment of 501
Ashram Schools in remote and interior areas, 60 residential schools, 5
residential junior colleges and 505 hostels including 119 hostels which are
exclusively meant for Scheduled Tribe girls as well as reservations of seats for
Scheduled Tribes in all educational institutions. The Government also
established 4363 Girijana Vidya Vikas Kendras ( Single Teacher Schools) in the
Scheduled areas of the State with I't and lInd classes for which the teachers
would be selected from among the local Scheduled Tribe candidates with a view
to promote universal education among Scheduled Tribes as well as to promote
employment among S.T. educated youth. Besides, 5441 Mabadis (our schools)
have been established in school less tribal habitations. The community
belonging to such habitation would manage the school with the support from
Government and the local educated youth function as a teacher. There are 330
Ashram Schools with 2533 teachers and 92348 students, 368 hostels with a
student strength of 50,095 and 42 Residential Schools with 11,512 students in
the project districts. The ST students are supplied with required text books and
43
note books at free of cost. The district wise no. of educational institutions in the
Project area is furnished in Annexure 8.
The extent of skilled workers among Scheduled Tribes is less compared
to other social groups in the project districts. However, workers having
traditional skills without formal training are more than skilled workers. For
example, the Yerukalas are adept in basket making and mat weaving. The
subsidiary occupation of Konda reddi tribe is basket making. The Kammaras of
Visakhapatnam Agency eke out their living by black smithy and carpentry.
These tribal groups inherit the skills from their families.
HEALTH STATUS:
In the tribal areas of Andhra Pradesh, the most common health
problems include incidence of T.B., acute respiratory infections, incidence of
malaria, goitre, diarrhea and gastroenteritis. The most common health disorders
among tribal adults of Andhra Pradesh are respiratory tract infections, fevers
and alimentary tract diseases, while among children are gastroenteritis, and
acute respiratory infections. Common malnutrition problems found among
tribals are anernia, Vitamin A deficiency and Iodine deficiency diseases.
The average size of the tribal household is estimated at 4.38 and the sex
ratio per 1000 males is 960. The infant mortality rate (IMR) among tribals of
Andhra Pradesh is 120 per 1000 population while among general population it
is 65.8. Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) for general population of Andhra
Pradesh is 4 per 1000 population while for Scheduled Tribes it is 5 per 1000
population. Crude Birth Rate (CBR) for tribals of Andhra Pradesh, is 3.53 per
1000 population while for general population it is 2.41. Crude Death Rate
(CDR) for general population as well as tribal population of Andhra Pradesh is
96 per 1000 population. The incidence of malaria Plasmodium Falciparum
(PF) in TSP area is 35 per 100 population whereas it is 10 per 100 population in
plains area. The primary reasons for the above unhealthy conditions in tribal
44
areas include malnutrition, unhygienic living conditions, poverty, lack of
concern for health care delivery system.
There are 96 Primary Health Centres (PHCs), 619 Sub-Centres, 22
Community Health Centres, 17 mobile medical units, 14 Government
dispensaries, 24 Government hospitals in the TSP areas of project districts. The
Community Health Workers (CHWs) working in the TSP area of the project
districts are 6546. The district wise medical institutions along with CHWs
functioning are given in Annexure - 9.
The acute nature of ailments constitute major health hazard to the
Scheduled Tribes in the tribal areas. The persons non treated for their ailments
are relatively high among Scheduled Tribes when compared to others. The
traditional medicine men are usually approached for ailments among Scheduled
Tribes at first instance. Only in case of emergency, the patients are taken to
hospitals for treatment. However, the hold of traditional medicinemen over the
tribal Community is slowly vanishing due to modernization. The poor
nutritional status among Scheduled Tribes makes them to susceptible to
infection resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Lack of personal hygiene,
environmental sanitation and education for health among tribals constitute the
major factors affecting the health status. Emphasis has to be laid for the
redressal of above factors to wean the tribals away from infectious diseases.
OCCUPATIONAL STATUS:
Table No.4
45
Occupational Pattern
Cultivators Agricul Househ Other Marginal Nontural old workers workers workers
Labour industryers
Andhra % to total 20.90 23.63 1.33 4.88 3.29 45.97Pradesh S.T.Scheduled PopulationTribesAndhra % to total 11.86 17.48 1.44 11.99 2.28 54.95Pradesh GeneralGeneral Population
Agriculture and agricultural labour constitute the mainstay for the
majority of tribals in the Andhra Pradesh. The workers engaged as agricultural
labour are much more in number among Scheduled tribes compared to other
backward classes and castes. The employment in agriculture constitute a
considerable proposition of total employment. The proportion of female
workers is relatively higher than male workers in agriculture among Scheduled
Tribes over other social groups. The proportion of households depending on non
farm activities is marginal among Scheduled Tribes. The tribals are engaged as
forest labour as well as workers in coffee plantation in the agency areas of
Visakhapatnam and East Godavari districts. They are also engaged in collection
of Non Timber Forest Produce (NTFP). The district wise occupational pattern
of Scheduled Tribes in the Project districts is presented in Annexure 10.
Status of Natural Capital
46
Natural Capital at household level is considered to be Land and Live
Stock and at community level, it is common property resources which usually
include water and forest.
Land forms the principal source of livelihood for majority of tribals in
general and the tribals living in TSP areas situated in the project districts in
particular. Land assumes utmost importance in the lives of tribals. With the
depletion of Non-Timber Forest Produce (NTFP) the dependence of tribals on
land has further increased. The Scheduled Tribe households possess relatively
small piece of land compared to the other social groups. Out of 0.64 million
Scheduled Tribe land holders, 0.46 million (74%) belong to small and marginal
land holders category in the State of Andhra Pradesh. The small and marginal
tribal farmers constitute 72.6% of the total Scheduled Tribe land holders in
Andhra Pradesh. Only 0.8% of the total tribal land holders are large farmers i.e.
possessing 10 hectares and above. The district wise number of Scheduled Tribe
operational holdings and operated area in the Project districts is presented in
Annexure 11 & 12. As high as 88.02% of the Scheduled Tribes living in
project districts depend either on agriculture or agricultural labour. Among the
Scheduled tribe land holding families, small and marginal farmers constitute a
very high proportion.
Canals, Tanks and Wells form the major sources of irrigation in the
Project districts. Out of 135438 ha of net irrigated area canals provide
irrigation to 30499 ha, followed by tanks (36311 ha). The district wise and
source wise net area irrigated in the project districts (S.Ts) is presented in
Annexure 13 . It is pertinent to note that out of the total operated area i.e.,
705451 ha held by the Scheduled Tribes in the project districts, an extent of
135438 ha is only irrigated which constitutes 19.2 %. The land held by the
tribals in the project districts under irrigation is very meager causing uncertainty
in Agriculture.
47
The food grains are grown in about 67.28% of gross cropped area and oil
seeds are grown in 16.5% of gross cropped area. Rice, Jowar and Ragi
constitute major food crops and they are grown in both irrigated and un-
irrigated areas. However, Jowar and Ragi are grown in mostly un-irrigated
areas. The area under principal crops in the land holdings of Scheduled Tribes
is presented in Annexure 14.
In respect of TSP areas. large number of households possess more live
stock over the tribals outside TSP areas . Animal husbandry is one of the
important household food production systems. Cattle, goats, sheep, poultry and
pigs form an integral part of the tribal economic system. Animals have a
diverse role to play in the economic structure of the tribals . Cows and
buffaloes are kept as milch animals, while bullocks and he buffaloes constitute
draught power for ploughing. Sheep, goats, poultry and pigs mainly serve as
sources of meat and for sale, a source of cash income. The animals / hens are
sold generally by the tribals during crop failures and deficiency in the household
budget to purchase food and other essential articles in the weekly markets. The
plough bullocks are also given on hire to the tribals during agricultural season.
The goat, sheep, and pigs constitute sacrificial animals, which are sacrificed to
appease the malevolent deities to protect them and their crops as well as cattle
from their wrath. The chickens are also offered to these malevolent deities lest
they may inflict harm on them.
Common Property Resources:
Common Property Resource (CPR) is a property, the ownership of which
is vested in local groups traditionally and the members of such local groups are
entitled to hunt, collect, cultivate and graze anywhere within such territory.
Usually, every tribal habitation in Tribal Sub Plan Area is surrounded by
traditional boundary which is locally called 'Sivaru' or 'Haddu'. The local
48
tribals are entitled to enjoy the natural resources within their village boundary,
trespass of which by other villagers is viewed very seriously.
In the forest and hilly areas of Tribal Sub Plan Area, it is an usual
practice that any part of the communal property turned to use as a field by the
labour of an individual becomes his private possession. As long as he cultivates
a hill slope, the land and its produce are his undisputed property. But when
after three years it is left fallow, then the land reverts back to the local group.
After some years when the land is again ready for cultivation it can be allotted
to any other member of the local group. The practice of shifting cultivation is
reducing.
As regards to collection of Non Timber Forest Produce (NTFP) like gum,
honey, soap nuts etc. it is usually owned by the individual families in the
territory fixed to a particular habitation traditionally. The number of said NTFP
yielding trees are inherited through succession.
In order to list out of CPRs and assess the importance, access and flow of
benefits from such CPRs, PRA exercises were conducted, which reveal that the
Scheduled Tribes perceived forests, canals and NTFP yielding trees as Common
Property Resources which affect their livelihood. All the said CPRs are
perceived to be important for them. As regards, access, the forests are less
accessible in terms of proximity.
Physical Capital:
The Irrigation assets, agricultural implements, machinery, infrastructure
provision and consumer durables are considered to be household owned
Physical capital while infrastructure facilities like roads and communications
and marketing are community owned Physical capital. The Project is spread
over 16 districts, of which parts of 6 ITDAs including ITDA for primitive Tribal
Group (PTG), Chenchu, Sundipenta would also be covered. The data relating to
infrastructure provisions in respect of ITDA areas is only readily available.
49
In the Tribal Sub Plan areas falling under project districts about 7037
habitations have been identified by Integrated Tribal Development Agencies
(ITDA) concerned for provision of drinking water facility, of which 6034
habitations have been provided drinking water facility covering 85.7% to total
identified habitations. In Rampachodavaram ITDA area 94% of habitations are
provided with drinking water facility, the details of which are presented in
Annexure 15.
As regards approach roads in Tribal Sub Plan areas in the project
districts, out of 304 Scheduled Tribe habitations in Eturunagaram ITDA area,
286 habitations are connected with roads, which is followed by Paderu ITDA
area and Bhadrachalam ITDA area, the details of which are presented in
Annexure 16.
About 4,405 tribal habitations in five ITDA areas viz; Paderu,
Rampachodavaram, K.R. Puram, Bhadrachalam, Eturunagaram have been
electrified either through conventional lines or solar lines out of 5314
habitations Annexure 17.
Out of 371709 tribal families in 6 ITDA areas viz; Paderu,
Rampachodavaram, K.R. Puram, Bhadrachalam, Eturunagaram, and
Sundipenta, 147434 tribal families have been provided with houses under
housing programme. In Eturunagaram ITDA area, 72% of the farnilies have
been provided with houses, the details of which are presented in Annexure 18.
The Scheduled Tribes have less access to irrigation assets since irrigated
area is in less proportion in the total cultivated area held by the tribals in project
districts. The number of units of agricultural machinery and implements are
smaller over the other social groups. The Scheduled Tribes possess relatively
large number of small consumer durables compared to large and medium
consumer durables as per BLS.
Financial Capital:
50
Financial assets include savings, investments and credit status of the
household. The tribal economy is generally subsistence oriented. They
generally live for the present with limited aspirations for the future. The habit
of savings and management of money is very limited. To inculcate the habit of
savings and to reduce the dependence of tribals on informal sources of credit,
several women thrift and credit groups were established in tribal areas of the
State. However, the amount saved by the Scheduled Tribes is smaller over
other social groups and also the dependence of tribals on informal credit sources
is substantially than other groups.
Social Capital:
The Social Capital has two forms viz; structural and cognitive. The tribal
societies are known for their cohesiveness particularly at clan and village levels
which is clearly manifest in mutual cooperation in several activities like
celebrations of fairs and festivals as well as marriages and other life cycle
ceremonies. The traditional mechanism of social control has still hold over the
community, although the leadership is in a process of transition due to gradual
increase in the interaction and dependence on the outside. Therefore, the
cognitive form of the Social Capital would be higher especially in tribal areas
compared to other social groups. The proportion of participation in
SHGs/VTDAs by the Scheduled Tribes is encouraging over the last ten years
due to trainings organised for creating awareness among such tribes in tribal
areas.
Several measures have been taken up by the Government to create
awareness among Scheduled Tribes in taking up developmental activities on
their own and facilitated in establishment of village level institutions and self
help groups viz; women thrift and credit groups. There is steady improvement
in empowerment among tribals especially among tribal women, over the years.
51
The report on LAR states that there is steep linear improvement in peoples
perception of their empowerment during the last 15 years.
Vulnerability:
The Scheduled Tribes are vulnerable to a range of risks. These risks have
a devastating effect on the livelihoods of individuals, households and
community on the whole if they are not effectively managed. Therefore, better
understanding of the risks, constraints and opportunities of the social groups is
necessary to take up efforts to reduce poverty.
The tribals inhabiting the tribal areas believe that their lives are ordained
by various deities and spirits of their respective villages. The material
prosperity, health or sickness and favourable nature or calamities rest with the
vagaries of these supernatural beings. Therefore, religious beliefs and rituals
condition most of the activities of their life.
The ill health or sickness of a person is generally attributed to the wrath
of neglected and angered spirits of ancestors. Therefore, the ancestral spirits of
the departed are remembered with reverence on every life cycle ceremony such
as birth and marriage. However, the traditional religious beliefs are in a
process of transition due to exposure to outside.
Food insecurity:
In the project districts, the predominant production system include
cultivation, agricultural labour, non agricultural labour, collection and sale of
minor forest produce, live stock keeping and gathering of wild food from
52
forests in and around the villages. The tribal households food production from
their own fields often does not meet their food requirements for the entire year.
The situation would be more worse in case of tribal households engaged as
agricultural and non agricultural labourers as they can not get employment
through out the year. The tribals usually face the food shortage during lean
season i.e., February to June when they do not find leafy vegetables and other
food items from the forests. The tribals use to make good the shortfall with the
foods collected from nearby forests after the onset of monsoon. Since the
forests have become degraded, the tribals have to depend on purchased foods
which make them to borrow money due to precarious food security situation. It
was reported in the LAR that the Scheduled Tribes experienced the highest
incidence of food insecurity, with over 1/3 of households are experiencing food
insecurity.
The major risks faced by the sample households as reported in LAR
would include health, natural calamities, accidents, livestock epidemics and
death. The Scheduled Tribes in the sample households reported that health
related risks are more prevalent and the impact of the risk includes loss of assets
among them. The risk management response from Scheduled Tribes had less of
a tendency to migrate, but took additional jobs or increased their work without
migrating and they tend to rely more upon borrowing and also on mortgaging of
assets. Some of the Scheduled Tribes had to revert to attach labour. It is
reported that they lack awareness on alternative strategies to manage risk.
Covariant Risks:
The major Covariant risks include drought in Rayalaseema and
Telangana regions and Cyclones and Floods in Coastal regions of the State.
The response to these risks is mostly adoption of coping strategies.
Livelihood Strategies:
53
The primary occupation of the tribals inhabiting the project districts is
agriculture. The cultivators and agricultural labourers constitute 88.02% to the
total workers in the project districts. The other important occupations of the
tribals include collection of minor forest produce, forest labour and non
agricultural labour.
In the project districts, there are significant differences in the
occupational pattern among Scheduled Tribes. The Koyas, Konda Reddis,
Bagatas, Gadabas, Konda Doras, Malis, Lambadas and Kotias are
predominantly cultivators of their own lands. The landless and small and
marginal farmers among the said tribes are also engaged as agricultural
labourers. The Chenchus, whose primary habitat is forest are collectors of
minor forest produce and those who inhabit the fringe forest and plains area are
either engaged as agricultural labourers or cultivators. The collection of minor
forest produce forms the subsidiary occupation for the majority of tribals living
in and around the forests. Yerukulas, Yanadis and Lambadas who are
predominantly plains living tribes are engaged as cultivators, agricultural
labourers and non agricultural labourers. The Goudus in the Scheduled areas
are engaged as cattle rearers and Kanimaras as black smiths. Therefore,
agriculture and agricultural labour constitute primary occupation and collection
of minor forest produce, forest labour, and non agricultural labour constitute the
subsidiary occupations for the tribals. Some of the tribals are also seen
professing their traditional occupations like rope making, mat weaving, black
smithy and live stock rearing / sharing.
The findings of the study reported inl LAR also reveal that Scheduled
Tribes derive income from agricultural labour, agriculture and live stock
rearing.
54
APPENDIX - III
Safeguards Provided To Scheduled Tribes Under the Constitution OfIndia
Several safeguards have been provided in the Constitution of India to
protect the scheduled tribes from social injustice and all forms of exploitation.
The Constitution also provides for promotion of development of
Scheduled Tribes with special care and also ensures due representation for them
in services, legislative bodies and educational institutions. The important
Constitutional safeguards for Scheduled Tribes are as follows:-
1) Article 15(4) : Provides that nothing in that article or in clause (2) of
article 29 shall prevent the state from making any special provision for the
advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or
for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.
2) Article 16(4) : Provides that nothing in that article shall prevent the
State from making any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in
favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is
not adequately represented in the services under the State.
3) Article 19(5) : Provides that nothing in sub clauses (d),(e) and (f) of
the said clause shall affect the operation of any existing law in so far as it
imposes, or prevent the State from making any law imposing reasonable
restrictions on the exercise of any of the rights conferred by the said clauses
either in the interests of the general public or for the protection of the interests
of any Scheduled Tribe.
55
4) Article 46 Provides that the State shall promote with special care the
educational and economic interests of the weaker section of the people and in
particular of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes and shall protect
them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation.
5) Article 244(1) : Provides that the provisions of Fifth Schedule shall
apply to the administration and control of the Scheduled areas and Scheduled
Tribes.
6) Article 275(1) Provides that there shall be paid out of the
Consolidated Fund of India as grants-in-aid of the revenues of a State such
capital and recurring sum as may be necessary to enable that State to meet the
Costs of such schemes of development as may be undertaken by the State with
the approval of Government of India for the purposes of promoting the Welfare
of Scheduled Tribes in that State or raising the level of administration of
scheduled areas therein to that of the administration of the rest of the areas of
that State.
7) Article 330 and 332 : Provide reservation of seats for members of
Scheduled Tribes in Parliament and Assembly.
8) Article 335 Provides that the claims of the members of the
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into consideration,
consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the making
of appointments to services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union
or of a State.
9) Article 338 Lays down that the President shall appoint a Special
Officer to investigate all matters relating to the safeguards provided for
56
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under the Constitution and report to the
President upon working of those safeguards.
10) Article 339 : Provides for the appointment of a commission to
report on the administration of the Scheduled areas and the Welfare of the
Scheduled Tribes in the State.
11) Article 342 : Empowers the President to specify the tribes or
tribal communities or parts of or groups within tribes or tribal communities
which shall for purposes of the Constitution be deemed to be Scheduled Tribes
in relation to that State or Union territory as the case may be.
12) The Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of India Empowers the
Governor of the State having Scheduled areas therein to modify Central and
State Laws in their application to scheduled areas and to make regulations for
the peace and good government of the scheduled areas.
Para 6 of Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of India empowers the
President to declare any area as a scheduled area.
Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of India also provides for establishment
of Tribes Advisory Council to advise the Governor on the matters pertaining to
the Welfare and advancement of Scheduled tribes.
Policy Regulations:
The Scheduled areas in the State enjoy special status under
Constitution and these areas are governed by Fifth Schedule of the Constitution
of India. The two principal areas in which the tribals are exposed to
exploitation include.
i) land alienation to non tribals, and
ii) indebtedness to non tribal traders/money lenders-the former frequently
being the ultimate consequence of the latter.
57
In exercise of powers vested on him under Para 5(2) of Fifth Schedule to
Constitution, the Governor of Andhra Pradesh made the following Regulations
applicable to scheduled areas to protect the interests of tribals in land.
1. The A.P. (Scheduled Areas) Land Transfer Regulation, 1959 (Regulation 1
of 1959)
This Regulation repealed the Agency Tracts Interest and Land Transfer
Act, 1917 and provided protection to tribal land. This Regulation was
originally made applicable to the Scheduled Areas of Srikakulamn,
Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East and West Godavari Districts.
Subsequently, it was extended to the Scheduled Areas of Adilabad, Khammam,
Warangal and Mahabubnagar districts by Regulation II of 1963 to bring
uniformity of the law throughout the State.
Salient Features of this Regulation:
1) Any transfer of land in Scheduled Areas from Tribal to Non Tribal is
considered null and void.
2) Where a transfer is made in favour of any member other than that of a
Scheduled Tribe, the Agent or Agency Divisional Officer on
application by any interested person could restore, the property to the
transferor or to his heir.
3) No land situated in Scheduled Areas owned by a member of Scheduled
Tribe shall be liable to be attached and sold in execution of a money
decree.
In practice it was noticed that the Safeguards contemplated in the
Regulation were frequently violated and land transfers are taking place from
58
tribals to non tribals due to certain lacunae in the Regulation 1 of 1959.
Therefore, it was amended by Regulation 1 of 1970 which substituted Sub
Sec(l) of Sec.3 of Regulation 1 of 1959 by placing absolute prohibition on
transfer of immovable property in the Scheduled Areas by a person irrespective
of tribal or non tribal to any person other than Scheduled Tribe. Statutory
presumption has been drawn that until the contrary is proved, any immovable
property situated in the Scheduled Areas and in possession of a non tribal shall
be presumed to have been acquired by him or his predecessor in possession
through a transfer made to him by a member of Scheduled Tribe. It also
provides that where a tribal is unable to sell any land at a fair price to the tribal,
he may offer it to the government who will take over the same on payment of
compensation. The Regulation of 1 of 1959 was amended again in 1971 to
enable mortgage without possession of any immovable property situated in the
Scheduled Areas to any Cooperative Bank or other Financial Institution
approved by the State Government with the express condition that in the event
of default, the property should be sold only to the tribals or Cooperative
Societies composed solely of members of Scheduled Tribes.
The Regulation 1 of 1959 was further amended by Regulation 1 of 1978
which prohibits registration of documents relating to sale transactions in favour
of non tribals and all offences under the Regulation are made cognizable. Non
tribals in occupation of land even after decree of ejectment are punishable with
rigorous imprisonment for a period upto one year or with fine extending upto
Rs.2000/- or with both.
Enforcement Machinery:
59
In each ITDA the Special Deputy Collector (Tribal Welfare) assisted by
Subordinate Staff detect the cases of violation of Land Transfer Regulation and
Pass Orders as he deems fit after conducting enquiry as ordained by the
Regulation. In case he decides that the person in possession should be ejected,
he passes a decree of ejectment and restores it to the transferor. An appeal
against any decree or order passed under LTR by Special Deputy Collector lies
to the Agents (District Collectors). The revision against any decree or order
passed by the Agent lies with the State government.
As a result of implementation of Regulation 1 of 1959, a sizeable extent
of land has been restored to tribals in Scheduled Areas of the State.
2. The A.P. (Scheduled Areas) Money Lenders Regulation, 1960
The main provisions of this Regulation are
1) Money lending in Scheduled areas without license is prohibited
and;
2) The money lender has to renew his license once in a year.
This Regulation stipulates that the interest shall be simple and shall not
exceed 12% . If money is advanced against a pledge and if the loan is Rs 25/-
or less, the rate of interest chargeable is 9.38% per annum and if the amount is
more than Rs.25/-, the rate of interest will be 6.25 % per annum. Every money
lender should maintain account books for loans advanced.
3. The A.P. (Scheduled Tribes) Debt Relief Regulation 1960
60
This Regulation provides for scaling down of debts incurred by members
of Scheduled Tribes. The Salient Features of the Regulation are:
1. All interest outstanding on 1-1-57 on debts incurred before 1-1-57
shall be deemed to be discharged and only the principal or such
portion there of as may be outstanding may be payable.
2. Where any member of Scheduled Tribe has paid to any Creditor
twice the amount of the principal, such debt shall be deemed to be
wholly discharged.
3. Where the sum repaid falls short of twice the principal, such amount
only as would make up shortage shall be repayable.
4. On debt incurred on or after 1-1-57, interest shall be calculated upto
commencement of the Regulation at 5% per annum simple.
5. On debts incurred after commencement of this Regulation, Interest
rate shall not exceed 9% per annum simple, if it is a secured debt. In
case of unsecured debt, there shall be 12% per annum simple interest.
4. A.P. Scheduled Tribes Debt Relief Regulation, 1970
This Regulation provides further relief from, indebtedness and renders all
loans advanced by unlicensed money lenders null and void and unenforceable in
any Court. The Regulation also provides for scaling down of debts as follows:
1) Amount of debt shall be limited to the amount of principal only.
Principal or outstanding portion thereof is payable.
2) No interest shall be payable.
Most of the land in Scheduled areas in Andhra Pradesh was covered under
the Feudatory systems of land tenure like Zamindari, Jagirdari, Muttadari and
61
Mahaldari systems. Under these Feudatory systems, the land holders has right
to evict a tenant if some one offered higher rent. The tribal tenant did not have
security of tenancy over the lands cultivated by him. With a view to confer
patta rights to tribal ryots over the land cultivated by them the following
regulations were made.
5.The A.P. Mahals (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Regulation,
1969:
The Regulation I of 1969 provides for abolition of Mahals in the
Scheduled Areas of Nugur, Alabaka and Cherla in Khammam district and for
the conversion there of into ryotwari system. This regulation was passed to
abolish the feudatory system of tenure called Mahaldhari and to extinguish the
relationship between the proprietor and tenant and confirm patta rights to tribal
tenants over the lands held by them. The Regulation provides for
a) appointment of settlement of Officers to conduct settlement
operations in the
erstwhile Mahals.
b) Every tribal ryot in lawful possession of land continuously for a
period of not less
than one year immediately before the notified date shall be entitled
for a ryotwari
patta for such land. If the tenant is a non tribal he is entitled for
ryotwari patta
only if he is in occupation of land for a continuous period of not less
than eight
years immediately before the notified date and such occupation is
not violative of
62
provisions of Land Transfer Regulation 1959.
6. The A.P. Muttas (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari) Regulation,
1969 (Regulation II of 1969)
Regulation II of 1969 provides for abolition of Muttas in certain
Scheduled areas of the State and conversion there of into Ryotwari system. The
said regulation came into force in 1969. The Regulation vests in the
Government all the rights of Muttadars free from encumbrances. The Revenue
Recovery Act, 1864, the Irrigation Cess Act, 1865 and all other enactments
relating to rights over the land and land revenue applicable to ryotwari area are
made applicable to the Muttas. The Settlement Officer appointed under this
Regulation has to carry out survey and settlement operations to facilitate
introduction of ryotwari settlement.
Under this Regulation the tribal ryots in occupation of lands for a
continuous period of not less than one year before the notified date shall be
entitled to ryotwari patta. No non-tribal ryot is entitled to ryotwari patta in
respect of agricultural land unless he is in lawful possession of the said land for
a continuous period of 8 years before the notified date and such possession was
not hit by the provisions of A.P. Scheduled Areas. Land Transfer Regulation,
1959.
7. The A.P. Scheduled Areas Ryotwari Settlement Regulation, 1970
(Regulation II of 1970):
The Regulation II of 1970 provides for ryotwari settlement of certain
lands in the Scheduled Areas in respect of which no ryotwaari settlement is
effected. The Regulation applies to the lands other than those comprised with in
the Muttas and Mahals governed by the Regulations providing for the abolition
63
thereof. After the survey every ryot is entitled to ryotwari pattta in respect of all
cultivable lands which were properly included in his holding. If the land is
situated in an estate taken over by the Governrment under Estates Abolition Act
shall be granted a patta if he is in continuous occupation of that land from the
notified date. For the lands not falling under the said Category a non tribal ryot
is not entitled to a ryotwari patta unless he is in occupation of the said land for
a continuous period of 8 years from the commencement of the said Regulation
and the same is not void or illegal under Land Transfer Regulation, 1959.
8. The A.P. ( Telangana Area ) Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1950.
The notified tribal areas in the Telengana region were covered by
Jagirdari System of land tenure . The Jagirs were abolished and the ryotwari
system was introduced. The notified tribal areas were surveyed and settled and
the tenants were conferred the patta rights under the Act.
9. The A.P. Panchayat Raj (Amendment) Act, 1998
According to the provisions under part VI-A of this Act, the tribal
Panchayats and Grama Sabhas are vested with the powers of safeguarding and
preserving not only the traditions and customs of the people but also their
cultural identity and community resources. The Grama Sabha is empowered to
approve plans, programmes and projects for Social and economic development
and also can select beneficiaries under poverty alleviation programmes and
other schemes. The Grama Panchayats exercise powers in respect of
enforcement of prohibition or regulation or restriction of sale and consumption
of any intoxicant , ownership of MFP, prevention of alienation of land in
Scheduled Areas and its restoration, management of village markets, exercising
control over money lending etc.
64
10. The A.P. School Education (Comniuity Participation) Act, 1998
This Act extends to the whole of the State of A.P. including tribal areas
and provides for reforming school education in A.P. by ensuring people's
participation in the administration of Schools. The following are some of the
important provisions of this Act.
1. Constitution of parent - teacher Association for every School consisting
of all teachers and parents of children enrolled in the school to ensure
universal access and enrolment, regular attendance of children and their
retention, arresting dropouts, improvement of infrastructure facilities,
mobilization of corpus fund to the school, sanctioning of the budget and
approving accounts of the school education fund etc.
2. Constitution of school committee with members elected from among the
parents of enrolled children and School Head master/Senior teacher with
functions like managing School Education Fund, assisting teachers in
ensuring enrolment and retention of children, hiring the services of local
persons as teachers on voluntary basis as per the requirement, ensuring
excellence in the overall performance of the School, coordinating with
the Panchayat Education Committee etc.
3. Mobilization of school Education Fund for the development of the
School.
4. Constitution of Panchayat and Mandal Education Committees to
coordinate with the School Education Committees.
11. The A.P. Scheduled Areas Minor Forest Produce (Regulation of Trade)
Regulation, 1979:
65
Through this Regulation, the trade of Minor Forest Produce was regulated
by creation of a State monopoly. Under the said regulation, the government
have appointed Girijan Cooperative Corporation Ltd. (GCC) as their Agent for
the purpose of procurement/trade of minor forest produce and vested monopoly
rights with it. The Scheduled Tribes in the State thereby enjoy rights over the
collection of minor forest produce from the those units of the Corporation.
The officers of the corporation are empowered to stop, detain, and examine at
any place, and seize stocks which are not covered by valid transport forest
permit and to make further legal proceedings against the offenders. The Branch
Managers of the Corporation are empowered to file a charge sheet against the
offenders before the magistrate having jurisdiction.
12.The SCs and STs (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
This Act was enacted to prevent the commission of offences of atrocities
against the members of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, to provide for
Special Courts for speedy trial of such offences and for the relief and
rehabilitation of the victims of such offences. The Act prescribed stringent
punishment for all those who commit atrocities against SCs and STs.
66
ANNEXURE -1
LIST OF SCHEDULED TRIBES IN ANDHRA PRADESH VIDESCHEDULED CASTES AND SCHEDULED TRIBES ORDERS
(AMENDMENT) ACT, 1976
No. 108 OF 1976 DATE: 18th SEPTEMBER, 1976
PART - I ANDHRA PRADESH
67
1. Andh2. Bagata3. Bhil4. Chenchu, Chenchwar5. Gadaba6. Gond, Naikpod, Raj Gond7. Goudu (in the Agency tracts)8. Hill Reddi9. Jatapu10. Kammara11. Kattunayakan12. Kolam, Mannervarlu13. Konda Dhora14. Konda Kapu15. Konda Reddi16. Kondhs, Kodi, Kodhu, Desaya Kondhs, Dongria Kondhs, Kuttia
Kondhs, Tikria Kondhs, Yenety Kondhs17. Kotia, Bentho Oriya, Bartika, Dhulia, Dulia, Holva, Paiko, Putiya,
Sanrona, Sidhopaiko18. Koya, Goud, Rajah, Rashakoya, Lingadhari Koya (Ordinary),
Kottukoya, Bhine Koya, Raj Koya19. Kulia20. Malis (excluding Adilabad, Hyderabad, Karimnagar, Khammam,
Mahabubnagar, Medak, Nalgonda, Nizamabad & Warangal Districts)21. Manna Dhora22. Mukha Dhora, Nooka Dhora23. Nayaks (in the agency tracts)24. Pardhan25. Porja, Parangi Perja26. Reddi Dhoras27. Rona, rena28. Savara, Kapu Savara, Maliya Savara, Khutto Savara29. Sugalis, Lambadis30. Thoti (in Adilabad, Hyderabad, Karimnagar, Khammam,
Mahaboobnagar Medak, Nalgonda, Nizamabad and Warangal Districts)31. Valmiki (in the agency tracts)32. Yanadis33. Yerukulas
Source: Handbook of Basic Statistics, TCR & TI
68
69
ANNEXURE - 2
Distribution of Scheduled Tribe Population in the Project districts(lakhs)
Sl.No. Name of the District Total Sch. Tribe % of ST Population
Population Population to total population1 *Visakhapatnam 32.85 4.69 14.3
2 *East Godavari 45.41 1.76 3.9
3 *West Godavari 35.18 0.85 2.4
4 Krishna 36.99 0.92 2.5
5 +Guntur 41.07 1.82 4.4
6 +Prakasam@ 27.59 0.99 3.6
7 Nellore@ 23.92 2.14 8.9
8 Cuddapah 22.68 0.47 2.1
9 +Kurnool 29.73 0.56 1.9
10 +Ranga Reddy 25.52 1.09 4.3
11 Medak 22.70 0.95 4.2
12 Nizamabad 20.38 1.21 5.9
13 Karimnagar 30.37 0.83 2.7
14 *Warangal 28.19 3.85 13.7
15 *Khammam 22.16 5.59 25.2
16 +Nalgonda 28.52 2.76 9.7
Project Area (STs) 473.26 30.48 6.4
Andhra Pradesh 665.08 41.99 6.3
Source: 1991 Census Reports.
* Districts with TSP Areas.+ Chenchu Project Area@ Yanadi Project Area.
70
ANNEXURE -3
Distribution of Rural and Urban S.T. Population in the Project districts
Si. District Total S.T. Rural UrbanNo. Population
1 Visakhapatnam 4,68,886 4,60,882 8,004(98.29) (1.71)
2 East Godavari 1,76,083 1,68,137 7,946(95.49) (4.51)
3 West Godavari 84,648 77,474 7,174(91.52) (8.48)
4 Krishna 91,767 70,767 21,000____ (77.12) (22.88)5 Guntur 1,81,588 1,44,196 37,392
(79.41) (20.59)6 Prakasam 98,854 81,324 17,530
(82.27) (17.73)7 Nellore 2,14,062 1,77,459 36,603
(82.90) (17.10)8 Kumool 56,455 45,453 11,002
(80.51) (19.49)9 Cuddapah 47,414 40,761 6,653
(85.97) (14.03)10 Rangareddy 1,09,394 87,517 21,877
(80.00) (20.00)11 Nizamabad 1,20,716 1,16,439 4,277
(96.46) (3.54)12 Medak 95,042 92,098 2,944
(96.90) (3.10)13 Nalgonda 2,75,638 2,66,400 9,238
(96.65) (3.35)14 Warangal 3,85,309 3,69,655 15,654
(95.94) (4.06)15 Khammam 5,58,958 5,27,089 31,869
(94.30) (5.70)16 Karimnagar 83,017 76,885 6,132
(92.61) (7.39)Project Area 30,47,831 28,02,536 2,45,295
(92.00) (8.00)Andhra Pradesh 41,99,481 38,80,254 3,19,227
(92.40) (7.60)
Note Figures in the Parenthesis indicate percentage
71
Source: 1991 Census Reports.
ANNEXURE -4
Male/Female Scheduled Tribe Ratio in the Project districts.
Si. District Males Females Total FemalesNo. per 1000
males.1 Visakhapatnam 2,35,925 2,32,961 4,68,886 987
2 East Godavari 88,270 87,813 1,76,083 995
3 West Godavari 42,160 42,488 84,648 1007
4 Krishna 47,109 44,658 91,767 948
5 Guntur 93,636 87,952 1,81,588 939
6 Prakasham 51,044 47,810 98,854 936
7 Nellore 1,09,986 1,04,076 2,14,062 946
8 Kumool 29,201 27,254 56,455 933
9 Cuddapah 24,617 22,797 47,414 926
10 Rangareddy 56,438 52,956 1,09,394 938
1 1 Nizamabad 61,156 59,560 1,20,716 934
12 Medak 48,950 46,092 95,042 941
13 Nalgonda 1,43,135 1,32,503 2,75,638 925
14 Khammam 2,84,152 2,74,806 5,58,958 967
15 Karimnagar 42,301 40,716 83,017 962
16 Warangal 1,99,138 1,86,171 3,85,309 935
Project Area 15,57,218 14,90,613 30,47,831 957
Andhra Pradesh 21,42,817 20,56,664 41,99,481 960
Source: 1991 Census Reports.
72
ANNEXURE -5
Literacy rates of Scheduled Tribes in the Project Districts.
Si. District Male Female TotalNo.1 Visakhapatnam 25.18 7.83 16.59
2 East Godavari 27.57 16.48 22.04
3 West Godavari 29.11 19.02 24.06
4 Krishna 29.90 13.28 21.68
5 Guntur 29.84 11.49 20.90
6 Prakasham 29.81 11.90 21.17
7 Nellore 20.78 11.66 16.36
8 Cuddapah 32.58 12.31 22.89
9 Kurnool 36.76 12.02 24.86
10 Rangareddy 26.06 7.88 17.30
11 Medak 19.37 2.92 11.50
12 Nizamabad 20.61 3.64 12.22
13 Karimnagar 20.09 4.08 12.31
14 Warangal 21.22 4.91 13.39
15 Khammam 24.01 8.02 16.16
16 Nalgonda 23.82 4.21 14.50
17 Project Area 24.73 8.56 16.84
AndhraPradesh 25.25 8.68 17.16
Andhra Pradesh 55.13 32.72 44.09(General)
Source: 1991 Census Reports.
73
ANNEXURE -6
Enrolment Ratio in Classes I - V and VI - VII of Scheduled Tribes in theProject Districts
Si. District. Classes I - V (6-11 Yrs.) Classes VI - VII (11 - 13 Yrs.)No. Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total1 Visakhapatnam 34.58
103.79 81.40 92.58 45.67 23.522 East Godavari 45.10
110.34 104.57 107.40 47.60 42.613 West Godavari 40.00
117.03 111.66 114.32 42.79 37.244 Krishna 36.86
113.87 106.09 110.10 44.52 28.715 Guntur 29.63
114.73 103.26 109.20 39.26 19.286 Prakasam 27.85
149.79 137.96 144.09 35.69 19.427 Nellore 21.77
102.25 99.19 100.76 25.04 18.348 Cuddapah 151.52 128.10 140.22 55.59 30.79 43.62
9 Kurnool 159.66 137.02 148.80 61.14 35.30 48.74
10 Rangareddi 97.10 152.57 175.67 67.29 33.93 51.24
11 Medak 165.32 108.20 137.76 45.55 13.32 30.00
12 Nizamabad 164.31 114.10 139.38 41.53 14.68 28.20
13 Karimnagar 126.02 98.87 112.84 46.58 21.42 34.37
14 Warangal 145.24 126.75 136.32 49.94 25.29 38.04
15 Khammam 118.57 105.49 112.15 45.48 26.27 36.05
16 Nalgonda 146.44 109.52 128.84 44.88 15.41 30.83
A.P. (STs) 129.00 108.88 119.16 45.21 24.39 35.03A.P. (General) 87.70 84.83 86.28 53.65 43.85 48.83
74
Gross Enrolment Ratio:
The Gross Enrolment Ratio relates to total enrolment at a particular stage,
regardless of the age of those enrolled, to the population, which according to the
rules should be enrolled, at this stage. It is defined as the percentage of
enrolment in classes I to V and VI to VII to the estimated children in the age
group of 6-11 years and 11-13 years respectively. The Gross Enrolment Ratio
may cross 100% because of inclusion of overage and under age children.
The Gross Enrolment Ratio is calculated as follows:
Enrolment Ratio = No. of students in Primary Stage. X 100In primary stage. No. of children in 6-11 age groupEnrolment Ratio = No. of students in upper Primary Stage X 100in Upper Primary No. of Children in 11-13 age group.Stage.
Source: Selected Educational Statistics Published by Directorate(1999-2000) of School Education, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.
75
ANNEXURE -7
Dropout Rates of Scheduled Tribes in classes I - V and I - VII in the ProjectDistricts.
Si. District. I - V I - ViINo. Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total
1 Visakhapatnam 63.29 72.21 67.18 69.49 70.24 73.21
2 East Godavari 63.00 64.74 63.85 76.51 77.56 77.02
3 West Godavari 54.72 53.68 54.21 73.82 76.81 75.31
4 Krishna 47.75 56.46 51.66 74.75 80.43 77.22
5 Guntur 53.05 65.73 58.86 76.48 86.43 80.75
6 Prakasam 53.44 65.77 59.43 81.19 89.61 85.13
7 Nellore 71.12 75.22 73.09 87.85 91.57 89.64
8 Cuddapah 35.31 44.47 39.42 67.22 78.72 72.24
9 Kurnool 28.86 43.54 35.38 65.03 76.40 69.78
10 Rangareddi 73.93 81.63 77.07 72.66 74.53 73.27
11 Medak 75.57 81.82 77.54 84.27 90.78 86.29
12 Nizamabad 71.20 78.91 73.84 83.04 89.61 85.36
13 Karimnagar 60.98 75.51 67.11 79.57 85.24 81.74
14 Warangal 72.93 80.17 75.97 82.03 86.94 83.94
15 Khammam 65.91 73.98 69.49 77.07 84.08 80.10
16 Nalgonda 64.84 75.78 68.70 81.43 88.67 83.88
A.P. (STs) 66.69 73.75 69.75 79.72 85.94 82.33A.P. (General) 39.42 41.23 40.28 56.21 60.68 58.29
Dropout:
Rate of dropout has been defined as percentage of the number of childrento total enrolment dropping out of the educational system in a particular year.
76
Dropout Rate is calculated as follows:
Drop out Rate from No. of students enrolled in class I in 1995-96 -Class I to V for the = No. of students in class V in 1999-2000X 100Year 99-2000 No. of students enrolled in class I in 95-96
Drop out Rate from No. of students enrolled in class I in 1993-94 -Class I to VII for the = No. of students in class VII in 1999-2000x 100Year 99-2000 No. of students enrolled in class I in 93-94
This ratio does not take into account repeaters and children who enter thesystem after class - I .
Source: Selected Educational Statistics (1999-2000) Published byDirectorate of School Education, A.P., Hyderabad
77
ANNEXURE -8
District-Wise Number of Educational Institutions for Scheduled Tribesin the Project Area
S1. District Ashram Schools Hostels ResidentialNo. Schools=__ APS AUPS AHS Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total1 Visakhapatnam 29 23 26 78 25 11 36 5 2 7
2 East Godavari 24 22 5 51 16 5 21 3 3 6
3 West Godavari 24 7 1 32 14 6 20 2 1 3
4 Warangal 16 9 9 34 33 7 40 3 2 5
5 Khammam 41 11 19 71 32 14 46 4 3 7
6 Krishna 1 - - 1 12 7 19 - - -
7 Guntur 3 - - 3 24 8 32 1 - 1
8 Prakasam 11 5 - 16 17 5 22 1 - 1
9 Nellore - 1 - 1 17 6 23 2 - 2
10 Kumool 11 - - 11 9 1 10 1 1 2
11 Nalgonda 10 1 - 11 32 4 36 1 1 2
12 Ranga Reddy 4 - - 4 8 3 11 1 - 1
13 Karimnagar 10 10 12 2 14 1 1 2
14 Medak 4 - 4 13 3 16 1 - 1
15 Nizamabad 3 3 12 1 13 1 1
16 Cuddapah - - - - 8 1 9 - - -
TOTAL 191 79 60 330 284 84 368 27 14 41
78
ANNEXURE -9
Distribution of Medical Institutions in Tribal Sub-Plan Areas of ProjectDistricts.
S. District I.T.D.A. Govt. PHCs Sub- Govt. Mobile Comm- Comm-No. Hospi- Centres Dispen Medica unity unity
tals. I Health Healthsaries Units Centres Workers
1 Visakhapatnam Paderu 4 17 189 7 6 4 3200
2 East Godavari Rampacho- 2 10 93 2 1 2 619Davaram
3 West Godavari Kota 2 4 65 - 3 2 102Ramachan-drapuram.
4 Khammam Bhadra- 13 33 207 3 5 13 2209chalam.
5 Warangal Eturu- 1 15 64 - I 1 254nagaram.
6 Prakasam Sundipenta - 5 - I 1 83(Srisailam)
7 Kumool 1 10 1 - - 37
8 Guntur 1 2 - 1 - - 42
TOTAL 24 96 619 14 17 22 6546
Source: Tribal Welfare Department, A.P., Hyderabad.
79
ANNEXURE -10
Occupational Pattern of Scheduled Tribes in the Project Districts
Si. District Total Total WORKERSNo Scheduled Main
Tribe Workers Cultivators % of Agricul- % of ManufacPopulation Col.5 tural Col.7 -turing,
Over Labourers Over Processing,Col.3 Col.3 Servicing &
repairs inhouseholdIndustry.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
1 Visakhapatnam 4,68,886 2,40,525 1,87,281 39.94 40,546 8.65 1,810
2 East Godavari 1,76,083 91,600 43,510 24.71 39,141 22.23 1,747
3 West Godavari 84,648 45,461 10,355 12.23 26,682 31.52 1,607
4 Krishna 91,767 45,371 3,688 4.02 29,284 31.91 2,475
5 Guntur 1,81,588 94,016 8,766 4.83 65,899 36.29 2,267
6 Prakasam 98,854 48,763 3,802 3.85 32,743 33.12 2,259
7 Nellore 2,14,062 1,16,994 4,859 2.27 91,576 42.78 2,687
8 Cuddapah 47,414 22,206 2,685 5.66 13,014 27.45 2,924
9 Kurnool 56,455 26,333 3,452 6.11 12,657 22.42 5,391
10 Ranga Reddy 1,09,394 52,074 20,774 18.99 18,908 17.29 1,271
11 Medak 95,042 47,057 24,005 25.26 16,841 17.72 2,124
12 Nizamabad 1,20,716 62,618 33,767 27.97 24,451 20.26 1,343
13 Karimnagar 83,017 45,316 16,680 20.09 21,425 25.81 2,054
14 Warangal 3,85,309 2,01,309 1,08,346 28.12 80,472 20.88 2,791
15 Khammam 5,58,958 2,82,801 1,12,341 20.10 1,48,975 26.65 3,071
16 Nalgonda 2,75,638 1,33,013 64,253 23.31 57,973 21.03 4,190
Project Area 30,47,831 15,55,457 6,48,564 21.28 7,20,587 23.64 40,011
Andhra Pradesh 41,99,481 21,30,981 8,77,806 20.90 9,92,358 23.63 55,786(ST's)Andhra Pradesh 66,508,008 28,445,482 7,891,167 11.86 11,625,159 17.48 955,507(General)
80
Contd..
SI. District WORKERS Marginal % of Non % ofNo of Other Of workers Col. 13 workers Col .15
Col. workers Col.1I1 Over COver9 OverCo3Cl3Over Col.3Col.
(1) (2) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16)
1 Visakhapatnam 0.39 10,888 2.32 29,545 6.30 1,98,816 42.40
2 East Godavari 0.99 7,202 4.09 4,168 2.37 80,315 45.61
3 West Godavari 1.90 6,817 8.05 1,013 1.20 38,174 45.10
4 Krishna 2.70 9,924 10.81 1,304 1.42 45,092 49.14
5 Guntur 1.25 17,084 9.41 4,085 2.25 83,487 45.97
6 Prakasam 2.29 9,959 10.07 2,012 2.03 48, 079 48.64
7 Nellore 1.25 17,872 8.35 5,308 2.48 91,760 42.87
8 Cuddapah 6.17 3,583 7.56 1,923 4.05 23,285 49.11
9 Kurnool 9.55 4,833 8.56 856 1.52 29,266 51.84
10 Ranga Reddy 1.16 11,121 10.17 1,449 1.32 55,871 51.07
11 Medak 2.23 4,087 4.30 1,660 1.75 46,325 48.74
12 Nizamabad 1.11 3,057 2.53 2,030 1.68 56,068 46.45
13 Karimnagar 2.48 5,157 6.21 1,122 1.35 36,579 44.06
14 Warangal 0.72 9,700 2.52 14,288 3.71 1,69,712 44.05
15 Khammam 0.55 18,414 3.29 20,562 3.68 2,55,595 45.73
16 Nalgonda 1.52 6,597 2.40 11,029 4.00 1,31,596 47.74
Project Area 1.31 1,46,295 4.80 1,02,354 3.36 13,90,020 45.61
Andhra 1.33 2,05,031 4.88 1,38,132 3.29 19,30,368 45.97Pradesh (ST's)Andhra 1.44 7,973,649 11.99 1,518,166 2.28 36,544,360 54.95Pradesh(General)
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics and 1991 Census Reports.
81
ANNEXURE-11
District wise number of operational holdings held by Scheduled Tribes
by size group in the Project Districts.
SI. District Marginal Small S.Medium Medium Large 10 TotalNo (below (1-2 Ha) (2-4 Ha) (4-10 & above)
1 Ha) Ha)1 Visakhapatnam 31998 16701 14676 8461 935 72771
2 East Godavari 8282 6888 7248 4269 671 27358
3 West Godavari 5432 2872 2331 979 81 11695
4 Krishna 5042 1439 542 162 5 7190
5 Guntur 7030 1627 1086 173 9 9925
6 Prakasam 6731 2050 1063 137 23 10004
7 Nellore 18287 2044 424 24 4 20783
8 Cuddapah 2840 1399 656 119 8 5022
9 Kumool 1746 1286 983 434 73 4522
10 Rangareddi 5303 4074 2915 1257 271 13820
11 Medak 7581 4578 2913 1896 183 16351
12 Nizamabad 9942 4941 2658 485 30 1805613 Karimnagar 7776 2778 1635 332 15 12536
14 Warangal 37446 19869 10391 2997 212 70915
15 Khammam 37494 24643 20020 8172 703 91032
16 Nalgonda 22243 12283 8412 3325 390 46653
Project Area 215173 109472 77953 32422 3613 438633(100.0%)(49.1%) (25.0%) 17.7%) (7.4%) (0.8%)
Andhra Pradesh 305526 158395 120668 49010 5104 638703
(ST's)
Source: Directorate of Econonics & Statistics, A.P., Hyderabad.
82
ANNEXURE-12
District wise number of Scheduled Tribe Operational Holdings
and Operated Area in the Project Districts
S1. District No. of holdings Operated AreaNo. Number % to total Area % to
(Hect.) total
1 Visakhapatnam 72771 16.6 141625 20.1
2 East Godavari 27358 6.2 68523 9.7
3 West Godavari 11695 2.7 19382 2.7
4 Krishna 7190 1.6 6598 0.9
5 Guntur 9925 2.3 9097 1.3
6 Prakasam 10004 2.3 9494 1.3
7 Nellore 20783 4.8 11001 1.6
8 Cuddapah 5022 1.1 5734 0.8
9 Kurnool 4522 1.0 9023 1.3
10 Rangareddi 13820 3.1 27899 3.9
11 Medak 16351 3.7 26748 3.8
12 Nizamabad 18056 4.2 21588 3.2
13 Karimnagar 12536 2.8 13818 2.0
14 Warangal 70915 16.3 94861 13.4
15 Khammam 91032 20.7 163697 23.2
16 Nalgonda 46653 10.6 76363 10.8
Project Area 438633 100.0 705451 100.0
83
Andhra Pradesh 638703 1044756
(ST's)
Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics, A.P., Hyderabad.
ANNEXURE - 13
District Wise, Source Wise Net Area irrigated (Scheduled Tribes)
in the Project Districts
(Area in Hects.)
S1. District Canals Tanks Wells Tube Other TotalNo. Wells Sources
1 Visakhapatnam 671 1507 4 21 14004 16207
2 East Godavari 1192 1237 16 43 247 2735
3 West Godavari 526 1078 1226 1475 929 5234
4 Krishna 1476 921 40 14 233 2684
5 Guntur 3463 82 17 109 58 3729
6 Prakasam 1075 374 293 468 322 2532
7 Nellore 2252 2955 609 628 290 6734
8 Cuddapah 80 230 336 392 41 1079
9 Kurnool 415 213 118 32 31 809
10 Rangareddi 369 376 1132 224 132 2233
11 Medak 201 2713 1094 1263 284 5555
12 Nizamabad 1652 1953 2001 1831 433 7870
13 Karimnagar 1305 1193 1985 124 298 4905
14 Warangal 282 10409 19187 531 1879 32288
15 Khammam 4968 9509 3304 2171 3715 23667
16 Nalgonda 10572 1561 3820 340 884 17177
Project Area 30499 36311 35182 9666 23780 135438
Andhra 33305 44867 42580 10296 27847 158897
84
Pradesh (ST's)
Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics, A.P., Hyderabad.
ANNEXURE- 14
Area Under Principal Crops in the Land Holdings of Scheduled Tribes
(Area in Hects.)
Si. Crop Irrigated Unirrigated Total % to grossNo. Area Area Cropped
Area.
1 Rice 34079 78861 212940 21.87
2 Jowar 399 171699 173098 17.28
3 Bajra 52 32511 33063 3.40
4 Maize 333 30688 36021 3.70
5 Ragi 24 47588 48212 4.95
6 Other Cereals and 77 33768 33945 3.49MilletsTotal Cereals 42164 395115 537279 55.19
Total Pulses 1453 116262 117715 12.09
Total Foodgrains 143617 511377 654994 67.28
7 Sugarcane 2138 1116 3254 0.33
8 Condiments & Spices 11400 7565 18965 1.95
9 Fruits & Vegetables 2922 23101 26023 2.68
10 Other Food Crops 11 0 11 Negligible
Total Food Crops 160088 543159 703247 72.24
11 Total Oil Seeds 15303 145292 160595 16.50
12 Fibers 4229 93745 97974 10.06
13 Dyes & tanning matts 17 23 40 Negligible
14 Drugs & Narcotics 3752 6788 10540 1.08
85
15 Fodder Crops & Green 29 660 689 0.07manure
16 Other Non Food Crops 9 448 457 0.05
Total Non Food Crops 23339 246956 270295 27.76
Gross Cropped Area 183427 790115 973542 100.00
Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics, A.P., Hyderabad.
ANNEXURE- 15
Drinking Water Facilities in Tribal Sub Plan Areas of Project districts
Sl.No. ITDA Area Total No. of No. of Habita- % to totalHabitations tions provided identifiedIdentified. with Drinking habitations
Water1 Paderu 2685 2202 82
(Visakhapatnam)
2 Rampachodavaram 1260 1182 94(E.Godavari Dist.)
3 Kotaramachandra 360 292 81Puram(W. Godavari Dist.)
4 Bhadrachalam 1271 1131 89(Khammam Dist.)
5 Eturunagaram 732 606 83(Warangal Dist.)
6 Sundipenta 729 591 81(Chenchu Region)
7 Project Area (TSP) 7037 6004 85
Andhra Pradesh 10136 8926 88
86
I (ST's) I I I
Source: Tribal Welfare Department.
ANNEXURE- 16
Approach Roads in Tribal Sub Plan Areas of Project Districts
Sl.No. ITDA Area Total S.T. No. of Habita- % to TotalHabitations. tions S.T.Habita-
connected tions.With roads.
1 Paderu 3536 3229 91(Visakhapatnam)
2 Rampachodavaram 488 199 41(E. Godavari Dist.)
3 Kotaramachandra 232 134 58Puram(W. GodavariDist.)
4 Bhadrachalam 2267 1400 62(Khammam Dist.)
5 Eturunagaram 304 286 94(Warangal Dist.)
6 Sundipenta 305 154 50(Chenchu Region)
7 Project Area (TSP) 7132 5402 76
Andhra Pradesh 10092 6838 68
(ST's) I
Source: Tribal Welfare Deparment.
87
ANNEXURE- 17
Electrification of Tribal Villages in the Tribal Sub-Plan areas of ProjectDistricts.
S.No. District Total No. of Villages electrifiedVillages
Conventional Solar Total(1) (2) (3) Lights
(4) (5) (6)
1 Visakhapatnam 3466 722 2153 2875
2 East Godavari 599 361 223 584
3 West Godavari 103 85 15 100
4 Khammam 892 447 188 635
5 Warangal 254 179 32 211
Total 5314 1794 2611 4405
Source: Tribal Welfare Department.
88
ANNEXURE- 18
Housing Programme for Scheduled Tribes in Tribal Sub-Plan Areasof the Project Districts
Sl.No. ITDA Area Total No. No.of families % to totalof Provided with families.
Families. houses
1 Paderu 1,19,913 48,744 41(VisakhapatnamDist)
2 Rampachodavaram 49,740 19,874 40(East GodavariDist)
3 Kotaramachandra 11,992 4,605 38Puram(West GodavariDist)
4 Bhadrachalam 1,56,508 52,824 34(Khammam Dist)
5 Eturunagaram 25,991 18,654 72(Warangal Dist)
6 Sundipenta 7,565 2,733 36(Chenchu region)
89
Project Area 3,71,709 1,47,434 39.7
Andhra Pradesh 5,11,521 2,02,138 40(Tribal Sub PlanAreas)
Source: Tribal Welfare Department.
ANNEXURE-19
Note on Implementation arrangements in TSP areas - delineation of the roles of
PO-ITDA and PD-DPIP
Background:
The A.P.D.P.I. Project is being implemented in 6 districts. The main objective
of the A.P.D.P.I.P. is to improve opportunities for the poor to meet their priority
social and economic needs. The project objectives will be achieved through a
process of social mobilization and empowerment of the poor and their self
managed institutions. Of the 6 DPIP project districts, there are 3 districts with
significant tribal population - Vizianagaram. Srikakulam and Adilabad. A
tribal development strategy was developed for APDPIP by the Tribal Cultural
Research and Training Institute, Tribal Welfare Department during the
preparation of the project. Based on this strategy, a Tribal Development Plan
(TDP) has been developed for the project.
The basic premise of A.P.D.P.I.P. is that social mobilization and empowerment
of the poor requires an autonomous and sensitive support organization, and the
support organization should not have any other responsibility like delivery of
specific services. Hence, the management of the Project at the state level is
90
vested in an independent, autonomous society, the Society for Elimination of
Rural Poverty (SERP). The role of SERP through the SPMU and DPMUs is to
work exclusively on social mobilization of the poor. SERP is not involved in
any sectoral programmes or in delivering any sevices.
For effective implementation of the DPIP in TSP areas, there is a need for
clear delineation of the role of the Project Officer, ITDA and the role of the PD,
DPIP. The convergence between them is essential for accelerating the pace for
poverty eradication. During the visit of the Supervisory Mission of the World
Bank in May, 2001, the Mission had requested the State Government to
delineate their respective roles. These issues were discussed with the three
District Collectors, PDs-DPIP and POs-ITDA. Discussions were held by
Secretary, Tribal Welfare with the Commissioner, T.W. the Chief Executive
Officer, S.E.R.P. and the S.P.C., S.E.R.P. After taking into consideration the
suggestions received from the districts, from the C.E.O., S.E.R.P., and
Commissioner, T.W. and also keeping in view the arrangements mentioned in
the Project Appraisal Document of A.P.D.P.I.P., the following orders are issued.
The Orders will come into effect immediately.
Implementation arrangements in the T.S.P. areas of Vizianagaram, Srikakulam
and Adilabad districs.
1. In TSP areas, the Project Officer, ITDA has the overall responsibility of
implementing development programmes for tribals, either directly or
through the line departments in the tribal areas. Considering the process
intensive nature of work involved in social mobilization under D.P.I.P.,
there will be an independent and autonomous unit in the I.T.D.A., the
Tribal Project Management Unit (TPMU) to implement the A.P.D.P.I.P.
in the T.S.P. areas. The TPMU will have a separate account for
91
receiving funds from the concerned DPMU. This separation will ensure
that the T.P.M.U. is an independent support organisation for the TSP area
and has only one mandate i.e., social mobilization and empowerment of
tribal communities. This unit will not be involved in day-to day activities
of the ITDA and it will not be used as an extension wing of any line
department for delivering services. The day-to day functioning of the
TPMU will be the responsibility of a Project Co-ordinator, who will be
assisted by two to three functional specialists and also support staff. The
Project Coordinator, the functional specialists and the support staff
required will be funded by SERP.
2. The jurisdiction of the T.P.M.U. will extend to all the TSP areas of the
District. In Adilabad district, since almost all the mandals fall in the
T.S.P. area, the PO-ITDA and PD-DPIP will divide the mandals into two
categories. (i) 'Core' Tribal mandals - where the ST population is very
high and (ii) 'other' mandals. In Adilabad, the T.P.M.U. will take up the
responsibility for the lst category, i.e., the 'core' tribal mandals and the
Project Director, D.P.I.P. will be responsible for the other mandals.
3. The Project Coordinator, TPMU and the functional specialists in the
TPMU will be under the administrative control of the Project Officer,
ITDA. The relationship with the Project Officer, ITDA is on the same
lines as the relationship between the Project Director, DPIP and the
District Collector. The Project Director, DPIP has the responsibility of
technical supervision, training of T.P.M.U. specialists, to ensure that the
activities in the T.S.P. areas are in accordance with the Annual Works
and Finance Plans (A.W.F.P), communication of guidelines received
from S.P.M.U., monitoring of accounts, consolidation of progress reports,
etc.,
92
4. An Annual Works and Finance Plan (AWFP) will be developed by the
Project Officer, ITDA for the TSP area, as per the guidelines of the
SPMU and in consultation with the Project Director, DPIP. The TSP plan
along with the rest of the district plan will be placed before the District
Collector for approval. After District Collector's approval, the Project
Director, DPIP will send the AWFP for the entire district showing the
tribal sub plan component separately. The SPMU will integrate the
proposals of the DPMUs and the schools component under APSWREIS
and obtain the approval of the Government and World Bank for the
AWFP. After approval, the SPMU will release funds to the D.P.M.U.
The D.P.M.U. will in turn release funds to the T.P.M.U. for
implementation of the TSP component. These funds will be adjusted in
the account of the Tribal Project Management Unit.
5. The tribal development plan referred to above shall cover all the
components of the DPIP in the Project mandals falling in the ITDA area:
(i) Institutional Capacity Building: Mandal Community Support
Cells would be established in each of the DPIP project mandals.
The T.P.M.U. will prepare a training calendar covering all
levels including the trainings to the community members. The
TPMU, guided by PD, DPIP and in consultation with PO -
ITDA will prepare the training calendar. The training calendar
shall clearly indicate the training which will be conducted by
the TPMU exclusively and also the training which will be
conducted by DPMU for all CCs / SOs. PO-ITDA will ensure
that the CCs / SOs of the TSP areas are deputed to the common
93
training programmes organized by the DPMU for enhancing
their capacities, as per a jointly developed training calendar.
(ii) Wherever the MCSC is sub-contracted to the NGOs by SERP,
the PO - ITDA would regularly interact with the NGOs and the
TPMU would be responsible for the outcomes committed in the
MCSC contract entered between SERP and the NGO
concerned. There shall be a triparte agreement among the
NGO, PD DPIP and PO ITDA clearly setting out the roles and
responsibilities of each agency.
(iii) The capacity building of all the stakeholders, the convergence
with line departments and PRIs, conduct of trainings, exposure
visits, etc., will be undertaken by the TPMU.
(iv) Community Investment Fund: PO ITDA will indicate in the
AWFP the mandals, villages and the approximate number of
Common Interest Groups (CIGs) which can be facilitated for
development of CIF proposals. The approximate cost of the
sub-projects under the proposals would be indicated in the
AWFP. The PD - DPIP will impart necessary trainings to the
TPMU and the MCSCs on preparation of the CIF proposals,
following the guidelines issued from time to time by SERP.
PO-ITDA will facilitate preparation of sub-project proposals by
the MCSCs. The CIF proposals shall then be transmitted to PD-
DPIP for appraisal by the independent appraisers. After the
appraisal process is successfully completed, the PD DPIP would
get the CIF proposals cleared by the District Coordination
Committee on Tribal sub-plan component of DPIP. The MOU
would be signed with the CIGs by PD - DPIP and PO - ITDA.
The PO - ITDA will ensure that the sub-projects are
94
implemented and the objectives of the sub-projects are
accomplished as envisaged in the CIF proposals.
District Coordination Committee
6. A District Coordination Committee on tribal sub-plan component of
APDPIP shall be constituted with the District Collector as the
Chairperson. The following will be the composition of the committee.
PD DPIP Member
PO ITDA Member
Representative of the Partner Voluntary MemberOrganization.
Project Coordinator, TPMU Member Convenor
Reporting
7. The Project Coordinator is responsible for maintaining the accounts and
MIS as prescribed by the DPMU. He/She shall submit to DPMU,
through the PO ITDA all the reports required by the DPMU.
95
ANNEXURE 20
ANNEXURE TO G.O.MS.NO. 242, DATED 112-1991
GUIDELINES FOR IMPLEMENTING THE SCHEME OF ACQUISITION/PURCHASE OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS FOR ASSIGNMENT TOTRIBALS UNDER ACTION PLAN FOR ACCELERATED DEVELOPMENTOF TRIBAL AREAS.
1. These guidelines may be called the "Guidelines for implementing the
scheme of acquisition/purchase of agricultural lands for assignment to the
scheduled tribe families".
2. The Scheme shall be implemented by a committee consisting of the
concerned Project Officer, Integrated Tribal Development Agency / Joint
Collector as Chairman and Sub-Collectors/Revenue Divisional
Officers/Special Deputy Collector (Tribal Welfare) having jurisdiction on
the areas and the District Tribal Welfare Officer as members for
acquiring/purchasing the agricultural lands under the scheme.
3. The Committee shall scrutinize and obtain the approval of the District
Collector whose decision shall be final. The acquisition /purchase of the
land shall be made through "Public Notice" by the Project Officer/Joint
Collector and not by individual contact.
4. The agricultural land to be purchased or acquired should be free from all
encumbrances, arrears of land revenue tax and other dues to Government,
Local Bodies etc., and should be in the actual possession and enjoyment
of the transferor at the time of acquisition or purchase.
96
5. Lands belonging to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other small
and marginal farmers should not be purchased.
6. The lands governed under the A.P. Tenancy Act and A.P. (Telangana
areas) Tenancy and Agricultural lands Act, 1950as amended from time to
time and are under the direct cultivation and actual enjoyment of
Sch.Castes and Sch. Tribes shall not be purchased/acquired.
7. a) The lands covered by the A.P. Assigned Lands (Prohibition of
Transfers)Act, 1976 shall not be purchased/Acquired.
b) The special Deputy Collector (Tribal Welfare) in the Scheduled
Areas
shall be consulted as to whether the land thus identified is
attracted by the provisions of:
i. A.P. Scheduled Areas Land Transfer Regulation, 1959.
ii. A.P. Scheduled Areas Ryotwari settlement Regulation, 1970.
iii. A.P. Muttas (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari)
Regulation, 1969.
iv. A.P. Mahals (Abolition and Conversion into Ryotwari)
Regulation, 1969.
8. The lands under cultivation of paddy,. Cotton, ground-nut, barley, chilies,
sugacane, citrus, Mango, coconut, Mulberry etc., which are likely to
yield within a period of six months from the date of acquisition/purchase
of land shall be preferred. In case where dry lands are proposed for
acquisition/purchase, it shall be ensured that the land has potential for
irrigation either through open wells or bore wells/tube wells or any other
possible source of irrigation.
97
9. The Project Officer, ITDA/Joint Collector shall get all the relevant
documents, title deeds, certificates, etc., scrutinized by the Government
Pleader for ensuring the correctness of the ownership of the land.
10. The Committee shall go into the location of the lands available for
acquisition/purchase, ascertain the title to the lands proposed for
acquisition/ purchase, identify the genuine landless poor agricultural
labour, families belonging to Scheduled Tribes, arrive at the local values
and fix reasonable rates on the lands proposed to be acquired /purchased.
11. The village-wise market values as fixed by the Revenue Department
under the market values schemes are available with the Mandal Revenue
Officers. These values may broadly be the basis for deciding the rates for
acquisition/purchase.
12. The land should be assigned in the name of the house-wife.
13. The Committee shall not entertain proposals for acquisition/purchase of
the lands situated in the Scheduled Areas if the possession and enjoyment
of the lands by the persons who offer such lands for being
acquired/purchased under the scheme is hit by the provisions of the A.P.
Scheduled Areas Land Transfer Regulation 1959 as amended from time
to time.
14. The maximum extent of land that can be assigned to the families
belonging to Scheduled Tribes shall not exceed 2 acres of dry or one acre
of wet land. In certain cases even 0.50 cents of wet land can be quite
adequate.
15. No member of a Scheduled Tribe is eligible for assignment of the land
under the scheme if the annual income of the family of which he is a
member exceeds Rs.6,400/-
98
16. No member of a Scheduled Tribe is eligible for assignment of the land
under the scheme if he or any other member of a family of which he is a
member was assigned Government land of not less than 2 acres of dry
land or one acre of wet land under normal rules governing assignment of
government lands.
17. No member of a) Scheduled Tribe is eligible for assignment of the land
under the scheme if he or any other member of the family of which he is a
member was allotted an extent of less than 2 acres of dry land or 1 acre of
wet land from out of the land available as surplus under the provisions of
the A.P. Land Reforms (Ceiling on Agricultural holdings) Act 1973 for
the land assigned/allotted under any other law.
18. The conmuittee shall accord priority in the matter of assignment of land
under the scheme first to those Scheduled Tribes who do not own any
land at all and next to those who own land "not exceeding one acre of dry
land or 0.50 cents of wet land and finally to those who own land
exceeding one acre of dry land or 0.50 cents of wet land but below two
acres of dry land or one acre of wet land.
19. No alienation of lands assigned to the families of Scheduled Tribes under
the scheme can be made under any circumstances what so ever. The
provisions of the A.P. Assigned Lands (Prohibition of Transfers) Act,
1977 shall apply to the lands assigned under the scheme.
20. In case, the land is purchased, the cost of the land as may be determined
by the committee as per para 10 of these guidelines shall be paid to the
vender of the land at the time of registration of Sale Deed in the office of
the concerned Registering officer.
21. Ceiling on the price of the land to be purchased shall be fixed at Rs.
15,000/- per acre of wet land and Rs. 5,000/- per acre in case of dry land.
99
22. The land purchased under the scheme shall be handed over to the
Revenue Department for assignment to the Tribal families so that all the
formalities and procedures for assignment of land will be complied with.
T.S. APPA RAO,JOINT SECRETARY TO GOVERNMENT,
SOCIAL WELFARE EPARTMENT.
100
Compliance requirements in accordance with Indigenous peoples(O.D.4.20)
Obiectives:
i Ensure that the development process The tribal community has beenfosters full respect for the dignity, directly consulted for identificationhuman rights and cultural uniqueness of issues and the strategies to beof indigenous people. adopted in the plan to address such
issues effectively.
ii Ensure that they do not suffer The indigenous people do notadverse effects during the suffer from adverse effects duringdevelopment process the development process since the
participatory developmentapproach is envisaged under theplan.
iii Ensure that indigenous peoples The TDP is culturallyreceive culturally compatible social compatible plan since the optionsand economic benefits. preferred by the tribal community
during consultation process havebeen incorporated in the plan.
Triggers: The Scheduled Tribesinhabiting A.P. State fulfill the
i There are indigenous peoples in the criteria prescribed forProject Area identification of a social group as
indigenous people by the WorldBank in O.D. 4.20
ii Potential adverse impacts on No adverse impacts onindigenous peoples are anticipated. indigenous people are anticipated.
iii Indigenous peoples are among the Indigenous people viz.intended beneficiaries. Scheduled Tribes form part of
beneficiaries under the Project.CONSULTATIONS Series of consultations were
made with tribal community,elected representatives, NGOs andGovernment officials at districtlevel and with NGOs at state levelfor the preparation of TDP.
101
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