anaplasmosis poster

Introduc)on

Acknowledgements

References

T.B. Hairgrove, D.V.M. and P.D. Teel, Ph.D. Funding provided by Na<onal Center for Foreign Animal and Zoono<c Disease Defense

Anaplasmosis: Zoono<c Disease of Regional Concern

B. Flores and R. L. Stanko Department of Animal, Rangeland, and Wildlife Sciences

Texas A&M University-‐Kingsville

Signs and Symptoms

Diagnos)c Tests

Treatment

Anaplasmosis is a disease caused by several species of bacteria of the genus Anaplasma which in transferred from host to host via the bite of a <ck (ADLF, 2010 ). The focus of this study is on the bacteria Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a zoono<c pathogen that affects livestock, and both companion and wild animals such as caXle, deer, horses, llamas, and mice (Ogden et al., 1998). Furthermore, an emphasis is made on the presence of this pathogen in livestock species in the United States. Presence of this pathogen in U.S. livestock herds has been aXributed to the <ck vectors lxodes scapularis (Figure 1) as well as Ixodes pacificus (Maurin et al., 2003). Anaplasmosis diseases caused by A. phagocytophilum are

• Human Granulocy<c Ehrlichiosis

• Equine Granulocy<c Ehrlichiosis

• Tick-‐borne Fever which affects ruminants such as sheep and caXle

• ALDF. 2010. Other Tick-‐Borne Diseases. American Lyme Disease Founda<on, Inc. Available: hXp://www.aldf.com/Anaplasmosis.shtml. Accessed: March 9, 2011.

• CFSPH. 2005. Ehrlichiosis. Center for Food Security and Public Health. Available: hXp://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/ehrlichiosis.pdf. Accessed: February 8, 2011.

• LOPH-‐IDES. 2009. Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis. Louisiana Office of Public Health-‐Infec<ous Disease Epidemiology Sec<on. Available: hXp://www.dhh.louisiana.gov/offices/miscdocs/docs-‐249/Manual/EhrlichiosisManual.pdf. Accessed: March 9, 2011.

• Maurin, M., J.S. Bakken and J.S. Dulmer. 2003. An<bio<c suscep<bili<r4es o Anaplasma (Ehrlichia) phagocytophilum strains from various geographic areas in the United States. An<microbial Agents and Chemotherapy. 47: 413-‐415.

• Ogden, N.H., Z. Woldehiwet and C.A. Hart. 1998. Granulocy<c ehrlichiosis: an emerging or rediscovered <ck-‐borne disease? Journal of Medical Microbiology. 47: 475-‐482.

• Tate, C.M., D.G. Mead, M.P. LuXrell, E.W. Hawerth, V.G. Dugan. U.G. Munderloh and W.R. Davidson. 2005. Experimental infec<on of white tail deer with Anaplasma phagocytophilum e<ologic agent of Human Granulocy<c Anaplasmosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 43:3595-‐3601.

Human Granulocy)c Anaplasmosis (CFSPH, 2005). Common Severe symptoms include • Headache • Fever • Malaise • Chills, • Muscle aches • Nausea Equine Granulocy)c Anaplasmosis (CFSPH, 2005). • Fever • Decreased appe<te •  Ataxia •  Depression •  Icterus • Petechia<on Tick-‐borne Fever (CFSPH, 2005). CaBle Sheep Deer • Depression, • Anorexia, • Decreased milk produc<on • Respiratory dryness • Abor<ons • Reduced semen quality

• The performance of an Indirect Fluorescent An<body (IFA) assay to detect an<bodies against A. phagocytophilum.

• The use of a Polymerase Chain Reac<on (PCR) assay to detect A. phagocytophilum DNA.

• The detec<on of A. phagocytophilum in blood leukocytes when stained and viewed under a microscope (Figure 2).

(LOPH-‐IDES, 2009)

A. phagocytophilum infec<on may be treated with the an<bio<c doxycycline (LOPH-‐IDES, 2009).

Research has also shown that rifampin may be an effec<ve alterna<ve for pregnant women since doxycycline may cause bone toxicity for the unborn child (Maurin et al., 2003).

Preven)on

Prevent or Minimize Exposure to Ticks

• Wear protec<ve clothing when hun<ng or when in habitats where <cks are prevalent

• Use <ck preventa<ve products on livestock, companion animals, and around buildings/facili<es where these animals are kept

•  Livestock and pets may be treated with Acaricides (Figure 4)

(CFSPH, 2005)

• Conjunc<vi<s • Joint pain •  Coughing • Confusion • Rash in some cases

• Vomi<ng • Diarrhea • Abdominal pain • Anorexia • Photophobia

• Kidney failure • Respiratory distress • Opportunis<c Infec<ons • Hemorrhages

• Cardiomyopathy •  Mul<ple organ failure • Meningoencephali<s •  Seizures • Coma

• Reluctance to move distal limb •  Edema • Transient ventricular arrhythmias

• Fever • Weight loss • Listlessness • Coughing

• Increased respiratory rate •  Increased pulse rate •  Abor<on • Reduced semen quality

• Decreased feed intake • Depression • Reluctance to move (Tate et al., 2005)

Ixodes scapularis

Adult Female

Adult Male

Nymph

A. phagocytophilum morula ( cell grouping)

Neutrophil (white blood cell)

red blood cell

Figure 3. Photograph of a <ck infested deer in Millburn Township, NJ Millburn Township Deer Management Task Force

hXp://twp.millburn.nj.us/View-‐document/65-‐Deer-‐Task-‐Force

Wright-‐Giemsa blood smear/stain 1000X magnifica<on

Figure 4. An example of a commercially available acaricide for use in livestock and companion animals.

Figure 5. Equine Doxycycline Oral Suspension Rood Riddle Veterinary Pharmacy

http://www.rrvp.com

Figure 1. Size and appearance of adult female and male, and nymph lxodes scapularis. (by Taina Litwak, CMI, CDC)

Figure 2. Human blood cells stained with Wright-‐Giemsa at 1000x magnifica<on. Normal red blood cells and a neutrophil carrying a A. phogocytophilum morula.

Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine. hBp://www.vetmed.auburn.edu/anaplasmosis_canine/feline

(CFSH, 2005)

anaplasmosis poster

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