ancient rome, christianity, islam, and the crusades

7/30/2019 Ancient Rome, Christianity, Islam, and the Crusades

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Three Wars

The Greco-

Persian War, The Peloponnesian WarThe Wars of Philip and

Alexander


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Macedon, its conquests, and its enemies


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Alexander the Great


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Alexander the Greats Empire [Macedonian Empire]


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Alexanders Death and the Breakdown of the Macedonian Empire

Led to Ptolemaic Kingdom, Seleucid Empire, Kingdom of Pergamon, and Macedon


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Q: Who took advantage of the collapse of the Macedonian Empire?

A: Well, many people. But the most dramatic change was the rise of the Romans


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Rome

From city To Empire(s)To Republic

c. 800 bce 500 bce c. 500 bce 44 bce c. 44 bce 1453 ce


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Rome

What the heck is a republic?

Republic = res publica= public thing or public matter

Meant to indicate a society that relies on the participation of its citizens for the

maintenance, regulation, and governance of public matters.

Not synonymous with democracy, although the Roman republic had some dem

aspects.

A democracy simply designates who has the power (the demos, or people). A r

indicates more specific values about what it means to be a good citizen.

Designed to eliminate all forms of tyranny.-tyranny: cruel, unreasonable, or arbitrary use of power or control


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Rome: The Republic


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Rome: The Republic

Political Office and

Delegation

Q: The point of this

diagram?

A: Its complicated! In the

republic, great pains

were taken to diffuse[spread out] power, in

order to avoid tyranny.


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Classes determined by property and birth:

-Patricians and Nobles

-Senatorial class: dominated politics and the commandof the army

-equestrians/equites: originally those who could afforda warhorse, but came to mean mercantile class

-proletarii/plebian: citizens with no property at all. Just

above freed slaves in wealth and prestige, beforereforms of Marius.

-Slaves - servi

Voting power dependent on class.

-voting "tribes" of richer classes had fewer members

than the poorer ones, with all the proletarii in a singletribe.

Women

-not full citizens; not allowed to vote or take part in

politics

Rome: The Republic

Social

Division


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Slightly ridiculous, but still neat, reproduction of the Roman Forum

Rome: TheRepublic

The Fora

In addition to the main Forum, emperors wouldbuild their own, such as this Forum of Augustus

The main Forum, today

Why are these public spaces relevant?

What meanings do they convey?

How are they similar to the Greek agora?


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Rome: The Republic

Law

Ius Gentium

Ius Civile

Ius Naturale

Three Basic Categories of Law: Major Moments in Roman Law

Code of the Twelve Tables, c. 449 bce

Code of Theodosius, 429 CE

Code of Justinian, c. 534 CE


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c. 44 bce 1453 ce

Rome: From Republic

to Empire

Major questions

Did the transition to large-scale empire affect Romes Republican values?

How was authority maintained?

How were these disparate peoples and places united, if at all?


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Coin celebrating Julius Caesar as Pontifex Maximus

A title still used today by the Pope!

Rome: The Republic

Religion and the Pontifex

Maximus

Pontifex Maximus: literally, the greatest pontifex

What is a pontifex? A member of the College of Priests


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Imperial Rome: Methods of AssertingPower

Violence

Detail of Trajans Column (victory overDacians)


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Monumental Architecture

Arch of Titus (celebrates defeat of Jewish rebellion)

Trajans Column

(celebrates victories in the Dacian Wars)


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Rome: Methods of AssertingPower

Ceremonial Segregation and

Distinctions


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Imperial Rome: Methods ofAsserting Power

Judea Capta Coin


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Imperial Rome: Methods ofAsserting Power

Spectacle

The Circus Maximus


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Spectacle

The Colosseum


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Rome: Methods of AssertingPower

Spectacle, Censorship, and

Oppression

Christians fed to the lions

Slave gladiators forced to fight to the death.


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Imperial Rome: Methods of Asserting Power

Civil Religion [Combination of politics and religion]

Emperor Augustus Is also Pontifex Maximus Augustus

This consolidation of religious and

imperial power leads to animperial cult, or worship of the

emperor.


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Rome

Science and Culture

15thCentury Map Based off Ptolemys Description of the Known World

One particularly important figure: Claudius PtolemyAn astronomer, cartographer, mathematician, among many other talents.

Created what is now known as the Ptolemaic model of the universe.


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Earth, at the center of the unive

The Ptolemaic Model of the Co


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Judaism and Christianity in the Empire

The life of Jesus inspires a new sect of Judaism, Jewish ChristiansEarly Christianity

Disagreement emerges within Judaism about the relationship Jewish Christians to Judaism

Eventually followers of Jesus distinguish themselves from Judaism, calling Jesus divine. These

new Christians still draw from Jewish scriptures, culture, and tradition, but see themselves as adding

a new truth upon this foundation.

With the crucifixion of Jesus, the Christian church was founded, led by the apostles

Jesus handing the keys of the church to P


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Depiction

of Jesus

castingthe money

lenders

out of the

temple

Judaism and Christianity split


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Christianized versions of the Ptolemaic Model of the Cosmos

Why would the ideas of Ptolemy, believed to be

an atheistic scientist, be so eagerly adopted by

Christians?


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Jewish Roman Tensions

Crisis under Caligula, 37 41

Jacob and Simon uprising, c. 55 CE

The Great Revolt: 66 - 73 CE, first of three major rebellions of Jews of Judaea---Vespasian invades Galilee; Titus, his son, destroys rebel resistance in Jerusalem

Jewish Tax implemented in 70 CE

Kitos War in 115 - 117 CE

BarKokhba's Revolt of 132 - 135 CE

-"Zealotry": political movement in 1st century CE to incite people to rebel against the Roman Empire.l


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Christian Roman Tensions

UnderEmperor Nero (54 68 CE), Christians heavily persecuted.

Under 257 edict of EmperorValerius, Christian Priests forced to sacrifice to Roman gods -- punishment wa

Then the Great Persecution from 300 312, under Diocletian


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Times Change for Christians

Under Constantine (in power by 306), the Edict of Milan (312 CE) legalizes Christianity

Constantine himselfconverts to Christianity, establishes the Pentarchy

The Pentarchy were the five first official bishops, located in five different cities in the empire--Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem

Raphael, The Baptism of Constantine Byzantine mosaic of Constantine


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Byzantine depiction of

Council of Nicea

380: Edict of Theodosius, Christianity

becomes State Religion

312: Constantine issues Edict of Milan

325: Constantine holds the Council of

Nicea, which issues the Nicene Creed

Emperor Constantine

and bishops holding

Nicene Creed


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Map of Christian belief, c. 450 CE. Yellow = Orthodox, stripes = heretical beliefs


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Blue and Red dots = early churchesBlue line = rough border of the Roman Empire up to 200 CE

Th S d f R th S d f Ch i ti it


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The Spread of Rome, the Spread of Christianity

Same map, different colors

Dark blue = Christian regions by 325

Light blue = Christian regions by 600

R F E i


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Rome: From Empire toEmpires

In 285,

the

empire

splits into

Eastern

and

WesternEmpires


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Rome: From Empire toEmpires

The two

empires,

East and

West


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Political Power in the Empire

So with the transition to

empire, Roman politics

transforms from

This: an attempt to diffusepower and tyranny by

spreading political power

among many

citizens.

To this: the dominant

rule of four people.


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Political Power in the Empire, And Reasons For Collapse: Internal Tension

Under Diocletian, in 284CE, the Roman Empire

transitioned from the rule of the Principate to

the rule of the Dominate.

Still under Diocletian, in 293 CE, the

Empire adopted the Tetrarchy [rule

of four], in order to better manage

the enormous Roman territory.

Map of the domains

of the original four

tetrarchs


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Reasons For Collapse: External Threats


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The Result of Collapse:The Demise of the West, and the Persistence of the Eastern, Or Byzantine,

Empire

The

remnants of

the Western

Roman

Empire, 477

CE

[the parts still

Roman are

in purple]

The Sassanids and the Rise of Islam


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Mohammed, soon to unite the

Arabian Pensinsula under Islam,

born c. 570 CE


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Map of the

Sassanid

Empire

Sassanids saw themselves as Persians; descendants of the Achaemenid Empire, and many

practiced Zoroastrianism,


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Contest for Jerusalem

614: Sassanids sack Jerusalem, in the Byzantine Sassanid Wars; massacred Christians and Jews

637: Muslim Arab soldiers, following orders of the Caliph Umar, place Jerusalem

under siege,causing Heraclius to surrender the city.

-The Umarriya Covenant composed. This gave the city to Arabs, who promised

religious

liberty to Christians and Jews in return for taxes (jizya)

c. 620: Byzantine-Roman Emperor Heraclius recaptures Jerusalem

Al Sakhrah Mosque, Dome of the Rock, built 691

Al Aqsa Mosque, begun in 600s


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Many of the Arab peoples united

by Mohammeds preaching.

Formed the ummah, or thecommunity of Muslim faithful.

Led by Mohammed, and then upon Mohammeds death in 632, by the Caliphate.

The first Caliphate: The Rashidun Caliphate

Caliph = successor / substitute / representative


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The Rise of Islam

The first Caliphate: The Rashidun Caliphate

Consisted of four followers and companions of Mohammed

1. Abu Bakr as-Siddiq

2. Umar ibn al-Khattab

3. Uthman ibn Affan4. Ali ibn Abi Talib

5. Alis son, Hasan.

Shia see only Ali and his son, Hasan, as legitimate Caliphs

Sunni see all four Caliphs as legitimate

After these Patriarchal Caliphs came the Caliphate ofUmmayad, and the Ummayad Dynasty


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The Rise of Islam

Dark Brown = expansion under Mohammed (622 632 CE)

Orange = Expansion under Rashid Caliphate (632 661 CE)

Yellow = Expansion under Ummayad Caliphate (661 750 CE)

The Rise of Islam


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The Ummayad Caliphate (purple) in relation to other kingdoms and empires


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The Rise of Islam: Cultural and Intellectual Innovations

Under theAbbasid Dynasty

in particular, the

Arab world

becomes a

center of

mathematic,

scientific,

artistic, religious,and

philosophical

innovation

Th Ri f I l C l l d I ll l I i


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The Rise of Islam: Cultural and Intellectual Innovations

They were also amazing architects! This is the Kairouan Mosque, in Tunisia, completed in the 9th centur

Th Ri f I l


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The Rise of Islam

After the Ummayad Caliphate, the Abbasid Caliphate begins,

marking the peak of Islams expansion, and alarming the

Byzantine/Eastern Roman empire


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The Rise of Islam: The Reaction

Help!

Emperor of the

Byzantine/Eastern

Roman Empire,Emperor

Komnenos,

appeals to Pope

Urban II and other

leaders of

Christianity in theWest for help


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The Rise of Islam: The Reaction

Pope Urban II

convenes the

Council of

Claremont to rally

western Christiansto the cause of

defeating the

Muslim Turks and

Arabs.

Map of the Routes of the First Crusades


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Map of the Routes of the First Crusades

The First Crusades


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Siege of Jerusalem, c. 1099

The Result of the First Crusades:


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The Result of the First Crusades:

The Establishment of Crusader States in and around modern-day Israel-Pales


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The End.

(For now!)

ancient rome, christianity, islam, and the crusades

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