municipal solid waste management in thailand · 2011-03-03 · current problems of solid waste...
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Municipal Solid Waste Management in Thailand
Total Population in Thailand is 61,661,701
Population Growth Rate is 0.35
GDP 4.688 Billion Baht
GNP 4.560 Billion Baht
Solid Waste Generation is 38,170 ton/day
Situation in Thailand in 2000
Significance of MSW Management
73,77148,359GNP per capita (baht)
37,87929,135Waste generation (ton/day)
4,688,0002,827,158GDP (million baht)
0.321.20Population Growth Rate
61,661,70157,788,965Total Population
19991992
year
Current problems of solid waste management in Thailand
Lack of law and regulation to cover entire system of solid wastemanagement
Existing laws do not include effective municipal solid waste management to be implemented.
Lack of clear measures to promote waste reduction and public participation.
The infectious waste from hospitals is not properly controlled.
Lack of clear measures to promote separation of household hazardous waste from conventional household waste.
Recent trend of changes
The Environmental Act was revised and enacted in September 1992
Change in the role of Environmental management
A National MSW management plan was developed
for the entire country in 1997
Application of inappropriate technologies such as the open dumping
Many significant environmental problems
Solid waste management has improved from 1992 to 1999
Comparison of Waste generation & Waste disposal
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Year
Was
te (t
on/d
ay)
Waste disposal
Waste generation
BMA 9,130 ton/day
Municipalities
&Pattaya 11,785 ton/day
Outside of municipality
&sanitary district 17,255 ton/day
Total 38,170 ton/day
Solid Waste Generation in 2000
Solid Waste Composition - Thailand
Waste separation
•Waste separation is key mechanism for the reduction of waste quantity
•Setting up laws and regulations for separating wastes, as wet and dry wastes, before disposal.
•Provide rubbish bins or containers according to the types of wastes
•Limit contamination to the lowest levelso that the wastes can be utilized downstream.
Waste collection and transport
Total Solid Waste9,120 ton/day
On-Nut Solid Waste Management Plant
4,690 ton/day
Nong-kham Solid Waste Management PlantSanitary Landfill (by Private Contractor) 2,290 ton/day
Sanitary Landfill(by PrivatContractor)3,640 ton/day
Compost Plant1,050 ton/day
Tae-Rang Transferring StationSanitary Landfill (by Private Contractor) 2,140 ton/day
Quantities of Collected Wastes in Bangkok (1997)
Collection truck with Compactor
Waste collection and transport
Side loading Truck
Waste collection and transport
Small truck with compactor
Large truck with compactors
Waste collection and transport
Side –loaded truck
Container hauling truck
Transfer station in Bangkok
Waste Transportation
from Bangkok
to disposal site
Disposal of Solid Wastes
Landfill20%
Open dump &
incineration1%
Sanitary landfill
7%
Open dump72%
Disposal of Solid Wastes
Open Dumping
Sanitary Landfill
Waste composting
Waste separation
Composting drum
Waste composting
Composting Screening
Composting Maturation Building
Incinerator
Resource Recovery, Recycle and Reuse
40-60% of solid waste generated can be recycled and reused.
The 3 major recycled waste materials are
Paper 57%Glass 19%Plastic 15%
The recycling rate has increased approximately 9% per year
Community participation
The waste buying market at municipality of Phitsanulok
Opposition of waste disposalat Chiangmai left the garbage uncollected
Case Study of Small Communities Participating in MSW Management
Project of Solid Wastes ExchangeAt Klong Toey community in Bangkokis the project of solid wastes exchanging with eggs
Solid Waste Bank ProjectThe Wad Klang community at Bangkapi district in Bangkok has developed a solid waste bank project.
For an incinerator in the Hang Dong districtThe local people in Hang Dong district strongly opposed the project
Waste scavengingRecyclable wastes collected at sources by the scavenger is estimated at 286 tones/day
Amount of materials recovered by the scavengers varies between 50-150 kg/person/day
paper 55%
Recyclable glass 1- 3%
Plastic 10-15%
Composition of recyclable materials
Informal sector involvement
A material buying centre from “saleng”groups in Phitsanulok.
An itinerant waste picker, or “saleng”, pedling her tricycle through Bangkok traffic in search of garbage.
Participation of Woman
63-67% of total female in Thailand has been employed during 1994-1998
There are 48 staff within the division of which about 52% of total staffs is female, in the Hazardous Substance and Waste Management Division, PCD
It was found that 60% of woman are participatedIn waste scavenging at Phitsanulok municipality
Climatically and Seasonal Influences
They were little effect on moisture content of whole waste. The average moisture content of solid waste was reported at about 50-60%
It was found that composition of wastes in summer (March-April) was not much different from rainy season.
Central government organizations related to the solid waste management
Prime minister
Ministry of IndustryMinistry of Science
Technology and Environment Ministry of Public Health
Office of Environmental Policy and Planning
Ministry of Interior
Department of Industrial Works
Industrial Authorityof Thailand
Provincial Environmental
Office
Pollution Control Department Department of Health Department of
Local AdministrationDepartment of Public Works
The ProvincalAdministrativeOrganization
Municipality The Sanitary District
Sub-district Administrative Organization
National Environment Board
The Organization structure of local authorities in Thailand
75 Provinces
Local authorities
Department of Public Cleaning
Disposal Site Division Street Sweeping andCollection
Bangkok
Local authority : the BMA
Department of Public Cleaning
Solid Waste Disposal Plant Division
Public CleaningService Division
Planning DivisionNight Soil Control
Institutional Deficiencies and Weakness
unclear demarcation among the responsible central agencies and complicated relationship between local municipalities and central agencies
incapability of local municipalities project implementation (both technically and financially).
Resources and Skills
Organization management of solid waste landfilling in Nonthaburi municipality
Technical Department
Driver Non permanent staff
Technicians in solid waste landfilling
Head of Survey and Design Divison
Survey and Design Divison
Construction and MaintenceDivision
Mechanical Division
Resources and skill requirement in solid waste management in local municipality.
- Drive solid waste trucksDrivers
- Cleansing landfill area, gardening etc. Worker
- Estimate the operating cost, income, fees and purchaseAccountant/computer specialist (Certificate level)
- Monitoring quality of water/wastewater, leachate and runoff of landfill- Air quality
Analytical chemist/environmental scientist (Certificate level)
- Control whole electrical related works ๆ Electrical Technician (Certificate level)
-Control solid waste treatment system and disposal site-Control wastewater treatment plant
Environmental Engineer (Bachelor degree)
DutiesPosition
Efficiency of SWM Staff and Equipments
377377DPC of BMA
5692,659DOH
4803,201PWD
100606IEAT
151700DIW
91324DEQP
84559PCD
65591OEPP
Staffs for Solid Waste ManagementNumber of StaffsOrganization
Health aspect
5100Southern Region
2900Northeastern Region
1800Northern Region
3400Central Region (Excl. BKK)
5100Bangkok Metropolis
3000Non-Municipal Area
4700Municipal Area
3300Total
Whole Kingdom
Households received impactfrom solid waste pollutionLocations
Household pollution impact more than one way possible and environmental information by region in 1998.
Environmental FundThe Fund provides grants to governmental agencies and low-interest loans to the private sectors who are engaged in the activities related to the improvement of the environment.
Legal Aspects
The Environmental Act was revised and enacted in September 1992
Reconstruction of the Office of the National Environment Board•the Office of Environmental Policy and Planning (OEPP)•Pollution Control Department (PCD)•the Department of Environmental Quality Promotion (DEQP
Economics and Financial Aspects
The budget for MSW management in Thailand comes from two parts:
•national expenditure basically for facility construction
•service fees for running cost.
In the BM, the collection fee per household is 40 baht (A$ 2) per month compared to 150 baht (A$ 8) of the actual cost.
Economics and Financial Aspects
•A willingness of the central and local government sectors to employ the private sector
•A desire to improve standards of operation
•The capability and willingness of the private sector to participate
•A proper legal framework
•The need to inject funds into SWM infrastructure and the relative abilities and costs associated with government and the private sector meeting this need
Public Private Partnership
Private sector involvement (“privatization”) in the development of public infrastructure and in the provision of public services has been proven to be highly effective.
To ensure privatization’s success, the following criteria must be addressed:
Economics and Financial AspectsCost Recovery
•Low customer Fee Levels•Low Collections Performance•Relatively High Cost Strcture
The low levels of cost recovery in the SWM sector can be attributed to three major factors as follows:
Income and payment of department of public cleansing, BMA.
0 200 ,000 ,000 400,000,000 600,000,000 800,000,000
1,000,000,000 1,200,000,000 1,400,000,000 1,600,000,000 1,800,000,000 2,000,000,000
1986 1988 1989 1991 1993 1996 1997 2000 2001
Baht
PaymentIncome
Economics and Financial AspectsResources Utilization
1.20-1.40Cardboard
0.80-1.10Waste paper
1.30-1.80Newspaper
3.20-3.30Writing paper
39.70-49.70Copper
14.70-17.70Aluminum
1.50-1.60Iron
0.10-0.20Beer bottles (brown)
0.70-0.80Mekhong bottles (white)
0.20-0.30Broken bottles
3.20-3.30Plastic bottles
Selling price (baht kg-1)Materials
Encourage waste separation and recycling program at sources such as at homes, businesses, institutions and factories by employing segregation strategy that matched to the appropriate and effective waste collection and disposal practices.
Recommendations-Technical AspectsEncourage the private sector to provide services in solid waste and night soil collection, transportation, and disposal
As a waste collection planning criterion guideline for each community; Procurement of collection bins at 1150 liters for 350 residents, and a demand 10 cubic meter collection truck for every 5,000 residents.
Rehabilitate the existing unsanitary disposal sites. ( PCD)
Establish waste disposal centers for adjacent communities to share common disposal facilities, and adopt the integrated MSW management approach.
Specify organization and responsibility of the government and private sector for efficient solid waste and night soil control, monitoring, and management
Recommendations Institutional Aspects and Capacity Building
Recommendations-Legal Aspects
Establish laws, regulations, orders, and standards that create mechanisms for returning used products and packaging for recycling, and reduction of solid waste
Amend laws, regulations, and order relating to solid waste and night soil management fees, and fees for reduction and recycling of solid waste.
Establish solid waste disposal site pollution control standard
RecommendationsEconomics and Financial Aspects
Provide funding incentive, technical assistance and various-facility to private investors on MSW management business or non-government organizations involved in solving solid waste management problem.
Apply the “Polluter Pay Principle” for both the public and government organizations
Recommendations-Health Aspects
•Disposal method should be mostly sanitary landfill.
•Disposal site should not be located in public area.
•People didn’t want disposal site in neighborhood (NIMBY syndrome).
Recommendations-Public Awareness
Initiate education and training program in fostering technical and administrative capabilities to concerned local government and private personnel in the area of MSW management.
Public relation in waste reduction campaign by waste separation and recyclable waste through education institutes. However the budget should be supported by government.
Promote public education program, correct attitude and social values reinforcement in keeping public cleanliness and proper MSW management for all children and citizens in the society.
Recommendation for IntegratedSolid Waste Management
•Jurisdictions work together, so that all levels of government and the private sector all have the same goals and policies for waste management.
The functional aspects like source reduction, separation, collection, distribution, and disposal all function well together
Waste management activities are coordinated across space and time
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